DOCSLIB.ORG

International Development Association

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
International Development Association WORLDBANK S INTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION AiinuaaReport 1971 Public Disclosure Authorized .. LE V", Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 0 C-, ~ ri Q Table of Contents PaE President'sLetter of Transmittal ...................................................... g<CH>1- The Recordfor Ten Years-1962-1971.............................. 3 CH> Part l: The Year'sActivities ............................. 5 The Year's Lending: Introduction. 5 Agriculture . Education .15 Public Services.18 Industry .25 Population .27 Tourism .27 Non-Project Lending .28 Technical Assistanceand Other Activities: Technical Assistance.29 Economic Development Institute .31 Aid Coordination .32 The "Commodity Problem"-Implementation of Decisions .34 Economic Studies .34 International Investment Insurance Agency .35 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes .35 Borrowings and Finance: World Capital Markets-Calendar 1970 .36 The Bank's Borrowings-Fiscal 1971.37 Increase in Capital: Bank .39 Other Financial Operations: Bank .39 Income and Expenditure: Bank .40 Disbursements: Bank .40 Finances: IDA .41 Organization and Administration: Staff and Department Changes.41 Recruitment .42 Membership and Executive Directors: Membership .43 Executive Directors .43 PartII: Trendsand Outlook in DevelopmentFinance The Flow of External Financial Resourcesto Developing Countries .47 The External Debt of Developing Countries .50 Statistical Annex .57 BankAppendices .79 IDA Appendices.93 Bank/IDAAppendices ............... ....................................... 107 1 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Development Association Office of the President September 27, 1971 Dear Mr. Chairman: In accordance with Section 10 of the By-Laws of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Section 2 of the By-Laws of the International Develop- ment Association, I have been authorized by the Executive Directors of the Bank and the Association to submit to the Boards of Governors this Annual Report for the fiscal year July 1, 1970to June 30, 1971. I have also been authorized by the Executive Directors of the Bank and the Association to submit to the Boards of Governors, in accordance with Section 19 of the By-Laws of the Bank and Section 8 of the By-Laws of the Association, the audited financial statements as of June 30, 1971, and the Administrative Budgets for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1972. They are contained in the Appendices of the Report. Sincerely, Robert S. McNamara Chairman Boards of Governors International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and International Development Association 2 The Recordfor Ten Years-1962-1971 Expressedin millions of UnitedStates dollars FiscalYear 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 19717 World Bank Loans:Number 29 28 37 38 37 46 44 84 70 78 Loans:Amount $ 882 $ 449 $ 810 $1,023 $ 839 $ 877 $ 847 $ 1,399 $ 1,680 $ 1,896 Countries 19 19 28 26 27 33 31 44 39 41 Disbursements $ 485 $ 620 $ 559 $ 606 $ 668 $ 790 $ 772 $ 762 $ 772 $ 955 Repaymentsto Bank 104 113 117 137 166 188 237 298 329 319 GrossIncome 188 204 219 267 292 331 356 410 504 578 Net Income 70 83 97 137 144 170 169 171 213 212 Total Reserves 699 813 846 895 954 1,023 1,160 1,254 1,329 1,444 Borrowings:Gross 271 121 100 598 288 729 735 1,224 735 1,368 Borrowings:Net 104 -5 -32 250 64 503 215 698 299 819 SubscribedCapital 20,485 20,730 21,186 21,669 22,426 22,850 22,942 23,036 23,159 23,871 MemberCountries 75 85 102 102 103 106 107 110 113 116 IDA Credits:Number 18 17 18 20 12 20 18 38 56 53 Credits:Amount $ 134 $ 260 $ 283 $ 309 $ 284 $ 354 $ 107 $ 385 $ 606 $ 584 Countries 8 9 8 11 8 13 14 28 33 34 Disbursements $ 12 $ 56 $ 124 $ 222 $ 267 $ 342 $ 319 $ 256 $ 143 $ 235 UsableResources, cumulative 758 767 1,451 1,593 1,682 1,767 1,807 2,176 3,182 3,343 MemberCountries 62 76 93 94 96 97 98 102 105 107 ProfessionalStaff 364 429 463 532 662 724 752 961 1,170 1,348 3 *4 V~~~~~~~1 PART1: THE YEAR'SACTIVITIES The World Bank Group made good progress which had notified IDA that they would partici- during fiscal year 1971 toward doubling lend- pate, fell short of the required amount by $828 ing in the five-year period 1969-73 compared with million. The effective date was postponed to the period 1964-68. At the same time, the Bank September 30, 1971. and its affiliates gave increasing attention to en- To permit the continuance of IDA operations suring that their assistance contributed to the pending the completion of action on the third re- optimum development of the recipient commu- plenishment, several member governments came nity as a whole. It was to this end that the Bank forward with advance contributions just before intensified its appraisals and broadened the scope and after the close of the fiscal year. In June, Den- of its country studies and reports. mark and Finland notified the Association that The Executive Directors during the year de- they would pay the first annual installments on voted much of their attention to the basic policy their contributions, amounting to $8.8 and $4.1 issues raised by these reports, and also considered million respectively. Other advance contributions more than 30 recommendations on Bank policy received in time for mention in this Report were made by the Pearson Commission. from Canada and the United Kingdom, each The Group's ability to maintain its projected amounting to $50 million. Others had similar level of operations in the coming fiscal year will action under consideration. depend in part upon the timing of the third re- Also after the end of the fiscal year, the Execu- plenishment of IDA's resources, since by the end tive Directors of the Bank recommended to the of June 1971 all of its available funds had been Governors that, without waiting until their Annual committed for specific projects. Meeting in September, they approve a grant to Negotiations for the replenishment were con- IDA of $110 milliot out of the Bank's net income cluded early in the fiscal year. The resulting agree- for fiscal 1971. Voting by mail, the Governors ment, however, which proposed making available a for commitment about $813 million a year for approved the proposal early in August. three years beginning July 1971, could not be- The need for IDA funds, and for more IDA-type come effective until donors pledging not less than assistanceas a proportion of total aid, is reflected $1,900 million, and including at least 12 of the 18 in the analyses of the flow of assistance and the Part I (richer) members, had notified IDA that they external debt of developing countries which ap- would take up subscriptions and make contribu- pear in Part II of this Report. Projections based tions as specified in the agreement. By June 30 on the debt of 80 developing countries as of 10-Part I countries had completed the necessary December 31, 1969, suggest that their debt serv- legislative or other action and had notified IDA ice obligations increased more than twice as fast that they would make their contributions. Their as their export earnings in 1970-by about 20% pledges, combined with those of Part II countries as compared with 9%. The growth rate of GNP in 1970 fell off for the world as a whole. The fact that the drop was especially severe in the devel- AFGHANISTAN-An Afghan farmeropening an oped countries raised a cloud over the export irrigation ditch. An IDA credit of $4.7 million will help prospects of the less developed. to modernize the irrigation system in Afghanistan's Public and private financial flows from the 16 fertile Khanabadvalley, in the northeast.FAO, the UNDP and the World Bank provided technical principal aid donors to developing countries and assistance to prepare the project for financing by IDA. multilateral development agenciesincreased by 5 more than 8% in 1970 over the previous year, pollution measures to be carried out. reaching nearly $15 billion for the first time. Vir- In line with policies agreed to during the year tually all of the $1 billion increase was in rela- by the Executive Directors, the Bank Group con- tively hard-term official export credits and private siderably broadened its approach to problems of funds, however, channeled for the most part to educational development, and its cooperative countries well above the lowest level of economic agreement with Unesco was expanded to include development. The flow to some of the poorer assistance in educational planning. The Group countries of Africa and South Asia continued to gave its first major assistance to agricultural re- decline, both absolutely and as a proportion of search, both through a loan to help one of its the total. The aggregate volume of official grants, members build a new national program, and by loans and other long-term development assist- joining forces with others in organizing a con- ance remained about the same as in 1969 and sultative group to support existing internatioLial there was little change in average terms. institutes working in the field and to help in the Development financing commitments by the establishment of new ones. In the field of water three Bank Group institutions combined totaled supply and sewerage, a cooperative agreement $2,581 million in fiscal 1971. If operations are was worked out with the World Health Organiza- maintained at the same level through fiscal 1973, tion (WHO), comparable to those under which the five-year average since June 30, 1968, will Unesco and FAO assist the Bank in the identifica- have more than doubled the average for the pre- tion and preparation of education and agriculture vious five.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Name of Deceased
    Date before which Name of Deceased Address, description and date of death of Deceased Names, addresses and descriptions of Persons to whom notices of claims are to be given notices of claims (Surname first) and names, in parentheses, of Personal Representatives to be given BRIDGES, Harry George 193 London Road, Hailsham, Sussex, Building Hillman, Sons, Vinall & Carter, 221 High Street, Lewes, Sussex, Solicitors. (Gad Eph- 9th August 1971 Labourer. 25th March 1971. raim Bridges and Norman Benjamin Bridges.) (061) MILLER, Annie 204 Old Church Road, Chingford, E.4., Widow. C. R. E. Russell, 260 Chingford Mount Road, Chingford, E.4, Solicitor. (Charles 8th August 1971 27th April 1971. Robert Edgar Russell.) (062) LEWIS, Arthur Gordon 6 Mirfield Road, Solihull, Warwickshire, Retired Oakley Werring & Bennett, 692 Warwick Road, Solihull, Warwickshire, Solicitors. 19th August 1971 Inspector of Taxes. 10th March 1971. (Samuel Edward Hersom and Beryl Mary Hersom.) (063) ALDOUS, Maggie Mary The Old Rectory, Bunwell, Norwich, Norfolk, Lyus, Burne & Lyus, 2 Mount Street, Diss, Norfolk, Solicitors. (Barclays Bank Trust 20th August 1971 Ann Spinster. 13th May 1971. Company Limited.) (064) DUNDAS, Clara Beatrice "Little Frenches", No. 24 Cranford Avenue, Ex- Orchard & Co., National Westminster Bank Chambers, 11 Rolle Street, Exmouth, 20th August 1971 Risdon mouth, Devon, Widow. 21st May 1971. Devon, Solicitors. (Hugh Alan Charles Dundas and Richard Frederick Samson (065) Orchard.) HUNT, Gladys Ida "Northways" 38, North Park, Chalfont St. Peter, Stewart-Wallace & Co., Orchehill Chambers, Gerrards Cross, Bucks, Solicitors. National 8th August 1971 Bucks, Spinster. 19th March 1971. Westminster Bank Limited.) (066) N EVANS, Mary Castle Cottage, Sea View Place, Aberystwyth, Cards, Lloyds.Bank Limited, Executor and Trustee Department, 25 Wind Street, Swansea.
    [Show full text]
  • SELF-DETERMINATION OUTSIDE the COLONIAL CONTEXT: the BIRTH of BANGLADESH in Retrospectt
    SELF-DETERMINATION OUTSIDE THE COLONIAL CONTEXT: THE BIRTH OF BANGLADESH IN RETROSPECTt By VedP. Nanda* I. INTRODUCTION In the aftermath of the Indo-Pakistan War in December 1971, the independent nation-state of Bangladesh was born.' Within the next four months, more than fifty countries had formally recognized the new nation.2 As India's military intervention was primarily responsible for the success of the secessionist movement in what was then known as East Pakistan, and for the creation of a new political entity on the inter- national scene,3 many serious questions stemming from this historic event remain unresolved for the international lawyer. For example: (1) What is the continuing validity of Article 2 (4) of the United Nations Charter?4 (2) What is the current status of the doctrine of humanita- rian intervention in international law?5 (3) What action could the United Nations have taken to avert the Bangladesh crisis?6 (4) What measures are necessary to prevent such tragic occurrences in the fu- ture?7 and (5) What relationship exists between the principle of self- "- This paper is an adapted version of a chapter that will appear in Y. ALEXANDER & R. FRIEDLANDER, SELF-DETERMINATION (1979). * Professor of Law and Director of the International Legal Studies Program, Univer- sity of Denver Law Center. 1. See generally BANGLADESH: CRISIS AND CONSEQUENCES (New Delhi: Deen Dayal Research Institute 1972); D. MANKEKAR, PAKISTAN CUT TO SIZE (1972); PAKISTAN POLITI- CAL SYSTEM IN CRISIS: EMERGENCE OF BANGLADESH (S. Varma & V. Narain eds. 1972). 2. Ebb Tide, THE ECONOMIST, April 8, 1972, at 47.
    [Show full text]
  • Cy Martin Collection
    University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections Cy Martin Collection Martin, Cy (1919–1980). Papers, 1966–1975. 2.33 feet. Author. Manuscripts (1968) of “Your Horoscope,” children’s stories, and books (1973–1975), all written by Martin; magazines (1966–1975), some containing stories by Martin; and biographical information on Cy Martin, who wrote under the pen name of William Stillman Keezer. _________________ Box 1 Real West: May 1966, January 1967, January 1968, April 1968, May 1968, June 1968, May 1969, June 1969, November 1969, May 1972, September 1972, December 1972, February 1973, March 1973, April 1973, June 1973. Real West (annual): 1970, 1972. Frontier West: February 1970, April 1970, June1970. True Frontier: December 1971. Outlaws of the Old West: October 1972. Mental Health and Human Behavior (3rd ed.) by William S. Keezer. The History of Astrology by Zolar. Box 2 Folder: 1. Workbook and experiments in physiological psychology. 2. Workbook for physiological psychology. 3. Cagliostro history. 4. Biographical notes on W.S. Keezer (pen name Cy Martin). 5. Miscellaneous stories (one by Venerable Ancestor Zerkee, others by Grandpa Doc). Real West: December 1969, February 1970, March 1970, May 1970, September 1970, October 1970, November 1970, December 1970, January 1971, May 1971, August 1971, December 1971, January 1972, February 1972. True Frontier: May 1969, September 1970, July 1971. Frontier Times: January 1969. Great West: December 1972. Real Frontier: April 1971. Box 3 Ford Times: February 1968. Popular Medicine: February 1968, December 1968, January 1971. Western Digest: November 1969 (2 copies). Golden West: March 1965, January 1965, May 1965 July 1965, September 1965, January 1966, March 1966, May 1966, September 1970, September 1970 (partial), July 1972, August 1972, November 1972, December 1972, December 1973.
    [Show full text]
  • Weather and Circulation of March 1971
    June 1971 551 UDC 651.506.1:551.513.1(73)"1971.03":551.677.38(769-13) (73-14) WEATHER AND CIRCULATION OF MARCH 1971 Drought Becomes a Major Concern in the Southwest and in Southern Florida ROBERT E. TAUBENSEE National Meteorological Center, National Weather Service, NOAA, Suitland, Md. 1. MEAN CIRCULATION Negative height anomalies of up to 210 m occurred near the Taymyr Peninsula (fig. 3) as the blocking of February Blocking over North America was a primary feature of was replaced by a weak Low. The return to a more normal the 700-mb circulation for March 1971 (figs. 1 and 2). flow pattern over eastern Asia was accompanied by a Two centers of blocking action were in evidence as one trough near its normal position off the Asiatic coast with a High was observed in the Beaufort Sea area with an Low near Kamchatka where heights were up to 60 m attendant Low over southern Alaska while another High lower than normal (fig. 2). occurred in eastern Canada with a Low to the southeast. The 700-mb pattern across the Pacific was zonal with The North American anticyclones apparently developed negative height departures in the north and positive in the at the expense of the intense block that had been located south. This was in sharp contrast to the amplified picture over northern Siberia during February (Wagner 1971). of the previous month. Heights increased by more than FIGURE1.-Mean 700-mb contours (dekameters) for March 1971. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/29/21 09:53 AM UTC 552 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on the Birds of Southampton Island, Northwest Territories
    Notes on the Birds of Southampton Island, Northwest Territories GERALD R. PARKER'and R. KENYONROSS2 ABSTRACT. During thesummers of 1970 and 1971,46 species were seenon Southamp- ton Island, most in the interior of the island where previous records were scarce. A comparison with observations in 1932 suggestslittle change in thestatus of the avifauna of the island over the past 40 years. RÉSUMÉ: Notes sur les oiseaux deI'île de Southampton, Territoires du Nord-Ouest. Au cours des étés de 1970 et 1911, les auteurs ont aperçu sur l'île de Southampton 46 esphces, la plupart dans l'intérieur, où les mentions antérieures sont rares. La comparaison avec des observations de 1932 montre peu de changement dans l'état de l'avifaune de l'île au cours des'40 dernièresannées. PE3HI". ET eonpocy O nmuym ocmposa CagrnZemwnoH Cesepo-9anadnw Tep- PUmOpUU). B TeYeHHe JIeTHHX nepHonoB 1970 H 197lrr Ha OCTpOBe CayTreMIITOH 6~noSaMerfeHO 46 BIlnOB IlTIl4, FJIaBHbIM 06pa30~,BO BHYTPeHHefi YaCTH OCTPOBB, rge paHee perzwrpaqm EIX npoBoAHnacb peAIco. CpaBHeme c H~~JII~A~HEI~EI 1932rnoIcasmBaeT, YTO nTmbrx 4ayHa ocTposa Mano H~M~HEI~~CLsa nocnenme 40 neT. INTRODUCTION A barren-ground caribourange evaluation of Southampton Island, conducted by the Canadian Wildlife Service, provided the opportunity to observe the birds on the island during the periods 2 June to 14 August 1970 and 1 July to 31 August 1971. The main camp in 1970 was on the Southampton Limestone Plains of the Hudson Bay Lowlands (Bird 1953) at Salmon Pond (64" 14' N., 85" 00' W.), although several trips were made in July, 15 miles northeast to the Precambrian highlands.
    [Show full text]
  • June 1971 Review the .SU
    Naval War College Review Volume 24 Article 15 Number 6 June 1971 June 1971 Review The .SU . Naval War College Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation War College, The .SU . Naval (1971) "June 1971 Review," Naval War College Review: Vol. 24 : No. 6 , Article 15. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol24/iss6/15 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. War College: June 1971 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1971 1 Naval War College Review, Vol. 24 [1971], No. 6, Art. 15 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol24/iss6/15 2 War College: June 1971 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1971 3 Naval War College Review, Vol. 24 [1971], No. 6, Art. 15 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol24/iss6/15 4 War College: June 1971 Review C E In my last "Challenge" before "pass­ ing the watch" onto Vice Adm. B.J. Semmes later this summer, I would like to share some thoughts on the Naval War College: its role in today's Navy; some of the things we have achieved in the past 3 years; and the many chal­ lenges still ahead. taken on greater importance than it has As the Navy's senior educational in any other time in recent history.
    [Show full text]
  • International Review of the Red Cross, November 1971, Eleventh Year
    NOVEMBER 1971 ELEVENTH YEAR - No.128 international review• of the red cross PROPERTY OF U.S. ARMY l'HE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAl'S SCHOOl LtSAARY INTER ARMA CARITAS GENEVA INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS FOUNDED IN 1863 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS MARCEL A. NAVILLE, President (member since 1967) JEAN PICTET, Doctor of Laws, Chairman of the Legal Commission, Vice-President (1967) HARALD HUBER, Doctor of Laws, Federal Court judge, Vice-President (1969) PAUL RUEGGER, Ambassador, President of the ICRC from 1948 to 1955 (1948) GUILLAUME BORDIER, Certificated Engineer E.P.F., M.B.A. Harvard, Banker (1955) HANS BACHMANN, Doctor of Laws, Winterthur Stadtrat (1958) JACQUES FREYMOND, Doctor of Literature, Director of the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Professor at the University of Geneva (1959) DIETRICH SCHINDLER, Doctor of Laws, Professor at the University of Zurich (1961) MARJORIE DUVILLARD, Nurse (1961) MAX PETITPIERRE, Doctor of Laws, former President of the Swiss Confederation (1961) ADOLPHE GRAEDEL, member of the Swiss National Council from 1951 to 1963, former Secretary-General of the International Metal Workers Federation (1965) DENISE BINDSCHEDLER-ROBERT, Doctor of Laws, Professor at the Graduate Institute of International Studies (1967) JACQUES F. DE ROUGEMONT, Doctor of Medicine (1967) ROGER GALLOPIN, Doctor of Laws, former Director-General (1967) WALDEMAR JUCKER, Doctor of Laws, Secretary, Union syndicale suisse (1967) VICTOR H. UMBRICHT, Doctor of Laws, Managing Director (1970) PIERRE MICHELI (1971) Honorar" members: Mr. JACQUES CHENEVIERE, Honorar" Vice-President; Miss LUCIE ODIER, Honorar" Vice-President; Messrs. CARL j. BURCKHARDT, PAUL CARRY, Mrs. MARGUERITE GAUTIER-VAN BERCHEM, Messrs. SAMUEL A.
    [Show full text]
  • National Postal Service
    July 1, 1971: Postal Service Day The United States Postal Service officially began operations as an independent agency on July 1, 1971, “Postal Service Day.” Post Offices nationwide commemorated the day with a new postage stamp and a free souvenir envelope. Official ceremonies, open houses, facility tours, refreshments, entertainment and other festivities also marked the day. On August 12, 1970, President Richard Nixon signed into law the Postal Reorganization Act, the most comprehensive postal legislation since the founding of the republic. The law transformed the cabinet-level Post Office Department into a newly independent establishment of the executive branch called the United States Postal Service. While portions of the law took effect in the months following its passage, the law didn’t take full effect until July 1, 1971. Signing of the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 Postmaster General Winton Blount (at left) watched as President Richard Nixon signed the Postal Reorganization Act into law on August 12, 1970. On July 1, 1971, the law became fully effective, transforming the Post Office Department into the United States Postal Service. To mark the transition, Nixon proclaimed July 1, 1971, as “National Postal Service Day,” a day “set aside … to give recognition to the contributions made through the years by the men and women of the Post Office who have served the Nation so faithfully and to mark the inauguration of the United States Postal Service.”1 Postmaster General Winton Blount called it “a day when the general public and the people of the Postal Service [could] join together in a warm and friendly manner.”2 In preparation for the event, Blount designated the week of June 21–27 Postal Clean-Up Week.
    [Show full text]
  • Protocol Relating to an Amendment to the Convention on International Civil Aviation
    PROTOCOL RELATING TO AN AMENDMENT TO THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ARTICLE 56, SIGNED AT VIENNA ON 7 JULY 1971 Entry into force: The Protocol entered into force on 19 December 1974. Status: 136 parties. State Date of deposit of instrument of ratification Algeria 2 February 1977 Andorra (5) 25 February 2001 Angola 10 April 1977 Antigua and Barbuda 17 October 1988 Argentina 18 August 1972 Australia 4 March 1974 Austria 10 September 1973 Bahrain 1 November 1971 Barbados 6 January 1972 Belarus 24 July 1996 Belgium 16 February 1972 Benin 30 March 2004 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 30 December 1974 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7 March 1995 Botswana 28 March 2001 Brazil 17 December 1971 Brunei Darussalam 25 August 2000 Bulgaria 12 April 1972 Burkina Faso 15 June 1992 Cameroon 8 August 1972 Canada 3 December 1971 Chad 2 March 1973 Chile 6 September 1972 China (1) 28 February 1974 Congo 13 November 1978 Cook Islands 29 August 2005 Croatia 5 October 1993 Cuba 3 January 1975 Cyprus 5 July 1989 Czech Republic 15 April 1993 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 27 June 1978 Democratic Republic of the Congo 22 January 1973 Denmark 10 September 1971 Dominica (12) 14 March 2019 Dominican Republic 30 May 1972 Ecuador 2 May 1975 Egypt 17 July 1972 El Salvador 13 February 1980 Eritrea 6 June 1995 Estonia 21 August 1992 Eswatini 31 January 1974 Ethiopia 9 September 1971 Finland 7 October 1971 France 13 September 1972 Gabon 10 January 1973 Gambia 25 January 1978 Germany (2) 16 September 1977 Greece 15 November 1971 Guatemala 11 February 1974
    [Show full text]
  • 3Rupture in South Asia
    3Rupture in South Asia While the 1950s had seen UNHCR preoccupied with events in Europe and the 1960s with events in Africa following decolonization, the 1970s saw a further expansion of UNHCR’s activities as refugee problems arose in the newly independent states. Although UNHCR had briefly been engaged in assisting Chinese refugees in Hong Kong in the 1950s, it was not until the 1970s that UNHCR became involved in a large-scale relief operation in Asia. In the quarter of a century after the end of the Second World War, virtually all the previously colonized countries of Asia obtained independence. In some states this occurred peacefully,but for others—including Indonesia and to a lesser extent Malaysia and the Philippines—the struggle for independence involved violence. The most dramatic upheaval, however, was on the Indian sub-continent where communal violence resulted in partition and the creation of two separate states—India and Pakistan—in 1947. An estimated 14 million people were displaced at the time, as Muslims in India fled to Pakistan and Hindus in Pakistan fled to India. Similar movements took place on a smaller scale in succeeding years. Inevitably, such a momentous process produced strains and stresses in the newly decolonized states. Many newly independent countries found it difficult to maintain democratic political systems, given the economic problems which they faced, political challenges from the left and the right, and the overarching pressures of the Cold War. In several countries in Asia, the army seized political power in a wave of coups which began a decade or so after independence.
    [Show full text]
  • Request for Comments: 200 August 1, 1971 NIC: 7152 (Author Unknown) RFC List by Number 1St Author Title Date NI
    Request for Comments: 200 August 1, 1971 NIC: 7152 (Author unknown) RFC List by Number 1st Author Title Date NIC RFC Crocker HOST Software 7 April 1969 4687 1 Duvall HOST Software 9 April 1969 4688 2 Crocker Documentation Conventions 9 April 1969 4689 3 Shapiro Network Timetable 24 March 1969 4690 4 Rulifson DEL 2 June 1969 4691 5 Crocker Conversation with Bob Kahn 10 April 1969 4692 6 Deloche HOST-IMP Interface May 1969 4693 7 Deloche ARPA Network Functional 5 May 1969 4694 8 Specifications Deloche HOST Software 1 May 1969 4695 9 Crocker Documentation Conventions 29 July 1969 4696 10 Deloche Implementation of the 1 August 1969 4718 11 HOST-HOST Software Procedures in GORDO Wingfield IMP-HOST Interface Flow 26 August 1969 4697 12 Diagrams Cerf Referring to NWG/RFC: 11 20 August 1969 4698 13 (no RFC by this number ever issued) 14 Carr Network Subsystem for 25 September 1969 4754 15 Time-Sharing HOSTS Crocker M.I.T. (address) 27 August 1969 4719 16 Kreznar Some Questions Re: HOST-IMP 27 August 1969 4699 17 Protocol Cerf (use of links 1 and 2) September 1969 4720 18 Kreznar Two Protocol Suggestions to 7 October 1969 4721 19 Reduce Congestion at Swap-Bound Nodes Cerf ASCII Format for Network 16 October 1969 4722 20 Interchange Cerf (report of Network meeting) 17 October 1969 4723 21 Cerf HOST-HOST Control Message 17 October 1969 4724 22 Formats Gregg Transmission of Multiple 16 October 1969 4725 23 Control Messages Crocker Documentation Conventions 21 November 1969 4726 24 Crocker No High Link Numbers 30 October 1969 4727 25 (no RFC by this number ever issued) 26 Crocker Documentation Conventions 9 December 1969 4729 27 English Time Standards 13 January 1970 4730 28 Kahn Note in Response to Bill 19 January 1970 4731 29 English's Request for Comments [Page 1] RFC 200 RFC List by Number August 1971 Crocker Documentation Conventions 4 February 1970 4732 30 Bobrow Binary Message Formats in February 1968 4733 31 Computer Network Vedder Connecting M.I.T.
    [Show full text]
  • Subject Index •Fi Journal of Rehabilitation of The
    JADARA Volume 7 Number 1 Article 11 October 2019 Subject Index – Journal of Rehabilitation of the Deaf None None None Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.wcsu.edu/jadara Recommended Citation None, N. (2019). Subject Index – Journal of Rehabilitation of the Deaf. JADARA, 7(1). Retrieved from https://repository.wcsu.edu/jadara/vol7/iss1/11 None: Subject Index – Journal of Rehabilitation of the Deaf SUBJECT INDEX Journal of Rehabilitation of the Deaf VOLUMES 1 -6 inc. A Adult Education — An Inroad to Change. Tom Mayes. 1:4:13 (January 1968). Adult Education for DeafPeople. Kelly W. Boesen. 6:2:176 (October 1972). Adult Education for Deaf People in the Seventies. Thomas E. Mayes. 4:3:110 (January 1971). An Educator Looks at Rehabilitation. George Propp. 4:1:48 (July 1970). Audiological Assessment ofHospitalized Schizophrenic Patients. Mary Doyle Rastatter. 6:2:134 (October 1972). Audiological Services for the Deaf Betty C. Ritchie. 6:2:129 (October 1972). Audiologist Views Vocational Programs for Hearing Impaired Adolescents and Adults, The. Jerome G. Alpiner. 2:5:42 (April 1969). B Barriers to the Full Employment of Deaf People in Federal Government. Frank G. Bowe, Marcus T. Delk, and Jerome D. Schein. 6:4:1 (April 1973). Boyce R. Williams Award, The. 6:2:1 (October 1972). Breaking the Fear of Placement for the Hearing Impaired. B. Robert Gonzales. 3:2:22 (October 1969). Business Meeting Minutes. 4:3:178 (January 1971). Bylaws. 2:2:7 (July 1968). Bylaws. 6:2:208(October 1972). C Capacity for Insight and Understanding in the Deaf Patient, The.
    [Show full text]