Study Guide Nursing Care of Children Principles & Practice Fourth Edition Susan Rowen James, PhD, RN Kristine Ann Nelson, MN, RN Jean Weiler Ashwill, MSN, RN Revised by Julie White, RN, MSN Adjunct Faculty Valparaiso University Valparaiso, Indiana Director of Education IU Health La Porte Hospital La Porte, Indiana Previous authors Anne-Marie Kiehne, PhD, RN Assistant Clinical Professor College of Health Professions Temple University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Christine M. Rosner, PhD, RN Dean and Professor School of Nursing and Allied Health Professions Holy Family University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 STUDY GUIDE FOR NURSING CARE OF CHILDREN, FOURTH EDITION ISBN: 978-1-4557-0706-5 Copyright © 2013, 2007, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Nursing Diagnoses—Definitions and Classification 2012-2014. Copyright © 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001, 1998, 1996, 1994 by NANDA International. Used by arrangement with Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, a company of John Wiley and Sons, Inc. In order to make safe and effective judgments using NANDA-I nursing diagnoses it is essential that nurses refer to the definitions and defining characteristics of the diagnoses listed in the work. NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN®, and NCLEX-PN® are registered trademarks and service marks of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Content Manager: Michele D. Hayden Content Development Specialist: Heather Bays Publishing Services Manager: Hemamalini Rajendrababu Project Manager: Divya Krish Design Direction: Paula Catalano Proudly sourced and uploaded by [StormRG] Kickass Torrents | TPB | ExtraTorrent | h33t Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Preface The objective of this Study Guide to accompany James corresponding to those in the textbook serve as and Ashwill: Nursing Care of Children: Principles transitions from one subject to the next. The answers and Practice, fourth edition, is to facilitate your for all these exercises are provided at the back of the understanding of the material presented in the textbook. Study Guide. ORGANIZATION 3. Suggested Learning Activities are opportunities for you to apply your knowledge to real-life situations, Each chapter in this Study Guide is meant to be used as either clinical or personal. a studying tool for its corresponding textbook chapter. Chapters are presented in the same numerical order as 4. Student Learning Applications include case studies in the textbook. At the end of this manual, you will find with accompanying questions that are designed answers to the Student Learning Exercises and Review for you to apply your knowledge to hypothetical Questions for all Study Guide chapters. situations that mirror real-life events in pediatric nursing. In many cases, there may be no single FEATURES correct answer, and we hope that by sharing your answers with other students, you will broaden your Each chapter includes the following features, which are perspective of the clinical situation. designed to help you better comprehend and organize the textbook material. 5. Review Questions are provided in multiple-choice 1. Helpful Hints refer you to other chapters in the format to give you an opportunity to review key content core textbook or to other references for background quickly. The answers to these questions are also information that may enhance your understanding of provided at the back of the manual. the chapter. It is the intention that the learning activities presented 2. Student Learning Exercises are organized primarily in this Study Guide will help you to apply the content to follow the order of content in the textbook and are of the textbook directly to the practice of pediatric also grouped by types of exercises. To emphasize nursing. the significant content of each chapter, we have Julie White, RN, MSN presented questions in a variety of formats— Anne-Marie Kiehne, PhD, RN matching, fill in the blank, short answer, true or Christine M. Rosner, PhD, RN false, and crossword puzzles. Bold topical headings iii Copyright © 2013, 2007, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Preface This page intentionally left blank Contents UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO CHILD HEALTH NURSING Chapter 1 Introduction to Nursing Care of Children, 1 UNIT II GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: THE CHILD AND THE FAMILY Chapter 2 Family-Centered Nursing Care, 7 Chapter 3 Communicating with Children and Families, 13 Chapter 4 Health Promotion for the Developing Child, 18 Chapter 5 Health Promotion for the Infant, 27 Chapter 6 Health Promotion during Early Childhood, 33 Chapter 7 Health Promotion for the School-Age Child, 39 Chapter 8 Health Promotion for the Adolescent, 44 UNIT III SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CARING FOR CHILDREN Chapter 9 Physical Assessment of Children, 48 Chapter 10 Emergency Care of the Child, 55 Chapter 11 The Ill Child in the Hospital and Other Care Settings, 65 Chapter 12 The Child with a Chronic Condition or Terminal Illness, 71 Chapter 13 Principles and Procedures for Nursing Care of Children, 77 Chapter 14 Medication Administration and Safety for Infants and Children, 85 Chapter 15 Pain Management for Children, 93 UNIT IV CARING FOR CHILDREN WITH HEALTH PROBLEMS Chapter 16 The Child with a Fluid and Electrolyte Alteration, 98 Chapter 17 The Child with an Infectious Disease, 104 Chapter 18 The Child with an Immunologic Alteration, 109 Chapter 19 The Child with a Gastrointestinal Alteration, 115 Chapter 20 The Child with a Genitourinary Alteration, 123 Chapter 21 The Child with a Respiratory Alteration, 129 Chapter 22 The Child with a Cardiovascular Alteration, 138 Chapter 23 The Child with a Hematologic Alteration, 146 Chapter 24 The Child with Cancer, 153 Chapter 25 The Child with Major Alterations in Tissue Integrity, 162 Chapter 26 The Child with a Musculoskeletal Alteration, 173 Chapter 27 The Child with an Endocrine or Metabolic Alteration, 181 Chapter 28 The Child with a Neurologic Alteration, 192 Chapter 29 The Child and Family with Psychosocial Alterations, 203 Chapter 30 The Child with a Developmental Disability, 211 Chapter 31 The Child with a Sensory Alteration, 218 Answer Key, 226 v Copyright © 2013, 2007, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Contents 1 Introduction to Nursing Care of Children HELPFUL HINT A textbook covering the fundamentals of nursing or United States government websites can provide useful supplemental information on many of the topics covered in this chapter. STUDENT LEARNING EXERCISES Definitions Match each term with its definition. 1. Advocacy a. Level of care expected from a professional b. Ratio of sick to well people in a defined population 2. Bioethics c. Procedures that allow nurses to perform duties that are usually part of the medical practice 3. Ethical dilemma d. Speaking or acting in support of a policy or a person’s rights e. Number of deaths per 1000 live births that 4. Morbidity rate occur within the first 12 months of life f. Situation in which no solution seems completely 5. Infant mortality rate satisfactory g. Rules or principles that govern ethical conduct 6. Standard of care related to healthcare 7. Standardized practices Historical Perspectives Answer as either true (T) or false (F). 8. Throughout history children have been valued and protected by society. 9. During the nineteenth century, the most serious health problems facing children were directly related to poverty and overcrowding. 10. William Cadogan created the first public health program for mothers and children. 11. Hospital policies have changed in response to an increased awareness of children’s emotional and psychological needs. 12. Because of technological advances, children with chronic disabilities are living longer. 13. Title V of the Social Security Act provides funds for maternal-child healthcare programs. 14. Family-centered care views parents and health care professionals as equal partners in children’s health care.