DOCSLIB.ORG

Selected Theories on the Use of Profanity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Selected Theories on the Use of Profanity International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 8 , No. 9, Sept. 2018, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2018 HRMARS Selected Theories on the Use of Profanity S Ashwindren, V Shankar and Nafiseh Zarei To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i9/4876 DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i9/4876 Received: 15 August 2018, Revised: 07 Sept 2018, Accepted: 29 Sept 2018 Published Online: 04 October 2018 In-Text Citation: (Ashwindren, Shankar, & Zarei, 2018) To Cite this Article: Ashwindren, S., Shankar, V., & Zarei, N. (2018). Selected Theories on the Use of Profanity. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(9), 1975–1982. Copyright: © 2018 The Author(s) Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com) This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode Vol. 8, No. 9, September 2018, Pg. 1975 - 1982 http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/IJARBSS JOURNAL HOMEPAGE Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/publication-ethics 1975 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 8 , No. 9, Sept. 2018, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2018 HRMARS Selected Theories on the Use of Profanity S Ashwindren, V Shankar and Nafiseh Zarei UNITAR International University, Malaysia Abstract The purpose of this study attempts to discuss selected related theories on profanity and its influence towards the daily communication. It explains and reviews theory of sociolinguistics and self- perception theory with regard to use of profanity in daily communications. Sociolinguistic theory discusses the interconnection between language and society. It also elaborates on how every person uses a language and speaks in a particular way as part of their socio-cultural act. The focus of self- perception theory is on attitude formation developed by psychologist and it emphasizes on the development of people’s attitude. In addition, this theory emphasizes that people induce attitudes without accessing internal cognition as well as mood states. Keywords: Profanity, Sociolinguistics, Self-Perception, Communication Skill Introduction It is known that swearing and profanity are commonly used in everyday language by both genders and different age groups. People tend to use profanity to exhibit their feelings in different situations, be it to express joy, sorrow, anger, humour or even surprise. Studies show that it has become a norm for swear words to appear in the conversations of youths. This is often related to the influence of television, movies, games and Internet that tend to expose foul language or swear words to youths on a day to day basis. Jay (1992) mentioned that swearing exists at all age groups. However, the highest swearing among teenagers and as they get older, swearing reduces. Youths tend to spend time talking about sex, practicing sex slang, telling jokes and switching sex-oriented literature. Hence, it is a period of constructing their self-concept. Society also influences their development and impacts on their relationship with their peers and adults. Therefore, a local study on the use of swear words would throw light on the choice of swear words and the pattern of use among their peers. Besides that, profanity also refers to the use of obscene language including taboo and swear words, which in regular social settings are considered inappropriate and in some situations unacceptable. It often includes sexual references, blasphemy, objects eliciting dis- gust, ethnic– racial–gender slurs, vulgar terms, or offensive slang (Mabry, 2008). The interest in understanding the psycho- logical roots of the use of profanity dates back to as far as the early 20th century, yet the literature in this domain is scattered across different scientific fields with only recent attempts to connect the findings into a unified frame- work (Jay, 2009). 1976 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 8 , No. 9, Sept. 2018, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2018 HRMARS The reasons for using profanity depend on the person and the situation, yet profanity is commonly related to the expression of emotions such as anger, frustration, or surprise (Jay and Janschewitz, 2008). The spontaneous use of profanity is usually the unfiltered genuine expression of emotions, with the most extreme type being the bursts of profanity (i.e., coprolalia) accompanying the Tourette syndrome (Cavanna and Rickards, 2013). The more controllable use of profanity often helps to convey world views or internal states or is used to insult an object, a view, or a person (Jay, 2009). Speech involving profane words has a stronger impact on people than regular speech and has been shown to be processed on a deeper level in people’s minds (Jay and Caldwell-Harris,King, 2008). The context is important for understanding profanity. Profanity can sometimes be interpreted as antisocial, harmful, and abusive if, for example, intended to harm or convey aggression and hostile emotions (Stone, McMillan, & Hazelton, 2015). It also violates the moral foundations of purity (Sylwester & Purver, 2015) and the common norm for speech, suggestive of the potential to engage in other antisocial beha- viors that violate norms and morality. However, profanity may also be seen as a positive if it does not inflict harm but acts as a reliever of stress or pain in a cathartic effect (Vingerhoets, Bylsma, & de Vlam, 2013). Theory of Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics is the study about language that is related to society that the language related with the use of the languages spoken by society in the habit. According to Holmes (1992:1) sociolinguistics is the study that has relationship with language and society in the world. It is in line with Fasold’s (1993) idea about sociolinguistics which is science that combine linguistic and society. Brown (2000) also believes that sociolinguistics is sub-discipline of linguistic which examines the relationship between language and culture as well as language and society. According to Wardhaugh (2011), sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal of having a better understanding of the structure of language. Moreover, it focuses on how languages function in communication and the equivalent goal in the sociology of language which is to discover how social structure can be better understood through the study of language. For instance, how certain linguistic features serve to characterize particular social arrangements. In others argument, based on Hudson’s opinion in Wardhaugh (2011), sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society, whereas the sociology of language is the study of society in relation to language. Language is fundamental to social interaction in all societies. In other words, the relationship between language and society is intertwined. The way people use language in different social context produces different jargons and this will vary for different layers of society. The different layers of the society include age, gender, and cultural groups. According to Fairclough (2001), a critical awareness of language arises within the normal ways people reflect on their lives as part of their lives. In addition, he stated that it is vital to understand how the language functions and to think of it in different ways in order to understand the society. The theory is applied as the basic understanding to analyze the data in order to answer research questions one and three of the study. By understanding how language and society goes coherent, it will be easier for the researcher to understand how students associate the use of their languages and the society that they are part of. 1977 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 8 , No. 9, Sept. 2018, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2018 HRMARS The choice of language and its use depends on ethnicities, social class, context, gender, and age (Baron, 2005). Therefore, language can vary according to the social structure of its local speech community. As such, language can also be used to express group identity and often regarded as a salient identity factor. This study helps to further understand the choice of language in specific of profane words used by the teenagers in social class that would help to classify research question one that would narrow down the choice of profane words used by them. Language can serve various functions. Language must be investigated in terms of its own functions. There are six aspects in functions of language to fulfil a successful communication. There must be an addresser who is the sender and an addressee who is the receiver. There must also be a medium of communication which can be verbal, written or visual for the message to be communicated. The medium chosen will influence on how the message is encoded. The addresser and the addressee must have contact to the code. The message that is sent, will be received in a particular context. There are six factors that determine the different functions of language. According to him the functions of language are emotive, referential, conative, phatic, connotation, and metalingual functions. The emotive function serves to display the direct expression of the speaker towards the topic spoken. The referential function of language is where the speaker shares information on knowledge. The conative function of language helps to illustrate the message that intends to have effect on the audience such as to insult or persuade which serves as a point to comprehend research questions two and three in the teenagers’ perceptions and their reasons for the function of using such language.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • And Others TITLE Family Empowerment. INSTITUTION Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 348 793 EC 301 413 AUTHOR Sinclair, Mary F., Ed.; And Others TITLE Family Empowerment. INSTITUTION Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis. Inst. on Community Integration. SPONS AGENCY Administration on Developmental Disabilities (DHHS), Washington, D.C.; Minnesota Governor's Planning Council on Developmental Disabilities, St. Paul.; Special Education Programs (ED/OSERS), Washington, DC. PUB DATE 92 CONTRACT 90DD0204/Ol; 23946; H023K00017 NOTE 26p. AVAILABLE FROM Institute on Community Integration, 6 Pattee Hall, University of Minnesota, 150 Pillsbury Dr., S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455. PUB TYPE Collected Works - Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT IMPACT; v5 n2 Sum 1992 EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Accessibility (for Disabled); *Advocacy; Cultural Differences; *Delivery Systems; *Developmental Disabilities; Interpersonal Relationship; Intervention; Models; Older Adults; *Parent Participation; Parent School Relationship; Rural Areas; *Teamwork IDENTIFIERS Case Management; *Empowerment ABSTRACT This feature issue of IMPACT focuses on the empowerment of families with a member who has a developmental disability. It presents strategies and models for a collaborative, respectful approach to service provision, and presents the experiences of families in seeking support and assistance. Feature articles include "Two Generations of Disability: A Family and Community Affair" (Vivienne Kaufman); "Decision Making in the 90s: A New Paradigm for Family, Professional, and Consumer Roles" (Jean Ann Summers); "Access to Services: Sharing
    [Show full text]
  • The Therapeutic Implications of Swearing and Its Impact on Nurses
    Swearing: Impact on Nurses and Implications for Therapeutic Practice Teresa Elizabeth Stone RN, RPN, BA, MHM A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Newcastle January 2009 Teresa Elizabeth Stone 1 Declaration I hereby certify that the work embodied in this thesis is the result of original research and has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. Signed: ……………………………………………………. Date: ………………………………………………… Teresa Elizabeth Stone Teresa Elizabeth Stone 2 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my Mother and Pa who have given me a lifetime of love and support. Teresa Elizabeth Stone 3 Acknowledgments My list of dramatis personae for this study is long. My principal supervisor, Mike Hazelton, remained unfailingly encouraging and optimistic and his wealth of experience in research was invaluable. He told me he had been caught laughing to himself while reading through the questionnaire, a cameo of him that I treasure. Ed Clayton and Kim Colyas worked wonders with my statistics, and I painfully and slowly learned much and forgot more. Margaret McMillan came in slightly later in the piece, was completely inspirational, and really got me over the line. Jill Valdar is the editor and friend every girl needs, despite language that made her hair curl. Associate Professor Brian Taylor was a wonderful resource for all things linguistic and he gave freely of his own time. Heartfelt thanks to my wonderful husband Scott, who is forever supportive, and to Claudia, my dog, who has patiently accompanied me, snoring, as I wrote. Thanks, too, to the many nurses who participated in the study.
    [Show full text]
  • The OHSU Code of Conduct Applies to All OHSU Members, Defi Ned As
    INTEGRITY DEPARTMENT Code of Conduct A message from Joe Robertson Dear Colleagues, As Oregon’s academic health center, we hold ourselves to a higher stan- dard. As a large organization, we abide by numerous laws, regulations and professional standards. But here at OHSU we seek to go beyond that. We seek to model best practices in education, research and patient care and to lead change. This edition of the Code of Conduct (“Code”) includes, for the fi rst time, our core values of quality, transparency, service excellence and diversity. Much of OHSU’s success over the past few years has grown out of our commit- ment to collaboration and innovation, two cornerstones of our Vision 2020 strategic plan. Our values and our strategy are intertwined, and our ability to collaborate successfully depends in large part on how potential partners view our institutional integrity and the depth of commitment to our values. As a mission-based organization, we rely deeply on the public trust. How we behave individually and collectively is every bit as important as our pro- grammatic excellence. Our reputation is earned, not bestowed, and it is made one encounter at a time. Now, more than ever, our continued success depends on collaboration, honesty, respect and the trust of those we serve. Please join me in carefully reviewing this Code, adhering to the standards it outlines, and modeling best practices and behaviors in each and every interaction. Thank you. Joe Robertson, M.D., M.B.A. OHSU President 2 Table of contents Introduction The OHSU Community 5
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Police Profanity on Public Perception of Excessive Force" (2017)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2017 The Influence of oliceP Profanity on Public Perception of Excessive Force Christina Patton Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Patton, Christina, "The Influence of Police Profanity on Public Perception of Excessive Force" (2017). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 6387. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/6387 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. iii The Influence of Police Profanity on Public Perception of Excessive Force Christina Patton, M. S. Dissertation submitted to The Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Psychology William Fremouw, Ph.D., Chair Michael Asken, Ph.D. Barry Edelstein, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Obscenities in the Workplace: a Comment on Foul and Fair Expression and Status Relationships
    University at Buffalo School of Law Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law Journal Articles Faculty Scholarship Fall 1-1-1985 Obscenities in the Workplace: A Comment on Foul and Fair Expression and Status Relationships James B. Atleson University at Buffalo School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/journal_articles Part of the Labor and Employment Law Commons Recommended Citation James B. Atleson, Obscenities in the Workplace: A Comment on Foul and Fair Expression and Status Relationships, 34 Buff. L. Rev. 693 (1985). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/journal_articles/786 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Obscenities in the Workplace: A Comment on Fair and Foul Expression and Status Relationships JAMES B. ATLESON* The right of management to run its business presumes respect on the part of employ- eesfor their supervisors. Profanity, epithets and verbal abuse interfere with the kind of continuous control which management must have over its workforce.' [A]rbitrators have almost unanimously supported the notion that the hourly em- ployee should not exhibit willful, personal disrespect of the foreman's position... [I]t seems reasonable to conclude that the existence of a union does not obviate 2 employee respect of supervision. Russell, this is not the type of language we use in a civilized society.3 INTRODUCTION T has often been said that arbitrators are neutral deci- sionmakers; as servants of the parties, they discover the inten- tions that lie behind often vague or inconclusive contractual lan- guage.
    [Show full text]
  • Broadcast Profanity and the Right to Be Let Alone: Can the FCC Regulate Non-Indecent Fleeting Expletives Under a Privacy Model Edward L
    Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal Volume 31 | Number 1 Article 1 1-1-2008 Broadcast Profanity and the Right to Be Let Alone: Can the FCC Regulate Non-Indecent Fleeting Expletives under a Privacy Model Edward L. Carter R. Trevor Hall James C. Phillips Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_comm_ent_law_journal Part of the Communications Law Commons, Entertainment, Arts, and Sports Law Commons, and the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation Edward L. Carter, R. Trevor Hall, and James C. Phillips, Broadcast Profanity and the Right to Be Let Alone: Can the FCC Regulate Non- Indecent Fleeting Expletives under a Privacy Model, 31 Hastings Comm. & Ent. L.J. 1 (2008). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_comm_ent_law_journal/vol31/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Broadcast Profanity and the "Right to Be Let Alone": Can the FCC Regulate Non-Indecent Fleeting Expletives Under a Privacy Model? by EDWARD L. CARTER,* R. TREVOR HALL' AND JAMES C. PHILLIPS I. Introduction .................................................................................................. 2 II. Brief Legal History of Profanity .................................................................. 7 A. Profanity Under the Common Law of Nuisance ................................... 8 B. The U.S. Supreme Court and Profanity ............................................... 12 C. Profanity's Place in the Law Today ................................................... 16 III. Free Speech Rationales and Profanity ....................................................... 22 IV. The FCC and Regulation of Profanity ....................................................... 26 A .
    [Show full text]
  • OSC's Role in Protecting Whistleblowers and Serving As A
    The U.S. Office of Special Counsel’s Role in Protecting Whistleblowers and Serving as a Safe Channel for Government Employees to Disclose Wrongdoing The Honorable Carolyn N. Lerner Special Counsel U.S. Office of Special Counsel1 Jason M. Zuckerman Senior Legal Advisor U.S. Office of Special Counsel DISCLAIMER: This paper is offered only for educational and informational purposes and does not constitute legal advice, a statement of agency policy or a legal opinion. The material is a summary of the area of law and does not purport to exhaust its subject. The reader can use the outline as a tool for further research, but this paper should not be relied upon or cited in any proceeding, including in litigation before the Merit Systems Protection Board or the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. This paper does not create, and shall not be construed as creating, any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by any person against the United States, its agencies, its officers or employees, or any other person. 1 The authors acknowledge the assistance of Gregory Giaccio and Grace Williams in preparing this outline. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Establishment of OSC 2 II. OSC’s Independence and Powers 3 III. Investigating and Resolving Complaints of Whistleblower Retaliation 4 IV. Obtaining Corrective Action for Whistleblowers 5 V. Pursuing Disciplinary Action 7 VI. Serving as a Secure Channel to Disclose Wrongdoing 9 VII. Scope of OSC Jurisdiction in Whistleblower Retaliation Cases 10 VIII. Prohibitions Against Whistleblower Retaliation 13 A. Whistleblower Retaliation, § 2302(b)(8) 13 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Mcginnis, Jennifer Tricia
    ABSTRACT MCGINNIS, JENNIFER TRICIA LINDBERG. Leaders Behaving Badly: Antecedents and Consequences of Abuse. (Under the direction of S. Bartholomew Craig.) Although the leadership field has been preoccupied with identifying the leader traits and behaviors that evoke positive employee work attitudes and behaviors and maximize effectiveness (Bass, 1990; Yukl, 2002), the field has become increasingly interested in understanding the “dark side” of leader behavior. However, this research is still in its infancy. The current study increases our understanding of one class of negative leader behavior, abusive supervision, by examining supervisor personality as an antecedent of abusive supervision, along with several individual-level and organization-level consequences. An archival database was obtained from a leadership training and development consulting firm for the current study. Participants were focal managers (N = 121) who participated in a leadership development program. The managers completed a personality measure prior to the program. In addition, the managers’ subordinates ( N = 779) completed a customized, qualitative 360-degree assessment instrument that asked for examples of the focal managers’ use of “bad leadership” behaviors and both their reactions to and the consequences (i.e., impacts) of these behaviors. A preliminary content analysis was conducted on the 360-degree data for 10 managers to develop the initial coding scheme. After this analysis, a content analysis was conducted on the 360-degree data for all 121 managers, resulting in 45 behavior categories and 59 reaction/impact categories. Next, 10 subject matter experts (SMEs) provided their ratings of abusive supervision and destructive leadership for the behavior categories. Eight behaviors were rated as abusive supervision; the same eight behaviors and an additional 16 behaviors were rated as destructive leadership, and 20 other behaviors were rated as non- destructive leadership.
    [Show full text]
  • Addressing Bullying and Incivility Among Nurses
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2020 Addressing Bullying and Incivility Among Nurses Caroline Holland Combs Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Nursing Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Health Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral study by Caroline Combs has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Robert McWhirt, Committee Chairperson, Nursing Faculty Dr. Melanie Braswell, Committee Member, Nursing Faculty Dr. Faisal Aboul-Enein, University Reviewer, Nursing Faculty Chief Academic Officer and Provost Sue Subocz, Ph.D. Walden University 2020 Abstract Addressing Bullying and Incivility Among Nurses by Caroline Combs MS, Walden University, 2012 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice Walden University June 2020 Abstract For decades, nurses have experienced some form of bullying and incivility throughout their careers. Incivility contributes to behaviors that constrain the sense of empowerment among nurses and directly encroach upon Provision 6 of the American Nurses Association code of ethics, which addresses sustaining a moral environment and the need to create a contagious culture of respect that is free from uncivil behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Shepherd Youth Staff
    ----------h_ CALENDAR January 29 Kick Off February 05 Open House 12 D-Groups + Leader Dinner 19 D-Groups 26D-Groups March 04 D-Groups + Leader Dinner 11 D-Groups 18 D-Groups 25 D-Groups April 01 D-Groups 08 NO D-Groups 15 D-Groups + Incoming Freshman Dinner 22 D-Groups 29 D-Groups + Senior Dinner May 06 D-Groups + Leader Dinner 13 Leader Choice Night TRAINING General D-Groups Schedule: 6:14 pm - Leader Meeting in Room 143 6:30 pm - Programmed Content (Announcements, Worship, Message) 7:20 pm - Transition to Groups *Take Attendance 8:25 pm - Middle School to Youth and Sports Center 8:30 pm - Dismiss *Report Any Red Flag Activity to Staff Important Information: D-Groups Hotline: 818.722.8468 shepherdyouth.com/resources shepherdchurch.com/dgroupstool 8 GLASS HOUSE AGREEMENT As Christian leaders who are in places of responsibility in the church, we are required to be examples in faith, conduct, and purity. We have an obligation, when presenting Christ to students, to live godly lives and be “above reproach,” acknowledging the “glass house” we live in. As a D-Group Leader we ask that you… Have accepted Jesus Christ as your Lord and Savior and been baptized. Have been at Shepherd Church for at least 6 months and attend services each week on campus. Commit to actively pursuing God through regularly practicing spiritual disciplines and participating in community (preferably through LifeGroups). Pursue physical, emotional, and spiritual purity. This includes things like fleeing from sexual immorality (whether married or single), not forming inappropriate or unhealthy emotional relationships, and not viewing pornographic or explicit material.
    [Show full text]
  • Why You Must Archive All of Your Business Records
    Osterman Research WHITE PAPER White Paper by Osterman Research Published May 2021 Sponsored by Zix Why You Must Archive All of YourO Business Records Why You Must Archive All of Your Business Records Executive Summary Organizations generate large volumes of electronic data, most of it unstructured. Content-generating sources include email, text messaging, telephony, collaboration systems like Microsoft Teams and Zoom, desktop productivity applications, CRM systems, social media and a wide range of other tools and capabilities. Much of the content generated by an organization constitutes some form of business record: invoices, policy statements, client files, communications with members of a supply chain, orders, prospect inquiries, employee records, and the like. Organizations are obligated to retain these business records for varying lengths of time and for a variety of reasons: regulatory obligations, legal requirements, or best practice considerations. Retaining records can be accomplished with simple backup, but this is an inefficient method of records retention that is fraught with problems: it normally retains an incomplete set of business records, data can easily be deleted or modified, and searching for and producing data is difficult, time-consuming and risky. Instead, organizations should deploy an archiving solution that will do the following: • Index all of the relevant content that an organization generates as close to real time as possible. The vast majority of • Place this content into archival storage where it cannot be deleted before it is permissible to do so, and where it cannot be modified either intentionally or organizations accidentally. are archiving • Enable robust search capabilities so that legal counsel, senior managers, corporate email, individual users and others can search for content in support of a variety but significantly purposes for which the data might be needed.
    [Show full text]
  • Workplace Bullying and Offensive Conduct
    Town of Canton Policy Number: Human Resources Policy Subject: Workplace Bullying and Offensive Conduct Policy: It is the goal of the Town of Canton to eliminate and prevent any bullying or offensive conduct in the workplace. Scope: This policy and procedure is applicable to allTown of Canton and Canton Public School employees, every officer including all elected and appointed town officers, all members of multiple member bodies, agents, consultants, volunteers and any person conducting business with or on behalf of the Town of Canton. Definitions: Workplace bullying is defined as repeated unreasonably or offensive actions in the workplace that impact the psychological or physical health, safety, or economic security of an employee, or create a risk to the health, safety, or security of an employee. While it is not possible to list all of the circumstances that may constitute bullying, the following are some examples of conduct that may constitute bullying depending upon the totality of the circumstances, including the severity of the conduct and its pervasiveness: Rudeness and discourteous verbal and non-verbal behaviors or other types of incivility; Criticizing employees’ work or reminding employees of mistakes in a persistent and unprofessional manner; Excessive monitoring; Yelling; Spreading gossip or lies; Ostracizing, ignoring, or excluding workers; Blaming an employee without factual justification, or unwarranted or invalid criticism; Directing profanity at an employee; Insulting employees’ habits, attitudes, or private life; Humiliating employees or making employees the target of practical jokes; Hostile behavior, verbal aggression, or angry exchanges. Procedure: Managers and supervisors are obligated to implement and enforce this policy. If an employee believes that his or she has been subjected to bullying or conduct prohibited by this policy, the employee is encouraged to report this matter to any supervisor or manager or to the Human Resource Administrator.
    [Show full text]