Bakam et. al. Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (408 - 415pp)

Birds of General Hassan Usman Katsina Park in Relation to Vertical Stratification of Foliage, Kaduna, Nigeria

*1BAKAM, Himma, 1ZUBAIRU, Gideon Philip and 1AGBO, Boniface O. 1Department of Biological Sciences, Kaduna State University, Tafawa Balewa Way, P.M.B. 2339, Kaduna, Nigeria. *Corresponding Author: [email protected]; +2348062627118

Abstract: The study was carried out in General Hassan Usman Katsina Park from February 2015 to March 2015 using the line transect method. Height preference of 49 species belonging to 35 families was recorded in seven strata of foliage. Columbidae (4 species; 8.16 %) was the most dominant family with only the Vinaceous dove utilizing up to six classes of height categories studied in the park. Highest number of bird species (41) was recorded from the second height stratum (0 – 5 m) followed by the first (36) and third (32) strata. of prey such as the Shikra and Yellow-billed Kite were always seen at the upper canopy. Shannon Wiener index showed the same trend with highest value recorded in the second stratum (2.67) followed by the first (2.58) and third (2.51). The fifth stratum (15 – 20 m) however showed higher Shannon Wiener index values (2.09) than the preceding and succeeding strata, with the topmost stratum having the least value (0.00). Insectivores were the most dominant feeding guild utilizing the first (0 m; 27.78 %), second (0 – 5 m; 29.27 %) and third (5 – 10 m; 25.00 %) strata. Insectivores and frugivore/insectivore were also dominant in the middle canopy (10 – 15 m; 21.43 % each). Dominant feeding guild in the upper canopies (20 – 25 m; 50.00 % and > 25 m; 100.00 %) were the carnivore. In general, insectivorous birds were the most dominant feeding guild (28.57 %). Conversely, Nectirivore/insectivore was the rarest (2.04 %) feeding guild recorded. Bird distribution indicated their selective use of foliage heights for most bird species, suggesting their likely utilization of heights for food and other behavioral functioning.

Keywords: Vertical Stratification, Foliage, Behavioral Functioning, Bird Diversity, Bird Abundance.

INTRODUCTION partitioning of resources (Holmes et al., 1979). Birds play an important role in the environment and Species of the same guild exploits the same class of are one of the most successful living land warm- resource in a similar way. Terborgh & Robinson blooded vertebrates which are by far the most diverse (1986) have identified foraging substrate and foraging of this group (Rohrig, 2013). Their success can be modes to be frequently considered in guild level attributed to their ability to explore different groupings other than taxon, diet or trophic level and for food and other life support needs; therefore, they microhabitat (aerial, terrestrial). The two frequently are distributed in almost all terrestrial habitats. They used guild levels have been used in recent studies to are found to cover different levels of the ecological explore patterns in the avian communities. Therefore, pyramid in every environment (Burrough, 1986). different species exploits food based on how food is partitioned (Mathias & Duca, 2017). This in turn The different available foliage types in a given results in different utilization of food by species in a play vital role in providing food for birds (Jayson & community. This may also suggest that the structure Mathew 2003). In fact, the pioneering studies of of food partitioning can determine the composition of MacArthur & MacArthur (1961) reported the bird community found in a particular region. relationship between bird diversity and foliage Many studies have been reported on the bird density. This hypothesis was also supported by communities in relation to different habitat variables MacArthur et al. (1962, 1966); although some studies but there is paucity of information that have have however, documented negative relationships considered bird distribution in relation to foliage (Wiens 1983). Airola & Burett (1985) reported tree stratum in Northern Nigeria. The aim of this paper was species to play the greatest role in bird selectivity but to describe the distribution of birds and their on the contrary, MacArthur & MacArthur (1961) respective feeding guilds in different height classes of stated that foliage height, cover and density had the foliage in General Hassan Katsina Park (Gamji Park). greatest effect and not plant species. Other vegetation characters which have significant effect on bird MATERIALS AND METHODS diversity are foliage volume, percentage vegetation Study Area cover (Karr & Roth 1971; James & Wamer 1982). General Hassan Usman Katsina Park (Gamji Park) is This therefore means that bird habitat selectivity may an amusement park that is situated in Kaduna North be because of different factors. Local Government Area of Kaduna State (10º30ʹ17.28ʺN, 7º27ʹ10.8ʺE), northern Nigeria. The Most important among the biological factors to which Park has been noted to occupy an area of about 7,000 bird species depend for their coexistence in an area is square meters during the colonial rule, and rises 586

408 Bakam et. al. Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (408 - 415pp)

m above sea level, but now has many residential beside it. The area has rainy seasons, and dry season building proximate to it (Ahmadu-Suka, 2015). The that often leave the river bed almost dry exposing bare area is characterised by natural settings of rocks. The Park has been used for various recreational (captive and free living) and trees, mangrove, orchard activities. and dotted small islands from river Kaduna that flows

Figure 1. Map of General Hassan Usman Katsina Park (Gamji Park) Kaduna (Source: Maikaje et al., 2015)

Bird Survey index D, was used to measure species richness, D 푠 The line transect method was adopted to quantify = selective and random usage of vegetation height by √푁 where s equals the number of different species avian species (Jayson & Mathew 2003), between represented in a sample, and N equals the total number February and March, 2015 with a survey effort of individual organism in the sample. Shannon- totaling 23, 250 meters during the whole study. Three Wiener index of Diversity Hʹ, was used to calculate transects were laid following predetermined tracts in species diversity of birds (Begon et al., 2001). Species the Park (Abalaka and Manu, 2007) spaced 50 m apart. diversity is a combination of number of species and All transects were made into 50 m sections. Start and their relative abundance in a community (Molles & stop points for each transect were marked using a Hill, 2002), Global Positioning System (GPS, Garmin eTrex® 10) Hʹ = − ∑s 푝푖 ln 푝푖 device. Measuring poles of 10 m length were placed at 푖=1 Where, s is the number of species and pi is the different positions in the Park to estimate the different proportional of the total number of individuals foliage strata. consisting of the ith species. Surveys were conducted daily in the early mornings from 6h30 to 9h30 by walking slowly along the RESULTS transect (Bibby et al., 2000) while identifying and Abundance, species richness and diversity of birds recording birds seen perched on vegetation at either in different height strata side of the transects using an 8×40 OlivonTM A total of 49 bird species were recorded to be vertical binoculars. Identification was as described by Demey distributed along the different strata of foliage, and & Borrow (2004). The plant heights which the birds spread among 35 families (Appendix I). Bird were seen perching were also recorded. Birds higher abundance was highest in the second stratum (0 – 5 m; than the 10 m pole skywards had the foliage height 1521), prominent among which were the Laughing estimated (Bakam et al., 2016). Measurement was Dove, Red-billed Firefinch, Coucal and made at five-m height interval on each point. Height African Thrush all of which also constituted the classes were 0 m (ground), 0 – 5 m, 5 – 10 m, 10 – 15 ground feeders (0 m; 1288). Number of birds reduced m, 15 – 20 m, 20 – 25 m and > 25 m. upwards from the second stratum (Figure 2) with the Data were analysed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and R top canopy (> 25 m) inhabiting only the Yellow-billed Statistical Package (Version 2.12.0). Menhinicks Kite. Species richness indices (Menhinicks index) also

409 Bakam et. al. Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (408 - 415pp)

confirmed the topmost stratum to have the lowest Laughing Dove, Red-eyed Dove and Speckled Pigeon index value (Table 1). were also found to utilize 3, 4 and 5 strata respectively.

Columbidae (4 species; 8.16 %) was the most These can therefore be referred to as generalists. dominant family, with Psittacidae (3 species; 6.12 %) Shannon Wiener index showed highest value in the and Estrildidae (3 species; 6.12 %) being the next second stratum (2.67) followed by the first (2.58) and dominant families. Only the Vinaceous Dove third (2.51). The fifth stratum (15 – 20 m) also showed predominantly utilized six out of the seven strata. higher Shannon Wiener index values (2.09) than the Other species belonging to the same family such as the preceding and succeeding strata, with the topmost stratum having the least value (0.00).

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

Abundance 600

400

200

0 0 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 > 25 Height strata (m)

Figure 2. Abundance of birds in different height strata of foliage in General Hassan Usman Katsina Park, Kaduna, Nigeria.

Table 1. Species richness and diversity indices of birds the most abundant in the fourth strata (10 – 15 m) with in different height strata of foliage in General Hassan the frugivore/insectivore, each constituting 21.43 %. Usman Katsina Park, Kaduna, Nigeria Frugivore/insectivore was also the most abundant feeding guild in the fifth (15 – 20 m; 30.77 %) strata. Height Number Menhinicks Shannon- The dominant feeding guild in the upper canopies (20 (m) of species Wiener’s – 25 m; 50.00 % and > 25 m; 100.00 %) were the species richness diversity carnivores (Table 2). (D) indices (Hʹ) In general, however, insectivores (28.57 %), 0 36 1.00 2.58 frugivore/insectivore (16.33 %) and omnivore (16.33 0-5 41 1.05 2.67 %) were the three most abundant feeding guilds 5-10 32 1.62 2.51 recorded in the area. Nectirivore/insectivore (2.04 %), 10-15 28 1.99 1.96 which was mainly the Scarlet-chested Sunbird, was the 15-20 13 2.06 2.09 most rear feeding guild in the study area (Table 3). 20-25 2 0.76 0.69 > 25 1 0.28 0.00 DISCUSSION Many Park management practices have centered their Feeding guilds priority on providing scenery that will attract visitors The foraging behaviors of bird species were grouped that visit for ecotourism or recreational activities. Trees into nine trophic structures in order to determine the and other ornamentals provide natural shade that adds feeding behaviors of different bird species and the food to the exquisiteness of parks. They also provide food resources of foliage strata in the area. The results for birds which adds to their ability of harboring high showed that insectivores were the most abundant diversity and density of birds (Jayson & Mathew, feeding guild on the first or ground (0 m; 27.78 %), 2003). This feature therefore, can benefit parks through second (0 – 5 m; 29.27 %) and third (5 – 10 m; 25.00 recreational activity such as birding. %) strata. Insectivores were also recorded to be among 410 Bakam et. al. Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (408 - 415pp)

Table 2. Feeding guilds of species encountered in each strata of foliage in General Hassan Usman Katsina Park, Kaduna, Nigeria. Species’ feeding guilds Total (%) Height No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of strata frugivore/ omnivore insectivore carnivore granivore/ granivore carnivore carnivore/ Nectirivore/ (m) insectivore (%) (%) (%) insectivore (%) /piscivore/ insectivore insectivore (%) (%) insectivore (%) (%) (%) 0 6 (16.67) 7 (19.44) 10 (27.78) 1 (2.78) 2 (5.56) 5 (13.89) 3 (8.33) 2 (5.56) 0 (0.00) 36 (100) 0 - 5 7 (17.07) 7 (17.07) 12 (29.27) 1 (2.44) 3 (7.32) 6 (14.63) 3 (7.32) 2 (4.88) 1 (2.44) 41 (100) 5 - 10 6 (18.75) 6 (18.75) 8 (25.00) 2 (6.25) 2 (6.25) 5 (15.63) 0 (0.00) 1 (3.13) 1 (3.13) 32 (100) 10 - 15 6 (21.43) 5 (17.86) 6 (21.43) 2 (7.14) 2 (7.14) 4 (14.29) 0 (0.00) 1 (3.57) 1 (3.57) 28 (100) 15 - 20 4 (30.77) 2 (15.38) 1 (7.69) 2 (15.38) 2 (15.38) 1 (7.69) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (7.69) 13 (100) 20 - 25 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (50.00) 1 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 2 (100) > 25 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (100.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (100)

Table 3. Overall feeding guilds of all species encountered in different strata of foliage in General Hassan Usman Katsina Park, Kaduna, Nigeria. Feeding guilds No. of species Percentage (%) No. of observations Frugivore/insectivore 8 16.33 493 Omnivore 8 16.33 198 Insectivore 14 28.57 450 Carnivore 3 6.12 82 Granivore/insectivore 2 4.08 445 Granivore 7 14.29 278 Carnivore/piscivore/insectivore 3 6.12 35 Carnivore/insectivore 3 6.12 121 Nectirivore/insectivore 1 2.04 64 Total 49 100 2166

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The General Hassan Usman Katsina Recreation Park resource (O’Connell et al., 2000). In relation to the provided a sight of 49 bird species that utilize the family of birds represented during the study, various foliage strata studied. From these species, insectivorous birds constituted the highest population only the Vinaceous dove used the highest number of relative to other guilds. Frugivore/insectivore and six height categories of foliage, making it the most omnivorous birds that combine in their diet prominent and generalist species. Laughing Dove also had a higher population. Since the distribution of (Streptopelia senegalensis) and the Red-eyed Dove bird species are also ultimately determined by prey (Streptopelia semitorquata) were common species type, availability, and movement associated with recorded in the first 5 classes of height, making the breeding regimes (Abrams & Griffiths, 1981), the family Columbidae equally the most generalist presence of river Kaduna that passes beside the park, family. In general, birds displayed distinct vertical together with the advent of the rains associated with stratification in terms of species richness, abundance the blossom nature of grasses made the area moist and and diversity. Bird number and Shannon indices suitable for accounting for the high number of indicates distribution of birds to diminish upwards, insectivorous birds in the area. with the middle canopy highly utilized by birds than the top layers. Jayson & Mathew (2003) reported We conclude that each foliage height category similar trend in their studies on Tropical forest birds harbored distinct species composition of birds with of Western Ghats (India) and a similar trend were also low similarity among the height categories. The observed by Acharya & Vijayan (2017) in different distinct assemblages of the birds suggest their vegetation types of Eastern Himalaya, India. This occurrence and distribution to be influenced by their pattern could be as a result of the differences in energy foraging mode, available foraging substrate and potential along the vertical strata because of the risks. Results of this study further unequal distribution of foliage and other substrates highlighted the significance of lower or middle layer such as branch, trunk, bark, and flower (Ulyshen et of foliage in maintaining and conserving avifaunal al., 2011; Aikens et al., 2013) available to birds. It diversity in General Hassan Usman Park, Kaduna, therefore shows that among the substrates, there are Nigeria. large number of birds in General Hassan Usman Katsina Park that utilize the foliage and branches. REFERENCES Abalaka, J. I. & Manu, S. (2007). Factors affecting The upper strata are more exposed to physical bird species diversity in the degrading Kagoro conditions such as rain, wind and heat, and also forest, Kaduna, Nigeria. Ostrich 78: 233-238. biological conditions like predators that are Abrams, R. W. & Griffiths, A. M. (1981). Ecological unfavorable to bird species (Schultze et al. 2001; structure of pelagic seabird community in the Turton & Siegenthaler, 2004). Such higher strata are Benguela current region. Marine Ecological also energetically disadvantageous for foraging, Progress Series 5: 269 – 277. nesting, or roosting activities, accounting for the low Acharya, B. K. & Vijayan, L. (2017). Vertical bird diversity recorded. 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(2013). stratum of Gmelina arborea in the same area due to Vertical heterogeneity in predation pressure in a few or no substrates. temperate forest canopy. PeerJ 1: e138 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.138. From the distinctly different assemblages of birds in Airola, D. A. & Burett, R. H. (1985). Foraging and the different vertical strata of foliage, the diversity of habitat relationship of insect-gleaning birds in a the many bird species communities was maintained Sierre Novada mixed-conifer forest. The cordor through effective partitioning of niches (Begon et al., 87: 205-216. 2006; Brehm, 2007; Price et al., 2014). Guild studies Bakam, H., Nura, F., Agbo, B. O. & Tanko, D. (2016). became particularly valuable since they determine the Study on avian utilization of Gmelina arborea in function of avian communities and also how these General Usman Katsina Park, Kaduna, Nigeria. communities are structured in resource hyperspace Journal of Natural Sciences Research 6(12): 65- used by the set of species. Feeding guilds represent a 73. group of species that utilize a common trophic 412 Bakam et. al. Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (408 - 415pp)

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Appendix I. Bird species encountered in different tree height of General Hassan Usman Katsina Park, Kaduna Nigeria. Family Names Common Names Scientific Names Height strata I II III IV V VI VII Phalacrocoracidae Long-tailed Commorant Phalacrocorax africanus ✓ ✓ Ardeidae Green-backed Heron Butorides striata ✓ ✓ Egret Bubulcus ibis ✓ ✓ Accipitridae Yellow-billed Kite Milvus migrans ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Shikra Accipiter badius ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Falconidae Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus ✓ Rallidae Black Crake Amaurornis flavirostra ✓ ✓ Common moorhem Gallinula chloropus ✓ ✓ Jacanidae African Jacana Actophilornis Africana ✓ ✓ Glareolidae Grey Practincole Glareola cinereal ✓ ✓ Charadriidae Egyptian Plover Pluvianus aegyptius ✓ ✓ Spur-winged Lapwing Vanellus vanellus ✓ ✓ Scolopacidae Green sandpiper Tringa ochropus ✓ ✓ Columbidae Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Vinaceous Dove Streptopelia vinacea ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Speckled Pigeon Columba guinea ✓ Psittacidae Red-headed Lovebird Agapornis pullarius ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Rose-Ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameria ✓ ✓ Senegal Parrot Poicephalus senegalus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Musophagidae Western Grey Plantain Eater Crinifer piscator ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Cuculidae Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Strigidae Pearl-spotted Owlet Glaucidium perlatum ✓ ✓ Apopidae African Palm Swift Cypsiurus parvus ✓ ✓ Alcedinidae Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis ✓ ✓ Phoeniculidae Green Wood-Hoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus ✓ ✓ ✓ Capitonidae Bearded Barbet Lybius dubius ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus ✓ Picidae Grey Woodpecker Dendropicos goertae ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Pycnonotidae Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Yellow-throated Leaflove Chlorocichla flavicollis ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Turdidae African Thrush Turdus pelios ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Sylviidae Senegal Eremomela Eremomela pusilla ✓ ✓

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Timaliidae Brown Babblers Turdoides plebejus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Nectarinidae Scarlet-chested Sunbird Chalcomitra senegalensis ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Zosteropidae Yellow-white Eye Zosterops senegalensis ✓ ✓ ✓ Laniidae Yellow-billed Shrike Corvinella corvina ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Malaconotidae Yellow-crowned Gonolek Laniarius barbarus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Oriolidae African Golden Oriole Oriolus auratus ✓ ✓ Dicruridae Forked-tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Piapiac Ptilostomus afer ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Pied Crow albus ✓ ✓ ✓ Sturnidae Purple Glossy Starling Laniprotornis purpureus ✓ ✓ ✓ Long-tailed Glossy Starling Lamprotornis caudatus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Ploceidae Heuglins-masked Weaver Ploceus heuglini ✓ ✓ ✓ Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Estrildidae Red-cheeked Cordon-bleu Uraeginthus bengalus ✓ ✓ ✓ Bronze Mannikin Spermestes cucullatus ✓ ✓ ✓ Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala ✓ ✓ ✓ I = 0 m (ground level), II = 0 – 5 m, III = 5 – 10 m, IV = 10 – 15 m, V = 15 – 20 m, VI = 20 – 25 m, VII = > 25 m

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