New Philadelphia Townsite Reconnaissance Survey Barry, Illinois January 2012 PREPARERS and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

National Park Service Midwest Region

New Philadelphia Townsite Reconnaissance Survey Barry, Illinois January 2012 PREPARERS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The following National Park Service Staff were involved in the team preparing this Reconnaissance Survey:

Ian Shanklin, Landscape Architect, Midwest Regional Office Ruth Heikkinen, Division Chief for Planning and Compliance, Midwest Regional Office Grant Johnson, Preservation Planner (Intern), Midwest Regional Office

National Park Service advisors to the team were:

Sändra Washington, Associate Regional Director for Planning, Construction, Communications, and Legislation, Midwest Regional Ofﬁce Vergil Noble, Archeologist, Midwest Archeological Center Diane Miller, National Program Manager, National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Program Deanda Johnson, Regional Program Manager, National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Program

For meeting and providing access to the New Philadelphia Townsite, the study team would like to thank Dr. Christopher Fennell, Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Illi- nois at Urbana-Champaign; Dr. Terrance Martin, Curator of Anthropology, Illinois State Museum, Research and Collection Center, Springﬁeld, Illinois; Claire Martin, Historian, Illinois State Muse- um, Research and Collection Center, Springﬁeld, Illinois; and Pat Syrcle, Mayor, City of Barry, Illi- nois.

This study has been prepared for the Secretary of Interior to explore speciﬁc resources and advise on whether these resources merit further consideration as a potential boundary adjustment or as a new park unit. Publication and transmittal of this report should not be considered an endorse- ment or a commitment by the National Park Service to seek or support legislative authorization for the project or its implementation. This report was prepared by the United States Department of Interior, National Park Service, Midwest Region. For more information, contact:

Ian Shanklin or Ruth Heikkinen Midwest Regional Ofﬁce National Park Service 601 Riverfront Drive Omaha, NE 68102-4226 (402) 661-1850

Front Cover Images: Top Row: Aerial photo by Tommy Hailey using powered parachute funded by The National Center for Preservation Technology and Training (NPS). Middle Row, left to right: Atlas Map of Pike County 1872 (Andreas, Lyter Co., 1872, 84. Illinois Historical Survey Collections, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign); 1998 aerial photograph with town plat overlaid (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign); 1998 aerial photograph (U. S. Geological Sur- vey with overlay by Christopher Fennell). Bottom Row: Panorama of New Philadelphia Townsite (Ian Shanklin, NPS).

Back Cover Image: Detail of Atlas Map of Pike County 1872 (Andreas, Lyter Co., 1872, 84. Illinois Historical Survey Col- New Philadelphia Townsite Reconnaissance Survey Barry, Illinois

January 2012 CONTENTS

1 Summary 4

2 Background 5 2.1 Background of the Survey 5 2.2 Purpose and Scope of the Survey Document 5 2.3 Evaluation Criteria for Inclusion in the National Park System 5

3 Historic Context and Description of the Study Area 6 3.1 Historic Context 6 3.2 Location and Setting 8 3.3 Land Use and Ownership 8 3.4 Evaluation of Cultural Resources 9 3.5 Archeological Resources 10

4 Evaluation of Resource Signiﬁcance 10 4.1 Introduction 10 4.2 Conclusion for Resource Signiﬁcance 11

5 Preliminary Evaluation of Resource Suitability 11 5.1 Introduction 11 5.2 Description of Comparable Sites 12 5.3 Conclusion for Resource Suitability 13

6 Preliminary Evaluation of Resource Feasibility 14 6.1 Introduction 14 6.2 Size and Boundary Conﬁgurations 14 6.3 Current and Potential Uses of the Study Area 14 6.4 Land Ownership 15 6.5 Public Enjoyment Potential 16 6.6 Costs 16 6.7 Threats to the Resources 17 6.8 Local Planning and Zoning, Support, and Impact 17 6.9 Conclusion for Resource Feasibility 18

7 Need for Direct NPS Management 18 7.1 Conclusion for Need for Direct NPS Management 20

8 Recommendation 20

Bibliography 22

Appendix A: NPS Management Policies 2006, 1.3 Criteria for Inclusion 24

1 SUMMARY

This report is a preliminary evaluation of the New Philadelphia Townsite to determine the likelihood that this site would qualify for inclusion in the national park system. In order to be considered for inclusion, an area must meet the criteria for national significance, suitability and feasibility. The 1998 National Parks Omnibus Management Act established the process for identifying and authorizing studies of new units, also known as “special resource studies”. That Act also allowed the National Park Service to conduct reconnaissance surveys such as this report on New Philadelphia. Reconnaissance surveys are preliminary resource assess- Map of Illinois with New Philadelphia highlighted (NPS) ments to gather data on potential study areas. Unlike special resource studies, the con- described in the National Historic Land- clusions in reconnaissance surveys do not mark designation as attributable to the below provide a final or definitive answer to the -ground archeological resources. question of whether or not an area qualifies for inclusion in the national park system, but The townsite’s national significance has been rather determine whether or not further established through its National Historic evaluation is warranted. Landmark designation. A preliminary determination of suitability finds that that New Philadelphia offers an unusual ability to This reconnaissance survey evaluates the yield information of major scientific im- New Philadelphia Townsite, a 42-acre ar- portance to an understanding of pre-Civil cheological site located near the city of Bar- War free, multi-racial, rural communities ry, Illinois. The townsite contains remnants and that comparable sites are not adequately of a town believed to be the first town in the preserved and interpreted. Therefore, New United States legally registered and platted Philadelphia would likely be a suitable addi- by an African-American. The townsite was tion to the System. However, this prelimi- added to the National Register of Historic nary evaluation indicates that the New Phila- Places in 2005, and designated a National delphia archeological site would likely not Historic Landmark in 2009. The New Phila- meet the feasibility criteria for inclusion as a delphia Townsite qualified for National His- unit of the national park system, owing to toric Landmark status “for its high potential challenges in providing for public enjoy- to yield information of major scientific im- ment. As it is unlikely that the New Phila- portance to our understandings of free, multi delphia Townsite would be feasible to man- -racial, rural communities, and for the possi- age as a unit of the national park system, the bilities the townsite possesses to affect theo- National Park Service does not recommend ries, concepts, methods, and ideas in histori- that a full special resource study be conduct- cal archeology to a major degree.” (King, ed for this site. 2009) This report includes a description of

New Philadelphia Townsite and its various Though it is likely not feasible for manage- historic resources, as well as an evaluation of ment by the National Park Service (NPS), those resources based on a ﬁeld visit and opportunities exist for promotion and analysis of available documentation. The recognition of New Philadelphia Townsite signiﬁcance of New Philadelphia Townsite is through existing NPS programs such as

4 New Philadelphia Reconnaissance Survey, January 2012

Teaching With Historic Places, the Under- ability and feasibility were the two criteria ground Railroad National Trail to Freedom, that were briefly discussed as possibly being National Register of Historic Places and Na- the most challenging of the three criteria in tional Historic Landmark technical assis- terms of meeting the necessary requirements tance. Potential also exists for local, state, for becoming a unit of the National Park Ser- and/or non-profit groups to apply creative vice. interpretive techniques to telling the story of New Philadelphia. 2.2 Purpose and Scope of the Survey Document 2 BACKGROUND The purpose of this reconnaissance study is 2.1 Background of the Survey to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the potential significance of the historical re- In June 2009, then Senator Roland Burris sources of New Philadelphia Townsite and sent a letter to the National Park Service the suitability and feasibility for inclusion of (NPS) requesting that the agency prepare those resources in the national park system. draft language for a bill authorizing a special Preliminary determinations in this recon- resource study of the New Philadelphia naissance study are based on National Park Townsite. In response, the National Park Service criteria (described below, in section Service prepared the requested draft bill, 3,3) and conclusions are not considered final which was introduced in the Senate. The or definitive. This study provides a recom- next year, another member of the Illinois mendation as to whether or not further in- congressional delegation, Representative vestigation in a special resource study would Aaron Schock, of the 18th Congressional Dis- be appropriate. trict, introduced a companion bill in the House of Representatives. Because of this 2.3 Evaluation Criteria for Inclusion interest, funding was allocated through the in the National Park System NPS planning program to conduct a reconnaissance study of New Philadelphia Town- The following are the criteria a site must site. Reconnaissance studies briefly describe meet for inclusion in the national park sys- and evaluate resources to determine if the tem. This study provides a cursory review site might qualify as a new unit of the NPS, and analysis of the New Philadelphia Town- and whether or not a full Special Resource site based on NPS criteria for inclusion. Study is warranted. National Significance: Determinations of an Staff from the National Park Service Plan- area’s national significance are made by NPS ning and Compliance Division within the professionals in consultation with scholars, Midwest Regional Office traveled to the site experts, and scientists following specific criteria. For cultural resources, significance is of New Philadelphia in March of 2010. The evaluated using the National Historic Land- planners met with individuals affiliated with mark criteria. For this reconnaissance study, the research and preservation of the site to the resource has already been designated a discuss its significance and the types of arti- National Historic Landmark, so its national facts and resources that have been discov- significance has been established prior to the ered through many years of investigations by study. multiple researchers nationwide. National Park Service planners described the process Suitability: A property is considered suitable if it by which potential new units are evaluated, represents a resource type that is not current- and the need to demonstrate national signifi- ly represented in the park system or is not comparably represented and protected for cance, suitability and feasibility. While na- public enjoyment by another agency or enti- tional significance of this site has been ty. Adequacy of representation is determined demonstrated through the NHL listing, suit- National Part Service, Midwest Region 5

on a case-by-case basis by comparing the lowed to keep a portion of his earnings. type, quality, quantity, combination of re- Frank earned additional funds by mining sources present, and opportunities for public Kentucky caves for crude niter and pro- enjoyment. cessing the material into saltpeter, a compo- nent used to manufacture gunpowder, which Feasibility: To be considered feasible, an area must be of sufficient size and appropriate was crucial for frontier life and for the War configuration to ensure long-term protection of 1812. In 1799, Frank married Lucy, a of the resources and to accommodate public woman enslaved on a nearby farm. With use. The area must have potential for efficient the money he earned, Frank purchased Lu- administration at a reasonable cost. Other cy’s freedom in 1817, and, two years later, his important feasibility factors include land- own freedom. On the 1820 federal census, ownership, acquisition costs, current and he is recorded as “Free Frank.” Lucy and potential use, access, level of local and gen- Frank had seven children, four were born eral public support, and staff or development enslaved and three were free born. In 1830, requirements. Frank, Lucy, and their freed children moved

Necessity of Direct NPS Management: Even if to the non-slavery state of Illinois to settle on a resource meets the criteria of national sig- Military Tract land he purchased from a Dr. niﬁcance, suitability, and feasibility, it will not Elliot who was aware of Frank’s desire to always be recommended that a resource be move elsewhere. In 1835, Frank added to added to the park system. There are many this tract of land by purchasing more Mili- excellent examples of important natural and tary land from the government and, one year cultural resources managed by other federal later, laid out the town of New Philadelphia agencies, other levels of government, and on his 42 acres. New Philadelphia is the ﬁrst private entities. Evaluation of management known town founded and legally registered options must show that direct NPS manage- by a free African American before the Civil ment is clearly the superior alternative. War.

3 HISTORIC CONTEXT AND Settlers were attracted to New Philadelphia DESCRIPTION OF THE by the economic opportunities of the west- STUDY AREA ern frontier. The years 1835 to 1837 saw av- id town founding activity in Illinois but only 3.1 Historic Context a few of the plats became actual town, and even fewer survived. By 1837, the cost of transportation improvements led to a na- The ﬁrst part of this summary of historic tionwide economic downturn that stunted context is largely taken from the National town planning. By 1840, about half of the Historic Landmark nomination form for towns founded around 1836 still survived. New Philadelphia. The second part of this New Philadelphia was one of 126 Illinois summary places New Philadelphia in a larger towns laid out in 1836, and one of the few to context, not considered in the National His- survive the economic crisis. New Philadel- toric Landmark form. phia grew from a small community of three dwellings in the 1840s to a village of 58 indi- New Philadelphia is the site of a town found- viduals living in 11 households in 1850. Thir- ed by Frank McWorter, who was born en- ty-eight percent, or 22 people, were of Afri- slaved in South Carolina in 1777. Around can descent according to the 1850 census. 1795, he was relocated to Kentucky by his After Frank McWorter’s death in 1854, the owner, George McWhorter. While George town he founded continued to attract set- McWhorter expanded his real estate hold- tlers. New Philadelphia’s population ings in Kentucky and Tennessee, Frank man- peaked by the time of the Illinois state census aged the farm and was also hired out to other in 1865 with 160 people living in 29 house- settlers. Despite being enslaved, he was al- holds; 30 percent, or 48 townspeople, were

6 New Philadelphia Reconnaissance Survey, January 2012

recorded as African Americans. According to federal and state census records, the representation of African Americans in New Phil- adelphia ﬂuctuated from a peak of 38 percent in 1850 to a low of 17 percent in 1880; however, New Philadelphia was considered by many area residents to be a “black” town.

Some towns that survived the economic downturn that began in 1837 succumbed when the railroad passed them by later in the nineteenth century. New Philadelphia was bypassed by a railroad in 1869 (Yuan 2007: 1). Many townspeople had moved away by the turn of the century, but a few families continued to make their home in New Phila- delphia into the 1930s. Oral histories, land transfer documentation, and archaeological findings indicate that the town existed into the twentieth century. Archaeological evidence, which includes a large quantity of wire nails first manufactured in the 1890s, indicates building construction continued at New Philadelphia around the turn of the century. Watercolors depicting New Philadelphia circa 1915, by Although unique as the first known town in- Thelma Elise McWorter Kirkpatrick Wheaton, great corporated by an African American, New granddaughter of Frank McWorter, founder of New Philadelphia is part of a larger pre-Civil War phenomenon in which people of African descent established settlements in their quest areas were often less attractive to white set- for self-determination, something virtually tlement, and thus served as important spaces impossible within the larger society and cul- where free people of color could make lives ture. While slavery was largely prohibited in for themselves and help to secure the free- the north, the racism that was used to justify dom of others who remained enslaved. black enslavement pervaded the country. Seemingly counter-intuitive, these commu- The “free states” of the north were not free nities were often located in close proximity of racism and discrimination, as evidenced to slave states or in areas surrounded by pro- by the existence of oppressive black codes slavery sympathizers. However, these loca- and black laws that attempted to circum- tions strategically positioned these commu- scribe the citizenship rights of free people of nities to serve as important places of refuge color. along the Underground Railroad. Members of these settlements often helped freedom Living in what has been described as a seekers travel to destinations further north “hostile environment”, people of African de- or welcomed them into their communities. scent constructed independence partly in This was done at great personal risk, as those terms of land ownership and established who assisted freedom seekers faced losing small rural enclaves in states like Illinois, In- their own freedom, property, and even diana, and Ohio, representing what has been death. termed as “geographies of resistance” (La In addition to their involvement in the Un- Roche v). Located on marginal lands, these derground Railroad, these towns were cen-

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ters of early African-American economic, as it is traditionally defined for historic dis- religious, and political development. It was tricts. in these communities that African Americans began organizing themselves on larger scales. 3.2 Location and Setting The Providence Anti-Slavery Missionary Baptist Association which formed in Ohio in The New Philadelphia Townsite is situated the 1830s is considered one the earliest suc- amid the rolling hills of rural west central cessful attempts of black church organiza- Illinois between the Illinois and Mississippi tion and as its name indicates, ending slavery Rivers in Hadley Township, Pike County. was one of its primary focuses. Similar efforts The historic townsite is located south of also took place in Illinois and Indiana. The County Highway 2, four miles east of the city autonomy which people of color demon- of Barry. U.S. Interstate 72 and State Route strated in these communities challenged ide- 36 run east-west just south of the townsite. as of black inferiority, defying notions that The site is located approximately twenty-five slavery was the only status fitting people of miles east of the Mississippi River and is sur- African descent. rounded by farmland planted primarily with corn and soybeans, amidst stands of trees. A Despite the important historical role of these few widely-separated houses and farms are communities, over time many of these settle- located in the vicinity. The feeling of the site ments have suffered from a lack of preserva- and landscape is rural and agricultural. tion and have virtually disappeared from Widely spaced farms in the area contribute both the physical landscape and dominant to a sense of remoteness at the New Phila- culture’s historical memory (La Roche 16). delphia Townsite. Often what remains of the cultural landscapes of these settlements resides mostly in 3.3 Land Use and Ownership the archeological record. This is because the racism that led to the founding of these set- The current land use of the New Philadelph- tlements also led to their demise. After the ia Townsite is as an archeological preserve. Civil War, racism became more entrenched Several portions of the townsite are privately and areas which were once places of refuge owned. The New Philadelphia Association, a became increasingly less hospitable to Afri- not-for-profit organization formed by area can-American settlement. As a result, many residents who seek to preserve a substantial residents were forced to make their lives portion of the townsite in honor of Frank elsewhere. Thus, New Philadelphia and sim- McWorter, is the owner of a vacant farm- ilar towns today often lack the aboveground, house located on the southeast section of the structural resources that convey “integrity” archeological site as well as several surrounding acres. This farmhouse, circa 1938, does not contribute to the historic significance of the site. No one currently resides in the house, or any of the other structures onsite. The Archaeological Conservancy, a national not-for-profit organization, has also purchased over nine acres in the north central part of the townsite. The area around the New Philadelphia Townsite is rural and agricultural. Some adjacent land is still actively farmed.

Relocated, Historic, Non-Contributing, Unrelated build- 3.4 Evaluation of Cultural Resources ings at the townsite (Ian Shanklin, NPS)

8 New Philadelphia Reconnaissance Survey, January 2012

The 42-acre New Philadelphia Townsite was divided into blocks, most of which were sub- While only a few partially exposed building divided into lots numbered 1 through 8. No foundations are visible at the site of the photographs or drawings depicting the phys- town, historical documents, modern aerial ical appearance of New Philadelphia during photographs, oral histories, and archaeologi- its occupation are known to exist, but oral cal evidence document the town’s existence. histories collected from local residents and Although agricultural use disturbed the up- descendants of residents, written account, per 12-to-18 inches of soil covering, the census, land deed, and tax records document many subsurface features detected by arche- the town’s historical appearance to some de- ological investigation maintain excellent ar- gree. According to an 1872 map, Philadelph- chaeological integrity. A log cabin and two ia, or New Philadelphia as it came to be wooden buildings dating to the mid-to-late known, consisted of 144 lots, each 60 feet by nineteenth century were moved to the site 120 feet, laid out in a grid pattern over 42 from nearby towns in 1998 by property own- acres. Most blocks were divided into eight ers Larry and Natalie Armistead. The build- lots. Broad and Main Streets were the prima- ings are non-contributing, having been ry thoroughfares, and were 80 feet wide; oth- brought to the site to represent rustic homes er streets measured 60 feet in width and al- similar to those that may once have housed leyways were 15 feet wide. New Philadelphia New Philadelphia’s pioneer residents. was located along two of Pike County’s primary roads during the listed period of sig- The New Philadelphia Association, formed niﬁcance (1836-1930). by a group of local residents to keep the town’s memory alive, erected a metal sign at According to oral histories and written ac- the edge of the gravel road near the Baylis counts, the intersection of Main and Broad black top road, formerly the intersection of Streets represented New Philadelphia’s com- Broad and North Streets, to commemorate mercial center. Federal census records from the historic town and its founder. Two 1850 to 1880 indicate that New Philadel- plaques recognizing New Philadelphia’s list- phia’s residents were involved in a variety of ing in the National Register of Historic Plac- enterprises, occupied as cabinetmakers, es in 2005 and National Historic Landmark shoemakers, a wheelwright, a carpenter, a in 2009 are mounted below the sign. seamstress, a physician, teachers, merchants and blacksmiths. A post oﬃce operated in the town from 1849 to 1853, and New Phila- 3.5 Archeological Resources delphia is said to have served as a stagecoach stop. In addition, New Philadelphia contained, at various points in time, a grocery, an African American schoolhouse, an inte- grated schoolhouse, an African American cemetery, and various domestic buildings.

No original buildings or structures remain above ground and only a few historic building foundations are discernible where they have been exposed by archeological excavations. Today a modern gravel road known as Broad Way, or Broad Street during New Philadelphia’s existence, partially follows the platted street pattern from the historic period of signiﬁcance. Local residents currently A pit excavated during the archeological investigations refer to it as the New Philadelphia Road.

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The New Philadelphia Townsite consists of tures, stratigraphy, and artifact deposits, the archeological remnants of the historic holds the potential to yield additional infor- town and six non-contributing buildings and mation of major scientific importance. structures installed on the property in recent years. The location of the site has been con- 4 EVALUATION OF RESOURCE firmed through professional land surveys, an archeological walkover survey, geophysical SIGNIFICANCE survey, and archeological excavation, which have provided abundant evidence that his- 4.1 Introduction toric New Philadelphia existed within the boundaries of the 1836 town plat. For a resource to be determined nationally significant, it must meet all of the following Extensive archeological excavations have four criteria: occurred at this site yielding valuable infor-  It is an outstanding example of a particular mation regarding the town’s genesis in the type of resource. 1830s and the continued occupation of the  It possesses exceptional value or quality in site into the 1930s. High concentrations of illustrating or interpreting the natural or cultural themes of our nation’s heritage. archeological remains were identified in six  It offers superlative opportunities for public town lots through systematic walkover sur- enjoyment or for scientific study. veys conducted in 2004, 2005 and 2006; and  It retains a high degree of integrity as a true, an intensive three-year archeological study accurate, and relatively unspoiled example of conducted from 2004 to 2006 with support a resource. from the National Science Foundation. The National significance for cultural resources is pedestrian walkover surveys of 2002 and evaluated by applying National Historic Land- 2003, conducted to assess the archeological marks (NHL) criteria. (Management Policies potential of the site, located more than 2006, section 1.3.2) (See Appendix A) 65,000 artifacts from the New Philadelphia town site, which contributed significantly to The New Philadelphia Townsite was listed the nomination and designation as a Nation- as an archeological site in the National Reg- al Historic Landmark. ister on August 11, 2005 and as a National Historic Landmark on January 16, 2009. Un- Archeological features were bisected for in- der National Register criteria, it was deter- vestigation while at the same time the arche- mined to be nationally significant solely un- ological integrity of the townsite was kept der Criterion D for its archeological poten- intact for future inquiry. Major archeological tial, due to the resources preserved in situ features uncovered in the excavations in- related to Ethnic Heritage and Exploration/ clude subfloor pit cellars, subsurface storage Settlement. The New Philadelphia Townsite and privies, wells, a lime slaking pit, and vari- is significant under National Historic Land- ous foundations. The excellent high archeo- mark Criterion 6 for its high potential to logical integrity of the site’s undisturbed fea- yield information of major scientific importance to our understandings of free, multi -racial, rural communities, and for the potential to affect theories, concepts, methods, and ideas in historical archeology to a major degree.

4.2 Conclusion for Resource Signiﬁcance 2005 aerial photo with original town boundary overlay (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign) 10

Through the National Historic Landmark analysis also addresses rarity of the re- designation, the National Park Service has sources, interpretive and educational poten- established the national signiﬁcance of the tial, and similar resources already protected New Philadelphia Townsite, and no further in the national park system or in other public determinations in this category are required or private ownership. The comparison results in a determination of whether the pro- to meet this criterion. posed new area would expand, enhance, or duplicate resource protection or visitor use 5 PRELIMINARY EVALUATION opportunities found in other comparably managed areas. (Management Policies 2006, OF RESOURCE SUITABILITY section 1.3.2) (See also Appendix A)

5.1 Introduction To evaluate suitability, this survey considers the following as similar “resource types” -- The following are the National Park Ser- communities which share overlapping peri- vice’s Management Policies requirements for ods of significance (from the early 1800s to suitability: the Civil War), geography (small, rural, along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers), and racial An area is considered suitable for addition to and social composition (mixed race, but pri- the national park system if it represents a nat- marily free African Americans, many of ural or cultural resource type that is not al- whom owned property and businesses). As ready adequately represented in the national park system, or is not comparably represent- historian and archaeological researcher ed and protected for public enjoyment by Cheryl LaRoche (2004; ii) noted, “Exclusive other federal agencies; tribal, state, or local and independent of white abolitionist activi- governments; or the private sector. ties, virtually every nineteenth-century black settlement, urban or rural, offered some Adequacy of representation is determined on form of assistance to those escaping slavery.” a case-by-case basis by comparing the poten- While the communities described in this sec- tial addition to other comparably managed tion also played a role in the Underground areas representing the same resource type, Railroad, they are not comparable to New while considering differences or similarities Philadelphia for that reason alone. Rather, in the character, quality, quantity, or combination of resource values. The comparative this analysis considers other factors (as not-

Map showing comparable sites (LaRoche, 2).

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ed above, period of significance, geography, Illinois also required people of color who racial and social composition) to narrow settled in the state to post bond. (Middleton) down the list of sites considered comparable Despite these restrictive laws, African- to New Philadelphia. American migration to Rocky Fork continued. By 1855, close to half of the population 5.2 Description of Comparable Sites of Godfrey (the township containing Rocky Fork) was African American. In 1863 an Af- Cheryl LaRoche’s 2004 dissertation for her rican Methodist Episcopal (AME) church doctorate in American Studies was the pri- was built in Rocky Fork to anchor the com- mary source for this section. Her research munity. A prominent resident of Rocky compared New Philadelphia with four other Fork, Erasmus Green, co-founded this pre-Civil War, primarily African American church after migrating to Rocky Fork upon communities: Rocky Fork and Miller Grove obtaining his and his wife’s freedom. in Illinois, Lick Creek in Indiana, and Poke Patch in Ohio. All four of these communities Today, the original landscape of Rocky Fork exist mostly as archeological sites with few, if remains but no above-ground evidence of any, intact historic structures above ground. the built environment exists. While it is However, New Philadelphia may have the threatened by development pressures, much most integrity as an archeological site and it of this town is preserved both through its use is the only one of the communities to to be as a Boy Scout camp and through the assis- designated a National Historic Landmark tance of the Rocky Fork Historic District status for this reason. Within the national Project in nearby in Alton, Illinois. Rocky park system, the closest comparable proper- Fork is designated as part of the Under- ty is Nicodemus National Historic Site. The ground Railroad Network to Freedom. town of Nicodemus, Kansas, was a post-Civil War African American community. Nicode- Miller Grove mus is not considered a comparable proper- Beginning in 1830 and continuing for about ty both because of its different geography (in 100 years, the community of Miller Grove the western plains of Kansas) and because of was home to many African American fami- its post-Civil War period of significance. lies who lived a rural, farming life in relative The difference in time period meant the cir- isolation. Miller Grove was formed by 68 cumstances guiding the town’s foundation freed slaves connected to each other by their presented very different dynamics from the former masters, a group of four families in pre-Civil War townsites considered below. Tennessee. Records show that 42 of these people were freed in 1850. This was a mixed Rocky Fork race community with interesting family dy- By the 1820s, African Americans were al- namics. One of the former slave owners who emancipated members of the community, ready migrating to Rocky Fork. Two prominent white antislavery families, the Spauld- Joseph Dabbs, referred to the newly freed- ings and the Hawleys, contributed to this men of the community as “my black fami- migration by acquiring land and providing ly” (LaRoche 2004: 210). work for escaped slaves, some of whom paid over time for the land they worked. Provid- Headstones in the Miller Grove cemetery are ing work for runaway slaves was likely at the only remaining above-ground evidence odds with Illinois law. In 1829, the State of of the town. The townsite is preserved as a Illinois passed a law prohibiting anyone from part of Shawnee National Forest. bringing into the state “any black or mulatto person, in order to free him or her from slav- Lick Creek ery” and making it illegal to “aid or assist any Free-born African Americans as well as such black or mulatto person.” The State of emancipated slaves and, in some cases, runa-

12 New Philadelphia Reconnaissance Survey, January 2012

ways from slave-owning states, began popu- lating the area that later became Indiana in While this comparison suggests that the his- the 1810s. Lick Creek was a mixed race tory of the towns of Rocky Fork, Miller community, especially in its early years. Grove, Lick Creek, and Poke Patch are Much of the migration of blacks to Lick closely related to it, New Philadelphia is the Creek was facilitated by white Quakers from only African American National Historic North Carolina. By 1850, when the Indiana Landmark in the Midwest associated with constitution was amended to prohibit Afri- the theme of archeology. This theme was can-Americans from settling in the state, identified by the African American NHL As- Lick Creek had become a substantial com- sessment Study as requiring significant im- munity of color. Records show that free- provement. It can be concluded, therefore, born African Americans bought land in Lick that this theme is under-represented in the Creek in 1817 and, by 1840, ten men of color national park system. Since there are a mul- owned 780 acres of Lick Creek. (LaRoche titude of recognized Underground Railroad 2004:246). sites, many of which are open to the public, the association between New Philadelphia Resources dating to this period of Lick and the Underground Railroad by itself Creek’s history are archeological. They are would not likely make it unusual enough to protected as part of the Hoosier National merit a finding of suitable for inclusion in the Forest. national park system. However, the archeology of New Philadelphia offers an unusual Poke Patch ability to yield information of major scientific importance to our understandings of Poke Patch, Ohio has been extensively docu- free, multi-racial, rural communities. While mented as an active Underground Railroad the four communities described here also site. In fact, it has been suggested the sole have yielded interesting archeological evi- purpose of this community, which lasted dence of their historic period, and the from 1820-1870, may have been to serve as a preservation of the three sites in national harbor for runaway slaves (LaRoche 2004: forests is reasonably assured, none of these 287). Records show at least 200 runaways four communities has a legal or ownership found refuge in Poke Patch. Unlike New structure that requires they be interpreted as Philadelphia, Poke Patch was not an orga- historic and archaeological resources. These nized town, but rather a collection of farm- two factors -- the documented wealth of ar- steads spread over a rural landscape. Poke cheology in New Philadelphia and the lack Patch is in the Hanging Rock Iron Region, a of adequately preserved and interpreted 30-mile iron ore belt in southern Ohio and comparable sites -- make it likely that New Northern Kentucky – a location that proved Philadelphia would meet the suitability crite- key to its ability to shelter runaway slaves as ria. iron furnaces in Ohio played an important role in the Underground Railroad, providing supplies and shelter to those seeking freedom from slavery.

A cemetery in which several soldiers from the United States Colored Troops are buried 6 PRELIMINARY EVALUATION exists in Poke Patch today, along with arche- OF RESOURCE FEASIBILITY ological resources. Poke Patch is part of Wayne National Forest. 6.1 Introduction

5.3 Conclusion for Resource According to the National Park Service Suitability Management Policies of 2006, to be feasible

National Part Service, Midwest Region 13

for NPS management, a property must meet As the lands surrounding the townsite are two requirements: still agriculturally active, the determination would have to be made if the construction of (1) be of sufficient size and appropriate con- a visitor’s center and need for additional figuration to ensure sustainable resource park structures for maintenance would be protection and visitor enjoyment (taking more valuable to the area economy than the into account current and potential impacts agricultural goods produced by farming and from sources beyond proposed park bound- if there is a willingness to sell lands and po- aries), and (2) capable of efficient administration by the tentially change the land use. Service at a reasonable cost. 6.3 Current and Potential Uses of the Factors considered for these requirements also Study Area include: As part of a masters of landscape architec-  landownership patterns ture student project at the University of Illi-  public enjoyment potential and access nois at Urbana-Champaign, a series of devel-  current and potential threats to the re- opment and management options were pro- source posed for the New Philadelphia Townsite by  staffing requirements Nanguo Yuan (2007). Proposals included  local planning and zoning landscape redesign, construction of a  the economic and socioeconomic impacts “pioneer village” similar to Lincoln’s New of designation, and Salem, creation of a walking trail with inter-  the level of support for the property’s inclusion in the national park system. pretive signage and outlined building foun- (Management Policies 2006, section 1.3.3. dations, and opening an interpretive/ See also Appendix A) educational center in the vacant house owned by the New Philadelphia Association. A reconnaissance survey is limited in scale The feasibility of these options varies, but and does not include broad public input and most are likely not viable if the townsite were review. Therefore, some factors cannot be to be included in the national park system fully addressed such as the level of local and due to strict management policies the Na- general public support, availability of land tional Park Service applies to all of the units for acquisition, and the socioeconomic im- it manages. The ideas from this project for pacts of designation as a unit of the national ways in which New Philadelphia might be park system. For the purposes of this study, a preserved and interpreted, together with a preliminary evaluation of feasibility for the New Philadelphia Townsite has been conducted for most of the above factors. For those factors that do not include a preliminary evaluation, an identification of potential concerns is provided.

6.2 Size and Boundary Conﬁgurations

New Philadelphia Townsite comprises 42 acres of land. To support management requirements and to protect archeological resources, adjacent properties would likely need to be acquired to provide non-sensitive National Register plaque at southeast corner of the building sites for associated infrastructure. townsite parking lot (Ian Shanklin, NPS)

14 New Philadelphia Reconnaissance Survey, January 2012

consideration of how National Park Service portive of this as well. The private owners policies and practices would be applied, are believed to be supportive, but adjacent form the basis for this preliminary feasibility lands are actively farmed, and the willingness assessment. of these owners to sell their land for park unit purposes is unknown. A very modest interpretive center could be located in the vacant house. Programming The potential need to expand beyond the could be accomplished in collaboration with boundaries of the townsite to support park the New Philadelphia Association, as they operations while avoiding impacts to historic have significant expertise regarding the site resources concentrated in a central location and its history. There is potential for estab- should be considered in determining feasi- lishing an agreement with other current bility. The potential impact of new facilities landowners regarding access to the townsite directly on archeological resources, as well for educational or interpretive program- as on the landscape, could potentially create ming. significant and adverse effects and must be taken into consideration. While the sur- A walking trail through New Philadelphia rounding landscape has not been evaluated Townsite linked by interpretive markers for its rural character as part of this recon- highlighting points of interest would likely naissance study, great care should be taken have a low impact on the site’s archeological when considering alterations or develop- integrity depending on the exact route, sur- ment related to the New Philadelphia Town- face materials and volumes of pedestrian site. The overall landscape setting is domi- traffic. However, installation of stone or oth- nated by rolling agricultural fields mixed er materials introduced into the landscape to with stands of wooded lots. While individual outline resource footprints, or the erection buildings and specific farming methods have of full scale buildings could disrupt the ar- changed over time, generally speaking, land chaeological fabric and could potentially ad- use activities have continued in many similar versely impact the resources onsite. A pro- ways since the time of New Philadelphia. posal such as the “pioneer village” concept The introduction of new educational, recre- would be considered reconstruction. Recon- ational or other support facilities risks sig- structions are generally not permitted under nificantly altering existing land uses, activi- National Park Service management policies, ties and patterns of spatial organization that particularly if sufficient data substantiated by currently create a rural agricultural land- documentary or physical evidence does not scape setting and provide an innocuous exist to enable accurate reconstruction. backdrop for the New Philadelphia site. These policies also prohibit NPS from at- tempting conjectural design and generalized The reconnaissance survey process did not representations of typical structures. (NPS include contacting landowners, determining Management Policies 2006: Section whether there might be any willing sellers or 5.3.5.4.4). what the possible costs might be for land acquisition. This study also did not attempt to determine the willingness of landowners to engage in a range of approaches to preserva- 6.4 Land Ownership tion of historic resources, including cooper- ative management with the NPS or other The current ownership of New Philadelphia agencies. is a mix of private and not-for-profit. The New Philadelphia Association has expressed 6.5 Public Enjoyment Potential support for efforts to preserve New Philadel- phia as a park unit. It seems likely that the A major issue regarding feasibility at New Archeological Conservancy would be sup- Philadelphia is the ability to accommodate

National Part Service, Midwest Region 15

The costs for acquisition, development, staffing commitments, and continued operation of New Philadelphia Townsite as a unit of the national park system would depend on the nature of the park unit and the type of role for the National Park Service (see section 7.3 for a description of potential NPS roles). For the purposes of this study, a comparison of similar park unit operations and costs has been identified. A full range of fea- Education panels outlining locations of known archaeo- sible management options was not included logical resources at the townsite parking lot (Ian and is out of the scope of this preliminary Shanklin, NPS) analysis. public use. Though the site possesses excellent subsurface features of high archeologi- An examination of similar parks in the region cal integrity, it lacks the surface resources can provide guidance on potential operating that typically appeal to public interest and costs and staffing needs. As noted, the major- curiosity. Due to the strength and nature of ity of park units associated with archaeologi- the New Philadelphia story, the lack of cal evidence are much larger than New Phil- above the ground features/structures does adelphia. However, Nicodemus National not preclude a potentially provocative visitor Historic Site in Nicodemus, Kansas offers a experience, as many aspects of the story re- similar site that can be used for comparison. late to the importance of the location and With 161 acres, Nicodemus is almost four landscape. times as large as New Philadelphia, and in fiscal year 2010 required a staff of six full National park system archeological sites typ- time equivalent (FTE) positions and a budget ically include both visible and buried fea- of $704,000. One difference is the presence tures. Because the historic resources at New of five historic buildings at Nicodemus, and Philadelphia Townsite are below ground, it only a temporary visitor center at the Town- would be necessary to apply creative inter- ship Hall, the only publically accessible pretive techniques to in order for visitors not building onsite, whereas New Philadelphia already aware of the townsite’s story to un- has no extant buildings among its historic derstand its significance. While at least one resources. proposal (Yuan’s “pioneer village” concept, described above) suggests ways to make in- Creation of a park unit at New Philadelphia terpretation attractive and engaging to visi- would likely require the construction of a tors, the actions in the proposal would likely public contact facility, management office be difficult to implement if the townsite were space and other infrastructure and on-site included in the national park system given amenities to support site operations. The va- the strict management guidelines that apply cant farmhouse owned by the New Philadel- to all units of this system. phia Association could possibly be rehabili- tated as administrative office space, but The above factors suggest that, while other would not likely meet long term National entities such as local or state government Park Service requirements as a public visitor and/or a non-profit organization, could pro- center. The cumulative cost and complica- vide for public enjoyment by employing cre- tions of acquiring and retrofitting the farm- ative interpretive techniques, it may be infea- house for administrative use, while meeting sible for the National Park Service to do so. National Park Service standards, would likely be great. Construction of a new facility 6.6 Costs would likely better meet management needs

16 New Philadelphia Reconnaissance Survey, January 2012

and could be specifically designed for the nized government, planning and zoning designated purposes. Additionally, the oper- would fall under the county’s jurisdiction. ation and maintenance of an administrative Pike County operates under the township facility at the farmhouse which is within the form of government, and is governed by a historically platted lots of New Philadelphia county board consisting of nine elected offi- may compromise the integrity of the site, cials. They do not have a dedicated planning creating adverse effects to its resources. As staff or committee, though they do employ a it seems likely that expansion beyond the zoning administrator. Any changes in land boundaries of the existing site would be nec- use, building plans and request for permits essary given resource impact concerns, ac- would likely have to go through this admin- quisition of adjacent lands would likely be istrator. necessary, increasing the cost of management. Construction of facilities would be re- There are a few noteworthy efforts indicat- quired to provide a base of operations for ing local support. In addition to the activities staff, as well as an interpretive center for of the New Philadelphia Association, Pike public use. While staffing would likely be County openly recognizes the tourism value minimal based on the size of the site and po- of the townsite. A visitor’s guide entitled tential visitation, this is a cost that must also “Discover Pike County” mentions New Phil- be considered. adelphia in its first paragraph, and dedicates almost a full page to the story of the townsite 6.7 Threats to the Resources and Frank McWorter. The City of Barry website lists the New Philadelphia Associa- Threats to the New Philadelphia Townsite tion as a community organization “dedicated include looting and vandalism, as well as in- to improving the quality of life,” though terests of hunters to use the land to develop makes no specific mention of New Philadel- facilities to accommodate deer hunters. The phia Townsite. At the federal government rising interest and exposure of New Phila- level, New Philadelphia enjoyed support delphia coupled with its rural location in- from Senator Roland Burris while he held crease the vulnerability of the site to the office, and is currently receiving considera- threat posed by vandals or archaeological ble promotion by Illinois Representative Aa- “treasure hunters.” This is a problem com- ron Schock of the 18th Congressional Dis- mon to exposed archeological sites that trict. On October 2, 2010, Representative could be addressed by looking into compa- Schock publically reiterated his strong sup- rable sites and their protection methods. The port for the site at a dedication ceremony threat from hunters could be characterized as minimal, since current landowners have not shown interest in constructing hunting facilities or selling their land to others who would do this. The sale or donation of land for conservation easements could prevent the inappropriate use of the land while preserving the archeological integrity of the townsite.

6.8 Local Planning & Zoning, Support, and Impact

New Philadelphia is located in Hadley Township, Illinois, approximately four miles east of the City of Barry, in Pike County. As Aerial photo of the New Philadelphia Townsite, 2010 Hadley Township does not have an orga- (Google Maps)

National Part Service, Midwest Region 17

honoring New Philadelphia’s National His- Railroad that were often destination sites, or toric Landmark designation. whose activities may have included the act of rescuing individuals. Frank McWorter’s ac- The socioeconomic effects of creation of a tivities in New Philadelphia appear to meet park unit at New Philadelphia Townsite both of these criteria for association. There- would likely be most noteworthy for the City fore it could potentially qualify for the Na- of Barry, as it is the closest to the site. How- tional Underground Network to Freedom; ever, it is possible the addition of a tourist however such a determination is outside of attraction connected to Illinois’ African- the scope of this reconnaissance study. Fur- American and Underground Railroad histo- ther inquiry should be made to the necessary ry could potentially be beneficial on a more program representative by parties represent- regional level, drawing visitors from and ing New Philadelphia Townsite if they are leading visitors to other historic tourism interested in joining the program. sites. This could lead to a perceptible effect in local economies. A full economic analysis If New Philadelphia Townsite does not im- could investigate the potential contribution mediately qualify to meet the criteria for the to tourism in the creation of a similar park National Underground Railroad Network to unit, and how designation could affect the Freedom, interested parties could seek to communities in the vicinity of New Philadel- become Network Partners. Partners of the phia Townsite. National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom work alongside, and often in coop- 6.9 Conclusion for Resource eration with, the National Park Service to Feasibility fulfill the program’s mission. They are closely involved in the entire process of preserv- Based on available information, this prelimi- ing resources, commemorating, and educat- nary analysis has determined that the New ing the public about, the Underground Rail- Philadelphia Townsite is likely not feasible road. Many partners have worked coopera- for inclusion in the national park system. tively with the National Park Service either The primary issues contributing to the lack in formal or informal roles to accomplish of feasibility for National Park Service man- these activities. Most important, it is often agement are the challenges of providing for through the dedicated efforts of Network public enjoyment, and land protection, op- Partners that elements are added to the Na- eration, and staffing requirements. tional Underground Railroad Network to Freedom. 7 NEED FOR DIRECT NPS One other NPS program in which New Phil- MANAGEMENT adelphia is already included is Teaching with Historic Places, classroom-ready lesson plans Existing programs administered by the Na- available via the internet using sites already tional Park Service could be beneficial to listed on the National Register of Historic New Philadelphia Townsite in lieu of being Places, or designated National Historic added as a unit of the national park system. Landmarks. “New Philadelphia: A Multira- The National Park Service's National Un- cial Town on the Illinois Frontier” contains derground Railroad Network to Freedom readings on Frank McWorter, the founding Program was mentioned earlier as a possible of New Philadelphia, the archaeological re- new connection to NPS for New Philadelph- search conducted, as well as accompanying ia. There are multiple avenues available to maps and images, and research questions promote resources using the NPS’ various and activities to create an interactive learn- Underground Railroad projects. The Na- ing experience for students. It is one of four tional Underground Railroad Network to lesson plans for Illinois, and is included in Freedom includes sites associated with the the categories of African American History,

18 New Philadelphia Reconnaissance Survey, January 2012

Archaeology, Community Planning and De- tional Historic Landmarks has not been up- velopment, Entrepreneurs, Family Life, Pio- dated since 2006; a newer edition would cer- neer America, and Westward Expansion. tainly mention New Philadelphia and poten- There is considerable potential for schools tially draw interest based on listing there. to incorporate New Philadelphia into lesson These options do not require direct manage- plans in any of these areas. ment by the NPS, but could supplement the ongoing work to promote New Philadelphia As a designated National Register of Historic using its archaeological bounty as a teaching Places site and National Historic Landmark, tool. The possibility also exists for inclusion New Philadelphia is eligible for National as an aﬃliated site on the NPS’ Aboard the Park Service technical assistance. Underground Railroad: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary, which The necessity of direct management by the currently features only three sites in Illinois, National Park Service at New Philadelphia all of which are houses. However, some sort Townsite would consider several options, of connection could potentially be estab- including maintaining existing management, lished between these and other sites telling county or state involvement, management the story of the African-American struggle solely by the NPS or a non-proﬁt organiza- for freedom in Illinois, though this would tion, and collaboration between the NPS and not require direct management by the Na- another entity. tional Park Service.

The site is currently under private and non- The possibility of Pike County or the State of profit ownership, with educational institu- Illinois becoming involved in site manage- tions given permission to conduct archaeo- ment as a county or state park has not been logical excavations. It important to note that addressed in this preliminary analysis and existing management is not necessarily infe- could offer alternatives to direct National rior to NPS management, as the excavations Park Service site management. Further in- allowed have been the primary method by volvement of other regional, state or national which the town plan and location of several non-profit organizations could be solicited buildings has been determined. However, if in the promotion of New Philadelphia the landowners and organizations involved Townsite, particularly those with an interest in the excavations at New Philadelphia in African-American history, the Under- wished for these activities to continue, Na- ground Railroad, or historic tourism. These tional Park Service archeological protection parties could collaborate with the New Phil- standards would require a new level of over- adelphia Association and the property own- sight and , potentially, restriction on future ers in promotion and interpretation of the excavations. Such a change could possibly site. The NPS could also potentially become create the greatest fundamental difference involved in this effort in a consulting or co- between current management and possible operative role with these agencies. Further management by the National Park Service development and analysis of these options or and must be taken into account when con- any others, including impacts and costs is sidering potential future activities and de- beyond the scope of this reconnaissance sired future conditions of this archeological study. site. 7.1 Conclusion for Need for Direct As noted in above, there are possibilities for NPS Management further inclusion of New Philadelphia Townsite in existing NPS programming, Based on available information, this prelimi- such as the National Underground Railroad nary analysis has determined that direct Network to Freedom Program. The Nation- management by the National Park Service is al Park Foundation’s Complete Guide to Na- not necessary. Opportunities are present for

National Part Service, Midwest Region 19

promotion of the site through partnerships that is beyond the scope of this reconnais- with other, related historic sites and existing sance survey includes evaluation of acquisi- NPS programs, such as the Underground tion costs, preservation costs, and the level Railroad Network to Freedom and Teaching of public support. The ability of New Phila- with Historic Places. Additionally, coopera- delphia to be incorporated into existing edu- tion with other African American historic cational programming and historic tourism sites in the state and region could provide efforts that could effectively draw potential the possibility of a new program between visitors to the site indicate that viable alter- affiliated sites, but further development or natives to direct National Park Service man- discussion of those possibilities falls outside agement exist. the scope of this study. It seems likely that further investigation in a special resource While a special resource study would pro- study would determine that direct manage- vide greater analysis of the resources in ment of this site by the National Park Service question, it is unlikely that a final determina- would not offer strong advantages over ex- tion would differ significantly from this pre- isting management or management by other liminary study based on the issues that have public agencies, private individuals, or or- been identified regarding feasibility or the ganizations. need for direct NPS management of the New Philadelphia Townsite. 8 RECOMMENDATION Sites where people of African descent sought The National Park Service has completed a self-determination hold special meaning for preliminary analysis of resource significance, descendant populations. These areas are re- suitability and feasibility of including the turned to in much the same way one would New Philadelphia Townsite as a unit of the visit an ancestral homeland. NPS encourages national park system. Based on this prelimi- local, state and/or non-profit efforts to con- nary analysis, the National Park Service does tinue to preserve and interpret the story of not recommend that a full special resource New Philadelphia. study be conducted to determine if the study area should be included as a unit of the national park system.

While the significance of this site and the associated history is both well-documented and compelling, and the site and resources appear to be suitable for inclusion in the national park system, this analysis has identified significant concerns regarding the feasibility of incorporating New Philadelphia into the national park system and the need for direct National Park Service management.

Several factors in the preliminary feasibility analysis have been identified as significant concerns to the extent that the New Phila- delphia Townsite would likely not be feasible as an addition to the national park system. Opportunities for public enjoyment and operation and staffing costs all present considerable concerns that this site would not be likely meet feasibility criteria. Other analysis

20 New Philadelphia Reconnaissance Survey, January 2012

Aerial photo by Tommy Hailey using powered parachute funded by The National Center for Preservation Technology and Training (NPS).

National Part Service, Midwest Region 21 BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Archaeological Conservancy. “New Acquisitons—New Philadelphia, Illinois.” http:// www.americanarchaeology.com/aaaquis.html (accessed August 2, 2010).

Bozarth, Cody. “New Philadelphia Site Making Its Way Through Park Process.” Jacksonville Journal Courier, May 13, 2010.

Congressman Aaron Schock. “Schock Introduces Legislation to Take Next Step in Making New Phila- delphia Site a National Park.” http://schock.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx? DocumentID=189563 (accessed July 27, 2010).

Correspondence with Dr. Christopher Fennell, August 3, 2010.

Fennell, Christopher, “Historical Landscapes of New Philadelphia.” http://www.anthro.illinois.edu/ faculty/cfennell/NP/ (accessed July 23, 2010).

Free Frank New Philadelphia Historic Preservation Foundation. “Free Frank New Philadelphia Illinois.” http://www.newphiladelphiaillinois.org (accessed July 23, 2010).

LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. “On the Edge of Freedom: Free Black Communities, Archeology, and the Un- derground Railroad.” Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Maryland Department of Anthropology, 2004.

Middleton, Steven, The Black Laws of the Old Northwest: A Documentary History (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1993)

King, Charlotte. National Historic Landmark Nomination: New Philadelphia Townsite. National Park Service. January, 2009.

King, Charlotte. “Preservation Strategies for the Archaeological Site of New Philadelphia, Illinois.” Final project, University of Maryland, 2008.

The Library of Congress. “Bill Text – 111th Congress (2009-2010) H.R. 5455 IH.” http://thomas.loc.gov/ cgi-bin/query/z?c111:H.R.5455: (accessed July 27, 2010).

The Library of Congress. “Bill Text – 111th Congress (2009-2010) S. 1629 IS.” http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi- bin/query/z?c111:S.1629: (accessed July 27, 2010).

National Park Service, Organization of American Historians, and National Museum of African- American History and Culture. African American NHL Assessment Study. 2008.

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. “Aboard the Underground Railroad – A National Register Travel Itinerary.” http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/underground/states.htm (accessed July 29, 2010).

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. “Director’s Order 28: Cultural Resource Man- agement Guideline.” http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nps28/28contents.htm (accessed September 22, 2010).

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. “History in the National Park Service: Themes and Concepts.” http://www.nps.gov/history/history/hisnps/NPSThinking/themes_concepts.htm (accessed July 29, 2010).

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Management Policies 2006. 2006.

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. “National Historic Landmarks Program.” http:// www.nps.gov/nhl/themes/themes.htm (accessed July 28, 2010).

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. “National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom.” http://www.nps.gov/history/ugrr/about.htm (accessed July 30, 2010).

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. “New Philadelphia: A Multiracial Town on the Illinois Frontier.” http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/130newphila/index.htm (accessed July 23, 2010).

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. “New Philadelphia Townsite.” National Historic Landmarks Program. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1037402666&ResourceType=Site (accessed July 23, 2010).

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.”Nicodemus National Historic Site.” http:// www.nps.gov/nico (accessed September 23, 2010).

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. “Underground Railroad Resources in the United States – Theme Study.” http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/underground/thhome.htm (accessed July 29, 2010).

National Register of Historic Places. Free Frank McWorter Grave Site. Barry vicinity, Pike County, Illi- nois. National Register # 87002533, 1988.

National Register of Historic Places. New Philadelphia Town Site. Barry vicinity, Pike County, Illinois. National Register # 05000869, 2005.

New Philadelphia Association. “New Philadelphia: A Pioneer Town.” http://www.newphiladelphiail.org. (accessed July 23, 2010).

Pike County Chamber of Commerce. “Discover Pike County Illinois.” Pike County Chamber of Com- merce. http://www.pikeil.org/docs/Pike_County_Visitors_Guide__NEW_March_2010.pdf (accessed September 23, 2010).

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Walker, Juliet E.K. Free Frank: A Black Pioneer on the Antebellum Frontier. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1983.

Wells, Jarod. “New Philadelphia Dedicated as National Landmark.” Connect Tristates. http:// www.connecttristates.com/news/story.aspx?list=194622&id=502210 (accessed September 20, 2010).

Yuan, Nanguo. “Landscape Design for New Philadelphia.” May 5, 2007. Student project for the Uni- versity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Appendix A: National Park Service Management Policies 2006 1.3 Criteria for Inclusion

Congress declared in the National Park System General Authorities Act of 1970 that areas comprising the national park system are cumulative expressions of a single national heritage. Potential additions to the national park system should therefore contribute in their own special way to a system that fully represents the broad spectrum of natural and cultural resources that characterize our nation. The National Park Service is responsible for conducting professional studies of potential additions to the national park system when speciﬁcally authorized by an act of Congress, and for making recommendations to the Sec- retary of the Interior, the President, and Congress. Several laws outline criteria for units of the national park system and for additions to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System and the National Trails System.

To receive a favorable recommendation from the Service, a proposed addition to the national park system must (1) possess nationally signiﬁcant natural or cultural resources, (2) be a suitable addition to the system, (3) be a feasible addition to the system, and (4) require direct NPS management instead of protection by other public agencies or the private sector. These criteria are designed to ensure that the national park system includes only the most outstanding examples of the nation’s natural and cultural resources. These criteria also recognize that there are other management alternatives for preserving the nation’s outstanding resources.

1.3.1 National Significance NPS professionals, in consultation with subject-matter experts, scholars, and scientists, will determine whether a resource is nationally significant. An area will be considered nationally significant if it meets all of the following criteria:

It is an outstanding example of a particular type of resource. It possesses exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the natural or cultural themes of our nation’s heritage. It oﬀers superlative opportunities for public enjoyment or for scientiﬁc study. It retains a high degree of integrity as a true, accurate, and relatively unspoiled example of a resource.

National signiﬁcance for cultural resources will be evaluated by applying the National Historic Land- marks criteria contained in 36 CFR Part 65 (Code of Federal Regulations).

1.3.2 Suitability An area is considered suitable for addition to the national park system if it represents a natural or cultural resource type that is not already adequately represented in the national park system, or is not comparably represented and protected for public enjoyment by other federal agencies; tribal, state, or local governments; or the private sector.

Adequacy of representation is determined on a case-by-case basis by comparing the potential addition to other comparably managed areas representing the same resource type, while considering diﬀerences or similarities in the character, quality, quantity, or combination of resource values. The comparative analysis also addresses rarity of the resources, interpretive and educational potential, and similar resources already protected in the national park system or in other public or private ownership. The comparison results in a determination of whether the proposed new area would expand, enhance, or duplicate resource protection or visitor use opportunities found in other comparably managed areas.

1.3.3 Feasibility To be feasible as a new unit of the national park system, an area must be (1) of sufficient size and appropriate configuration to ensure sustainable resource protection and visitor enjoyment (taking into account current and potential impacts from sources beyond proposed park boundaries), and (2) capable of efficient administration by the Service at a reasonable cost.

In evaluating feasibility, the Service considers a variety of factors for a study area, such as the following: size boundary conﬁgurations current and potential uses of the study area and surrounding lands landownership patterns public enjoyment potential costs associated with acquisition, development, restoration, and operation access current and potential threats to the resources existing degradation of resources staﬃng requirements local planning and zoning the level of local and general public support (including landowners) the economic/socioeconomic impacts of designation as a unit of the national park system

The feasibility evaluation also considers the ability of the National Park Service to undertake new management responsibilities in light of current and projected availability of funding and personnel.

An overall evaluation of feasibility will be made after taking into account all of the above factors. Howev- er, evaluations may sometimes identify concerns or conditions, rather than simply reach a yes or no conclusion. For example, some new areas may be feasible additions to the national park system only if landowners are willing to sell, or the boundary encompasses speciﬁc areas necessary for visitor access, or state or local governments will provide appropriate assurances that adjacent land uses will remain com- patible with the study area’s resources and values.

1.3.4 Direct NPS Management There are many excellent examples of the successful management of important natural and cultural resources by other public agencies, private conservation organizations, and individuals. The National Park Service applauds these accomplishments and actively encourages the expansion of conservation activities by state, local, and private entities and by other federal agencies. Unless direct NPS management of a studied area is identiﬁed as the clearly superior alternative, the Service will recommend that one or more of these other entities assume a lead management role, and that the area not receive national park system status.

Studies will evaluate an appropriate range of management alternatives and will identify which alternative or combination of alternatives would, in the professional judgment of the Director, be most effective and efficient in protecting significant resources and providing opportunities for appropriate public enjoyment. Alternatives for NPS management will not be developed for study areas that fail to meet any one of the four criteria for inclusion listed in section 1.3.

In cases where a study area’s resources meet criteria for national significance but do not meet other criteria for inclusion in the national park system, the Service may instead recommend an alternative status, such as “affiliated area.” To be eligible for affiliated area status, the area’s resources must (1) meet the same standards for significance and suitability that apply to units of the national park system; (2) require some special recognition or technical assistance beyond what is available through existing NPS programs; (3) be managed in accordance with the policies and standards that apply to units of the national park system; and (4) be assured of sustained resource protection, as documented in a formal agreement between the Service and the nonfederal management entity. Designation as a “heritage area” is another option that may be recommended. Heritage areas have a nationally important, distinctive assemblage of resources that is best managed for conservation, recreation, education, and continued use through partnerships among public and private entities at the local or regional level. Either of these two alternatives (and others as well) would recognize an area’s importance to the nation without requiring or implying management by the National Park Service.