adults Vector control

■ Until 2018 no active substance are available in Italy for the control of P. spumarius; ■ A 120 days temporary registraion, in 2015 and in 2016, obtained a formulated based on citrus oil extract

■ From 2018: obligatory insecticides application are made against adults (DGR 4999 February 2018) ■ Number of application: 2 ■ Period of time: May to August on olive trees. Following the indication of the Phytosanitary service Tested products

Active substances Concentration a.s. Trial: Commercial products (a.s.) (g/L or %) A B C D E Acetamiprid Epic SL 50 g/L S* S Azadiracthin Neemazal 10 g/L S S Buprofenzin Applaud Plus 25% S S Deltamethrin Decis Jet 15 g/L S S S Chlorpyrifos-methyl Reldan 22 21,4% S Chlorpyrifos-ethyl Dursban 75 WG 75% S Perfektion 400 g/L S S S – E** Dimetoathe Rogor L 40 406 g/L S Etofenprox Trebon Up 280 g/L S S Imidacloprid Confidor 200 O-Teq 200 g/L S S S S S - E Lambda cyalothrin Karathe Zeon 1.5 15 g/L S S Pyrethrin Pyganic 12.91 g/L S S Spinosad Laser 44.2% S Sweet citrus oil Prev-AM 60 g/L S S Pimetrozine Plenum 25% S S Spirotetramat Movento 48 SC 4.35% S Thiamethoxam Actara 25 WG 25% S Thiamethoxam+chlorantraniprole Luzindo 20% + 20% S Mode of application

Mode of application: *spray; **endotherapy;

First

introduction

of

adults

of

P. P.

spumarius

in a a in

cages application

Before after 3 days 7 days 10 days 12 days 15 days 20 days

application

II

V

I

III

IV Vi

ASSESSMENTS Application of synthesis insecticides

Endotherapy Application of organic compounds

Example of the results in one of the trials Neonicotinoids and deltametrina

Organic (PREVAM), high volume of application

Organic Efficacy of tested insecticides

Efficacy against spumarius on olive trees, Active substance (a.s.) Authorized on olive trees after ….. Days …. 3 7 10 15 Acetamiprid si **** **** *** nd Azadiractina si - - - - Buprofenzin no - - - - Chlorpyrifos-methyl no *** ** ** ** Chlorpyrifos-ethyl no *** *** *** *** Deltametrina si **** **** **** **** Dimetoato si ** ** * * Etofenprox no *** *** ** nd Flonicamid no - - - - Imidacloprid si **** **** **** **** Lambda cialotrina si **** **** ** nd

Extract of citrus oil no *** - - - Pimetrozine no - - - - Natura pyrethrin si ** - - - Spinosad no *** ** * * Spirotetramat no - - - - Thiamethoxam no **** **** **** **** Thiamethoxam+chlorantranipr ole no **** **** **** **** nd = non determined

Efficacy: Best efficacy: **** Good: *** Medium: ** Low: * No effects: - INSECTICIDES AUTHORIZED IN ITALY FOR P. SPUMARIUS CONTROL ■ The obtained results gained the efficacy of different formulated for the control of P. spumarius adults. Two products obtained the registration for application on olive European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 9 120 days temporary authorization

■ Prev-Am Plus based on extrated citrus oil obtained an temporary authorization for 120 days from July to November 2018 Application TIME ??????

7 30

6 25

5 20

4

15

3

10

2

averege of P. spumarius adults(N.) spumarius P. of averege average of P. spumariusadults(N.) of P. average

5 1

0 0

olive tree weeds myrtle mastic olivo infestanti mirto lentisco cipresso

Bari province Lecce province NATURAL INFECTIVITY OF P. SPUMARIUS AND N. CAMPESTRIS IN OLIVE ORCHARDS IN SOUTHERN ITALY Evaluation the effects of kaolin

- New plantation in the infected area. Starting trial: 2016, young olive trees 3- years old; tested Xf-free;

- 3 replication; - 24 plants/treatments;

- Applied volume: 1000 mL/ha;

- Time applications: May to October;

- Application: 12 to 15 days;

- Trial are ongoing; Content Product Active a.s. (% or g/L) Formulate rate Mode of name substance - Plants left to naturalandvector (kginfection/ha) application; or code (a.s.) formulation Untreated control Confidor 200 Imidacloprid (200 g/L) OD 1.125 Spray O-Teq -- Kaolin (80%) WG 40 Spray Evaluation the effects of kaolin

Untreated control Imidacloprid Kaolin

SYMPTOMS Evaluation the effects of kaolin

Xf- infections Application TIME ??????

7 30

6 25

5 20

4

15

3

10

2

averege of P. spumarius adults(N.) spumarius P. of averege average of P. spumariusadults(N.) of P. average

5 1

0 0

olive tree weeds myrtle mastic olivo infestanti mirto lentisco cipresso

Bari province Lecce province Testing different colour traps

Almond orchard Olive orchard Testing different colour traps

18

16

14 Almond orchard

12

10

8

6

4

2

0 P. spumarius N. campestris Issidi Cicadellidi White Red Yellow Y-circle Y-line pattern

Yellow traps gave the best results, those with black circles or lines captured an higher number of Ps but also cicadellidi Testing different colour traps

45

35

30

25 Olive orchard

20

15

10

5

0

-5 P. spumarius N. campestris Issidi Cicadellidi White Red Yellow Y-circle Y-line pattern

Yellow traps gave the best results, those with black circles or lines captured an higher number of Ps but also cicadellidi Testing different colour traps

Almond 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 6/16/2018 7/16/2018 8/16/2018 9/16/2018

PHIL NEO Olive orchard 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 6/14/2018 7/14/2018 8/14/2018 9/14/2018

PHIL NEO

These indications may be useful to support studies for: - populations density, flight movement and dispersal; - evaluation of the efficacy of insecticides applications; - capture specimens for testing for X. fastidiosa vector control in the nursery

✓ At the nursery: Physical barriers, nets, floating covers, UV-absorbing plastics, as well as chemical control is necessary to produce heathy plants Ongoing activity

Evaluation of border plants as trap plants in olive Border plants plated in 2017 orchards for the reduction of adults density population Olives: in 2018 of P. spumarius

Non-host Xf pauca, ST53

(Thuja, Cupressus spp. and lentisk) used in alternate rows and in different combinations, to

set 3 field trials in the contaminated area.

10

m

50 m

Olives: plants of the resistant and susceptibile varietes planted in 40 m 20 m 40 m alternate rows in June 2018 Cupressus spp. Mastic tree Tuja Endosymbiotic bacteria as potential biological control tool of X. fastidiosa vectors Assessing the role of Wolbachia (endosymbiontic bacterial) of Philaenus spumarius (Ps) as possible inducers of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI)

Wolbachia-induced CI causes in the host the mortality of embryos derived from the mating of infected males with uninfected females (or females infected with a different strain)

Infected ♂ uninfected♀ unInfected ♂ infected♀ Some strain different strain Endosymbiotic bacteria as potential biological control tool of X. fastidiosa vectors

This tecniques has been applied against vectors of important human diseases)

CI can be exploited as a biological control strategy for the management of insect vectors

Wolbachia infects Ps in Europe but its effect on the host is not known.

The infection frequency of Wolbachia is high in North-Eastern haplotypes, while it seems to be absent or occurring at very low infection frequency in South-Western haplotypes.

However, in the only study very few Ps individuals Endosymbiotic bacteria as potential biological control tool of X. fastidiosa vectors

Goal: Assessing the role of Wolbachia and eventual other bacterial symbionts as possible inducers of cytoplasmic incompatibility

Activityes ongoing Sampling of Philaenus spumarius population in South Italy and Nourthen Italy Endosymbiont molecular screening: -Diagnostic PCR with primers specific for Wolbachia 16S rRNA, ftsZ and wsp genes. -All populations screened in Southern Italy to date resulted uninfected by Wolbachia

-Rearing of eventual populations infected by Wolbachia (or other endosymbionts) will be established in order to set up crossing experiments for CI assessment and bioassays to evaluate the effect of endosymbionts on Ps fitness Goal: identification of potential auxiliary arthrophauna in the natural ground cover Natural enemies could reduce vector populations Ground cover: periodically survey were carried out using a sweep net (10 samples of 10 sweepings per orchard (in two olive orchards, one vineyard and one almond orchard). 2018:

Activity ongoing Goal: identification of potential auxiliary arthrophauna

To control vectors of Pierce Disease in Northamerica against Homolodisca:

- Parasitoids: Gonatocerus (: Mymaridae):G. ashmeadi or G. trigutattus in California

Gonatocerus trigutattus - Verralia aucta (Diptera: Pipunculidae) it is present in Europe and in the Iberian Peninsula produces sterilty of P. spumarius. Low parasitism rate (1%) auxiliary arthrophauna AGAINST HOMOLODISCA To control vectors of Pierce Disease in Northamerica against Homolodisca:

• Predators: - The crab spiders Synema globosum y Araniella cucurbitina can be effective

Araniella cucurbitina

Synema globosum auxiliary arthrophauna against ph

(ii) Functional response of spiders Sinema globosum was more efficient killing Araniella cucurbitina was more spittlebugs than Araniella cucurbitina efficient killing flies with their webs.

A “sit-and-wait” hunting strategy capturing spittlebugs one by one could be more efficient for reducing the P. spumarius populations than a web builder. auxiliary arthrophauna AGAINST PH

• Predators:

- The wasp mystaceus have larvae that are predators of P. spumarius and other

(they are present in Europe)

Argogorytes mystaceus auxiliary arthrophauna AGAINST EGGS OF PH

Parasitoids emerged from eggs belonged to Mymaridae family. The species is being molecularly confirmed, being likely Ooctonus sp. conclusion • Cultural control of nymphs is probably the best way to reduce the number of potential vectors of the disease

• Removing egg masses in the fall by mowing is could an option to break the life cycle of spittlebugs, but in experimental trials give best results against N. campestris but none actions against P. spumarius

• Chemical control of nymphs is and option to reduce vector population,

• Chemicals against adults to reduce transmission does not work well because inoculation of XF by spittlebugs is a fast process conclusion

• Adults are very polyphagous and do not colonize olive trees, therefore they can move to alternate hosts after spraying

• The most abundant hopper found colonizing olive trees (planthopper of the familiy Issida) is not a vector of X. fastidiosa

• PHYSICAL control, -nets, UV-absorbing nets, , - Agalmatium (barrillo) can be an option in nurseries DOES NOT TRANSMIT

• Trap crops or barrier crops could be an option – under research – European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 34