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(Diptera) Katastrálneho Územia Košíc LVIII NATURA CARPATICA 2017: 7 - 32 FAUNA DVOJKRÍDLOVCOV (DIPTERA) KATASTRÁLNEHO ÚZEMIA KOŠÍC Vladimír Straka & Karol Ox Ú v o d V našom príspevku sa zameriavame na zhodnotenie fauny dvojkrídleho hmyzu (Diptera) katastrálneho územia mesta Košice. Pri zhrnutí všetkých dostupných literárnych údajov o tejto problematike sme skonštatovali, že pre dané územie bola fauna dvojkrídlovcov pomerne dobre preskúmaná. Z literárnych údajov publikovaných z tejto oblasti poznáme dnes 246 druhov dvojkrídlovcov zo 48 čeľadí (Čepelák 1984, 1986; Skuhravá 2006; Suvák 2008, 2009, 2011; Pollet 2009; Straka a kol. 2010; Rettich 2012; Oboňa a kol. 2014; Bocková a kol. 2015). Vlastnými zbermi v rokoch 2008-2017 sme zistili celkom 452 druhov dvojkrídlovcov, z toho bolo ďalších 367 druhov zo 14 čeľadí doteraz neuvádzaných. Po zhrnutí všetkých literárnych údajov a našich vlastných pozorovaní dnes poznáme z katastrálneho územia Košíc spolu 613 druhov dvojkrídlovcov zo 62 čeľadí. V článku podávame súhrn všetkých nám zatiaľ prístupných poznatkov o zložení dipterofauny mesta Košice. Materiál a metodika Mesto Košice sa nachádza na východe Slovenska v Košickom kraji, v regióne Abov, na oboch brehoch rieky Hornád. Je rozdelené na 4 okresy (Košice I-IV) a 22 mestských častí. Do katastra Košíc zasahujú tri geomorfologické celky. Väčšina mesta leží v Košickej kotline. Volovské vrchy a Čierna hora s vrchovinami a hornatinami zasahujú iba na ich západnej a severozápadnej časti v tzv. mierne teplej oblasti. Centrum mesta je situované v nadmorskej výške približne 200 m.n.m. Na jeho území v tzv. teplej oblasti kotliny dominujú roviny a pahorkatiny. Najvyšším bodom na území je Vysoký vrch (851 m.n.m.) v pohorí Čierna hora. V katastri mesta sú aj tri chránené územia. Menovite ide o dve prírodné pamiatky (PP), Kavečanskú stráň v 4. stupni ochrany a Vysoký vrch v 5. stupni ochrany. Od roku 2002 je za chránený areál (CH) vyhlásená aj Košická botanická záhrada vo 4. stupni ochrany. Adresa: RNDr. Vladimír Straka, Gogoľova 10/30, 03601 Martin, e-mail: [email protected] Karol Ox, Amurská 5, 04012 Košice, e-mail: [email protected] 7 Výsledky faunistického prieskumu len intravilánov obcí sú dosť zriedkavé, nakoľko je to pre narušovanie vlastníckych vzťahov obyvateľov dosť zložité. Zväčša je možné postupovať len individuálnymi zbermi. Literárne údaje z obcí sú často všeobecné alebo len útržkovité. Pomerne schodná cesta je fotodokumentácia jednotlivých druhov, čo vyžaduje odbornú prípravu na zachytenie najdôležitejších rozlišovacích znakov. Zber dokladového materiálu robil druhý autor v rozpätí rokov 2008–2016, pričom pripravil bohatú foto- dokumentáciu, dostatočnú na presnú druhovú determináciu. Dokladový materiál s našou spoločnou determináciou je uložený v jeho súkromnej zbierke. Súhrnná fotodokumentácia je dostupná na stránke www.hmyzslovenska.info. Prieskum dvojkrídlovcov bol robený od centra starého mesta s geografickým kódom 48°72′21.6″ N, 21°24′73.3″ E. Pokračoval na Zelený Dvor (48°77′33.6″ N, 21°28′97.4″ E), čo sú lúky a okraj lesa pri krematóriu severovýchodne od mesta pri rýchlostnej ceste R4, ktorá pokračuje k sídlisku Ťahanovce. Lokalita Bankov (48°44′41.1″ N, 21°12′37.8″ E) je časťou Košice-Sever na okraji lesa s lesnými cestami nad Botanickou záhradou UPJŠ. Študované plochy sú v okrese Košice I. Prieskum ďalej pokračoval v mestských častiach Myslava (48°42′48.6″ N, 21°12′07.6″ E) a Pereš (48°72′21.6″ N, 21°20′52.7″ E), ktoré ležia na západnom okraji mesta v okrese Košice II v susedstve priľahlých lesov. Z okresu Košice III, z lokality Furča (48°41′20.6″ N, 21°16′57.2″ E) máme jediný údaj o výskyte druhu Trichocera saltator od Vlada Lenárta, za čo mu ďakujeme. V prieskume sme pokračovali na trase Vyšné Opátske (48°42′39.9″ N, 21°16′47.9″ E), Nad Jazerom (48°41′37.5″ N, 21°17′49.5″ E) a po Krásnu n. Hornádom (48°40′41.7″ N, 21°18′30.3″ E) a Verejný cintorín (48°41′41.1″ N, 21°15′32.1″ E). Uvedené lokality sú východne od centra mesta, pred a za riekou Hornád v okrese Košice IV. Pri určovaní jednotlivých druhov sme používali publikácie viacerých autorov: Bańkowska (1963, 1979), Barták (1982), Bej-Bienko (1969), Bej-Bienko (1970), Chvála (1980, 1981, 1988, 1997), Chvála a kol. (1972), Doskočil (1977), Draber-Moňko (1964), Gregor a kol. (1995), Hering (1927), Landrock (1940), Lyneborg a kol. (1974), Mazánek (2006), Rozkošný (1966), Sack a kol. (1930), Skuhravá (1984, 2006), Skuhravá a kol. (1960), Straka (1975), Tóth (1977), Trojan (1956, 1959, 1962, 1963), Tschorsnig a kol. (1994) a Wéber (1975). Taxonómia jednotlivých druhov bola upravená na základe práce Jedličku a kol. (2009). Problematiku výskumu dvojkrídlovcov katastra Košíc sme začali štúdiom literárnych údajov, ktoré sme zahrnuli v samostatnej kapitolke v Tabuľke č. l. Menovite išlo o práce Čepeláka (1984, 1986), Oboňu a kol. (2014), Straku a kol. (2010), Bockovej a kol. (2015) a Skuhravej (2009). Prvý nález byľomora Obolodiplosis robiniae a drobničky Coenosia attenuata pre Slovensko udáva Suvák (2008, 2009). V ďalšej práci o hmyzých predátoroch z Botanickej záhrady v Košiciach Suvák (2011) uvádza aj 6 ďalších druhov dvojkrídlovcov. Nakoľko ide o vierohodné údaje uznávaných dipterológov, zahrnuli sme ich do našej tabuľky zistených druhov. Našim výskumom sme ich výskyt ale nepotvrdili. Počas výskumu sme sledovali aj stupeň ohrozenosti niektorých druhov podľa červeného (Ekosozoologického) zoznamu dvojkrídlovcov (Diptera) Slovenska, ktorý zostavili Jedlička a kol. (2001). Z druhov radených do kategórie LR: lc (menej ohrozené: najmenej ohrozené) sme zistili nasledujúce: Podľa IUCN z kategórie EN (ohrozené) sme zistili druh Dasypogon diadema (Asilidae) a z kategórie VU (zraniteľné) Stratiomys potamida (Stratiomyidae) (Obr. 1). 8 Poznámky k nálezom Druhy ako Chrysogaster basalis (Obr. 2) a Sphaerophoria fatarum (Obr. 3) sú prvými nálezmi pre Slovensko (Jedlička 2009). Drobnička Coenosia attenuata je nový invázny druh v súčasnosti s globálnym rozšírením. Začiatkom nového tisícročia bol tento druh, zrejme paleotropického pôvodu z Afriky, v Európe známy len zo Španielska a Cypru (Gregor a kol. 2002). Odtiaľ sa v rámci biologickej ochrany skleníkov dostal do Francúzska, Nemecka a Talianska. Na Slovensku sa objavil v roku 2006 v Botanickej záhrade UPJŠ v Košiciach (Suvák 2008). Pretože časť vývojového cyklu má drobnička v pôde, môže sa prenášať spolu so substrátom, napr pri transporte v kvetináčoch. Nový invázny druh komára Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus v roku 2012 odtiaľto udáva Rettich (2013). Podľa autora však ide zatiaľ o náhodný (epizódny) výskyt, pravdepodobne zavlečený cestnou alebo leteckou dopravou. V dôsledku ďalších klimatických zmien bude však pokračovať monitoring tohto druhu. Naopak k častým nálezom patrili druhy Anthomyia pluvialis (Obr. 4), Athrycia trepida, Geomyza tripunctata, Graphomya maculata (Obr. 5), Hybos culiciformis (Obr. 6), Chamaemyia polystigma, Meigenia mutabilis (Obr. 7), Renocera stroblii, Tipula excisa a Trixoscelis frontalis. S ú h r n Čepelák (1984, 1986) udáva z okolia Košíc celkom 120 druhov dvojkrídlovcov z 27 čeľadí. Straka a kol. (2010) zistili 106 druhov, pričom len 7 je spoločných s Čepelákom (1984, 1986). Oboňa & Ježek (2014) našli viac druhov z čeľade Psychodidae v Košickej kotline a zároveň z katastra Košíc dokladujú celkom 10 druhov. Z Botanickej záhrady UPJŠ v Košiciach udáva Pollet (2009) prvý nález dlhonôžky druhu Medetera veles pre Slovensko. Podobne v Botanickej záhrady našla Skuhravá (2009) jeden druh biľomora Mycodiplosis coniophaga. Pri štúdiu komárov (Culicidae), ako vektorov nebezpečných ochorení, ďalších 6 druhov pridali Bocková a kol. (2015). Prvý nález byľomora Obolodiplosis robiniae a drobničky Coenosia attenuata pre Slovensko opísal z Košíc Suvák v rokoch 2008 a 2009. Suvák (2011) zároveň v zozname hmyzých predátorov z Botanickej záhrady v Košiciach menuje aj ďalších 6 druhov dvojkrídlovcov. Doplňujúci výskyt invázneho druhu komára Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus z roku 2012 udáva Rettich (2013). Súhrnom doposiaľ publikovaných literárnych údajov poznáme zo študovaného územia spolu 246 druhov zo 48 čeľadí. Vlastnými zbermi sme zistili celkom 452 druhov, z ktorých bolo doteraz neuvádzaných 367 druhov. Celkove dnes poznáme z katastrálneho územia Košíc 613 druhov dvojkrídlovcov zo 62 čeľadí. Literatúra: Bańkowska R. 1963: Klucze do oznaczania owadów Polski. Część XXVII Muchówki – Diptera, Zes. 34 Syrphydae. Polski związek entomologiczny, 42, 1-236. Bańkowska R. 1979: Conopidae wyślepki (Insecta: Diptera). Fauna Polski, Tom 7. PWN, Warszava, 134. 9 Barták M. 1982: The Czechoslovak species of Rhamphomyia (Diptera, Empididae), with description of a new species from Central Europe. Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Biologica, 1980 (1982), 381-461. Bej-Bienko G. Ja. (ed.) 1969: Opredeliteľ nasekomych evropejskoj časti SSSR, V, pervaja časť, Izd. „Nauka“, Leningrad, 804 . Bej-Bienko G. Ja. (ed.) 1970: Opredeliteľ nasekomych evropejskoj časti SSSR, V, vtoraja časť, Izd. „Nauka“, Leningrad, 843. Bocková E., Iglódiová A. & Kočišová A. 2015: Potential mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vector of Dirifilaria repens and Dirofilaria immisis in Urban areas of Eastern Slovakia. Parasitology Res., 114 (12), 4487–4492. Chvála M. (ed.) 1980: Krevsajíci mouchy a střečci. Fauna ČSSR, Vol. 22. Academia, Praha, 538. Chvála M. 1981: Revision of Central European species of the genus Oedalea (Diptera, Empididae). Acta ent. bohemoslov., 78, 122-139. Chvála M. 1989: Monograph of northern and central European species of Platypalpus Macq. (Diptera, Hybotidae), with data on the occurrence in Czechoslovakia.
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