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Chapter 3: Diseases and Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract

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Chapter 3: Diseases and Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract 6 Contact Hours Release Date: 01/03/2013 Expiration Date: 01/02/2016 Audience This course was designed and developed for nurses, advanced seeking to expand their knowledge about diseases and disorders of the practice nurses, nurse practitioners, and other licensed professionals gastrointestinal tract. Purpose statement This course will offer nurses updated information regarding upper comprehensive overview and updates on the diagnosis and new and lower gastrointestinal tract diseases and disorders. Healthcare treatments related to the gastrointestinal tract. professionals serving in multiple care settings will benefit from a Learning objectives Upon completion of this course, the learner should be able to: disease, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal and anal ● Describe upper gastrointestinal tract disease and disorders cancer, Celiac disease, diverticular disease, intussusception, pathophysiology, symptomology, and treatments for: diseases of intestinal obstruction, inguinal hernia, volvulus, rectal prolapse, the oral cavity, esophagus, gastric diseases, peptic ulcers, ulcerative hemorrhoids, polyps, volvulus, rectal prolapse, hemorrhoids, colitis, and peptic ulcer disease. intestinal polyps, and anorectal abscess and fistula. ● Describe lower gastrointestinal tract disease and disorders ● Explain the etiology of proctitis. pathophysiology, symptomology, and treatments for: Crohns’s Author Adrianne E. Avillion, D.Ed., MSN, RN, is an accomplished nurse extensively and is also a frequent presenter at conferences and educator and published medical education author. Dr. Avillion earned conventions devoted to the specialty of continuing education and her doctoral degree in Adult Education and her M. S. from Penn nursing professional development. State University, along with a BSN from Bloomsburg University. Author disclosure Adrianne has served in various nursing roles over her career in both Adrianne Avillion has disclosed no pertinent financial relationships or leadership roles and as a bedside clinical nurse. She has published other conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this course. Curriculum planner Tracey Foster Curriculum disclosure The Curriculum Planner has disclosed no pertinent financial relationships or other conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this course. Designation of credit Elite Professional Education, LLC. designates this continuing nursing District of Columbia Nursing Board and our provider number is 50- education activity for 6 contact hours. Courses are approved by the 4007. Our promise to you Elite’s promise to our customers is to design and deliver high quality LLC. The information provided was prepared by professionals with education to enhance professional development, elevate the quality practical knowledge in the areas covered. It is not meant to provide of patient care delivered, and optimize patient safety and patient medical, legal or professional advice. Elite Professional Education, LLC outcomes. Evidence-based new knowledge bridges existing gaps in recommends that you consult a medical, legal or professional services current knowledge, skills, and practice while inspiring nurse learners expert licensed in your state. Elite Professional Education, LLC has to adopt a personal intention to change practice. Elite’s structure, made all reasonable efforts to ensure that all content provided in this educational design process, and a firm commitment to continual course is accurate and up to date at the time of printing, but does not quality improvement aligns with a relentless pursuit of excellence. represent or warrant that it will apply to your situation or circumstances All Rights Reserved Materials may not be reproduced without the and assumes no liability from reliance on these materials. expressed written permission or consent of Elite Professional Education, Page 44 Nursing.EliteCME.com Disclosure statement Elite Professional Education’s policy and practices preclude the endorsement by Elite Professional Education, LLC. or any state acceptance of any commercial support. Products or companies boards. identified within course materials are not to be viewed as an Instructions on how to receive credit ● Read the entire course, which requires a 6-hour commitment of ○ Note: Test questions link content to learning objectives as time. a method to enhance individualized learning and material ● Depending on your state requirements you will be asked to retention. complete either: ● Provide required personal information and payment information. ○ An attestation to affirm that you have completed the ● Complete the MANDATORY Self-Assessment and Evaluation educational activity. form and submit. ○ OR Complete the test and submit (a passing score of 70 ● Print the Certificate of Completion. percent is required). Learning objectives ● Review the anatomy of the gastrointestinal system. ● Describe the effects of Celiac disease. ● Describe diseases of the oral cavity. ● Explain the pathophysiology of diverticular disease. ● Identify treatment of diseases of the oral cavity. ● Differentiate among treatments for diverticular disease. ● Explain the types of disorders and diseases affecting the esophagus. ● Define intussusception. ● Evaluate treatment initiatives for disorders and diseases affecting ● Identify treatment initiatives for intussusception. the esophagus. ● Explain the pathophysiology of intestinal obstruction. ● Identify pathophysiology of gastric diseases and disorders. ● Evaluate treatment initiatives for intestinal obstruction. ● Evaluate treatment initiatives for gastric diseases and disorders. ● Identify the pathophysiology of inguinal hernia. ● Explain the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease. ● Discuss treatment for volvulus. ● Describe treatment measures for peptic ulcer disease. ● Explain the pathophysiology of rectal prolapse. ● Differentiate between ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. ● Describe treatment initiatives for hemorrhoids. ● Describe the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease. ● Describe the signs and symptoms of intestinal polyps. ● Explain treatment initiatives for inflammatory bowel disease. ● Explain the etiology of proctitis. ● Discuss the signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer. ● Describe the signs and symptoms of anorectal abscess and ● Discuss the signs and symptoms of anal cancer. fistula. Review of the anatomy of the gastrointestinal system The gastrointestinal (GI) system consists of two major parts: the GI ● Rectum. tract, also referred to as the alimentary canal, and the accessory organs.9 ● Anal canal. The alimentary canal is a long, hollow, muscular tube that starts in the The accessory glands and organs consist of the salivary glands, liver, mouth and ends at the anus.5,9 The alimentary canal includes the:9 gallbladder and bile ducts and the pancreas.9 The major functions of ● Oral cavity. the GI system are digestion and elimination of waste products from the ● Pharynx. body.5,9 ● Esophagus. ● Stomach. Diseases and disorders of the GI system can range from mild ● Small intestine. annoyances to life-threatening conditions. It is important that the nurse ● Large intestine. recognize the numerous abnormalities that can occur, and how to most effectively intervene to help the patient return to a state of maximum health and wellness. DISEASES OF THE ORAL CAVITY The oral cavity includes the gingival or gums, the buccal mucosa (the There are a number of infections that affect the oral cavity. Their impact lining of the inside of the mouth), the area under the tongue, the hard can range from annoying symptoms that are fairly easily resolved to palate (roof of the mouth), the area behind the wisdom teeth, and the major problems that can have long-ranging effects. front two-thirds of the tongue. 10 Stomatitis Stomatitis is defined as an inflammation of the oral mucosa that may Ulcers develop in the mouth and throat that eventually acquire the spread to the lips, palate and buccal mucosa. It is a common infection appearance of “punched-out” lesions with red areolae. Pain usually and generally classified as acute herpetic stomatitis or aphthous ceases about two to four days before the ulcers are completely healed. stomatitis.5 Note that if a child with stomatitis sucks his thumb, the lesions will 5 Acute herpetic stomatitis is caused by infection of the herpes simplex spread to the hand. virus and is common in children aged 1 to 3 years. It is usually self- Treatment is focused on symptom relief. Salt-water mouth rinses, limiting but can be severe, and even fatal, in neonates. Symptoms topical antihistamines, antacids or corticosteroids may be used to have an abrupt onset and include malaise, anorexia, irritability, mouth reduce discomfort. Bland or liquid diets may be recommended to pain and fever, which may last for one to two weeks. The patient’s reduce the discomfort of eating. In extreme cases, when the patient gums are swollen, bleed easily, and the mucous membrane is painful. Nursing.EliteCME.com Page 45 cannot ingest adequate amounts of food and/or liquids, intravenous at other sites. The cause is unknown, and healing generally occurs therapy may be indicated.5 spontaneously within 10 days to two weeks. Aphthous stomatitis Aphthous stomatitis causes burning, tingling and minimal swelling is most common in young girls and female teenagers. Its cause of the mucous membrane. Single or multiple superficial ulcers with is unknown, but stress, fatigue, anxiety and fever
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