Republic of Lithuania National Energy Strategy
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The Role of European Union Accession in Democratisation Processes
The role of European Union accession in democratisation processes Published by Democratic Progress Institute 11 Guilford Street London WC1N 1DH United Kingdom www.democraticprogress.org [email protected] +44 (0)203 206 9939 First published, 2016 DPI – Democratic Progress Institute is a charity registered in England and Wales. Registered Charity No. 1037236. Registered Company No. 2922108. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee or prior permission for teaching purposes, but not for resale. For copying in any other circumstances, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher, and a fee may be payable.be obtained from the publisher, and a fee may be payable 2 The role of European Union accession in democratisation processes Contents Foreword: ...................................................................................5 Abbreviations: ............................................................................7 Introduction: ..............................................................................8 I. European Union accession and democratisation – An overview .............................................................................11 A) Enlargement for democracy – history of European integration before 1993 ........................................................11 • Declaration on democracy, April 1978, European Council: .........................................................12 B) Pre accession criteria since 1993 and the procedure of adhesion ..........................................................................15 -
Russia's Perspectives on International Politics
Acta Slavica Iaponica, Tomus 26, pp. 1‒24 Articles Russia’s Perspectives on International Politics: A Comparison of Liberalist, Realist and Geopolitical Paradigms* SHIN Beom-Shik The purpose of this article is to examine Russian perspectives on interna- tional politics. This study will focus on the following questions: What are the characteristics of the Russian understanding of major changes in international politics since the collapse of the Soviet Union; and, what are the implications of Russia’s perspectives on international politics for IR theory in the post-Cold War era? There are two approaches to analyzing Russia’s perception of internation- al politics. The first focuses on mapping foreign policy orientations in Russia and their influence on official Russian foreign policies. The second analyzes elites’ and masses’ perceptions of the general dynamics of international politics rather than foreign policies. When we examine discussions on the orientations of Russian foreign poli- cies, we discover a number of different schools. Scholars adopt different cri- teria for categorizing Russian foreign policy orientations. This categorization ranges from two orientations (Westernism / Eurasianism),1 three (Liberalist or Atlanticist or Liberal internationalist / Pragmatic Nationalist or Eurasianist / Patriotic Nationalist or Derzhavniki),2 four (Pro-Westernist or Moderate Liber- alist / Centrist or Moderate Conservatives / Neo Communist / the Extreme right Nationalist),3 to even five (Expansionists / Civilizationists / Stabilizers / Geo- * ��������This wor ��������������������������������������������������������������������������was supported by the research grant funded by the University of Incheon in 2007. 1 ���������������Alexander Rarl, ����������������������Atlantistics’ versus ����������������������Eurasians’ in Russian �oreign���������������� Policies, RFE/RL Re- search Report 1:22 (May 29, 1992), pp. 17–22. 2 ������������Alex Pravda, �The��������������� Politics of �oreign�������������� Policy, ������������in S. -
The Future of Nuclear Energy in Lithuania Journal Item
Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Symbolic power: the future of nuclear energy in Lithuania Journal Item How to cite: Elliott, Dave and Cook, Terry (2004). Symbolic power: the future of nuclear energy in Lithuania. Science as Culture, 13(3) pp. 373–400. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2004 Process Press Version: Accepted Manuscript Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1080/0950543042000262431 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Elliott. D and Cook.T (2004) 'Symbolic Power: the future of nuclear energy in Lithuania' Science as Culture, Vol.13, No.3, Sept. pp 373400 (80% coauthored) Symbolic power: the future of nuclear energy in Lithuania Dave Elliott and Terry Cook 1. Introduction EU accession states may have thrown off their Soviet past in political terms, but abandoning some of the Soviet era technologies is proving to be harder. Civil nuclear power is on the way out in most of Europe, but for some exSoviet countries this may present serious problems of economic, social and cultural transformation especially in countries like Lithuania, where nuclear power supplies the bulk of the electricity. The issue has come to a head given the EU's insistence that several exSoviet states must agree to close their nuclear plant as a condition of EU entry. -
Sourcebook on Environmental Funds in Economies in Transition
SOURCEBOOK ON ENVIRONMENTAL FUNDS IN ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION A Regional Overview and Surveys of Selected Environmental Funds in Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States Edited by: Patrick Francis Jürg Klarer Nelly Petkova ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force on 30th of September 1961, the organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote policies designed: • to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; • to contribute to sound economic expansion in the Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; and • to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations. The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries became Members subsequently through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996), and the Republic of Korea (12th December 1996). The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECD Convention). -
Lithuania's Economic Development Scenario 2018–2021
Lithuania’s Economic Development Scenario 2018–2021 18 mThe Economic Development Scenario (hereinafter – the scenario) was developed on the basis of the statistical data published by 1 March 2018 and the information obtained, which, following Government of the Republic of Lithuania Resolution No 369 On the Approval of the Description of the Procedure for Development and Publishing of the Economic Development Scenario of 13 April 2016, was presented by the Ministries of the Republic of Lithuania (of Environment, Energy, Social Security and Labour, Transport and Communications, Economy, Foreign Affairs, Agriculture). Respective assumptions of the external environment (development of trading partners, oil prices, EUR / USD exchange rate) by the European Commission and the International Monetary Fund were also taken into consideration. The year 2017 was extremely successful for Lithuania’s economy, it enhanced national macroeconomic stability and laid the foundations for further economic development in short term. Currently observed synchronic economic recovery of the main Lithuania’s foreign trading partners, based on the forecasts of international experts, should continue for at least another two years, and this will create favourable conditions for increasing demand of exports of goods and services from Lithuania. The endeavour to satisfy the robust external demand and not to lose international competitiveness will further encourage exporters to make decisions reducing production costs and enhancing operational efficiency. All this and -
Lithuania: an Economic Profile
An Economic Profile September 1992 Requesters may obtain subscriptions to publications similar to this one by addressing inquiries to: Document Expediting (DOCEX) Project Excbanae and Gift Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540 or: National Tecbnicallnformation Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Requesters interested in subscription service may purchase specific publications either in paper copy or microform from: Pbotoduplication Senice library of COIIII'e5S Washington, D.C. 20540 or: National Teclmicallnformation Semce 5285 Port Royal Road Sprinldield. VA 22161 (To expedite senice can the NTIS Order Desk (703) 487-4(50) Comments and queries on this paper may be directed to the OOCEX Project at the above address or by phone (202-707-9527), or the NTIS Office of Customer Services at the above address or by phone (703-487-4660). Lithuania: An Economic Profile September 1992 Reverse Blank Lithuania: An Economic Profile Preface This is one of a series of profiles on the republics of the former Soviet Union that are intended to provide basic reference material as a backdrop for assessing future developments in these new states. The profile provides a description of the geography, population, and economy of Lithuania and compares its level of development, growth, and social welfare to that in Finland and Sweden. International comparisons, particularly for aggregate measures such as GNP, are difficult to make because of differences in definitions and methods used by various countries in compiling statistics. International currency exchange rates are deficient for this purpose because they do not reflect relative purchasing power of different currencies over the whole range of output of goods and services included in GNP. -
Developing Public Private Partnerships in New Europe
Developing Public Private Partnerships in New Europe *connectedthinking Executive Summary 3 Introduction 5 Section 1 The need for investment and the role of PPPs Background 7 What are PPPs? 9 Why undertake PPPs? 10 PPPs in the Member States 10 A role for PPPs? 14 Section 2 PPPs and the EU Introduction 15 PPPs in an EU context 17 EU procurement rules and PPPs 17 Accounting and statistical rules for PPPs 19 State Aid issues and PPPs 20 Funding initiatives 21 The role of the EIB 22 The need for a joined up approach to the PPP market in Europe 22 Section 3 Combining EU funding with private finance Introduction 23 Review of co-financing using private funding 25 Review of absorption levels 27 The use of private finance as a means of co-financing 29 Practical issues of co-financing EU funded projects with private funding 30 The Challenge 31 Developing hybrid procurement and funding structures 32 Preparedness of Member States to develop PPP projects 33 Support requirements 34 Section 4 Recommendations and conclusions Recommendations for promoting the development of PPPs 35 Conclusions 39 Appendices EIB funded PPP projects by country and sector 40 EU funding relevant to infrastructure development 41 Glossary 42 Contacts 43 Executive Summary The need for investment public sector officials do not have experience and the role of PPPs of implementing such projects. They therefore need to develop new skills and capabilities in An ‘infrastructure gap’ exists in Europe. order to undertake PPP procurements This has a negative impact on economic growth effectively. This requires an investment on and the prosperity of the citizens of Europe. -
PACITA Deliverable 4.3 Expanding the TA-Landscape
PACITA Collaborative project on mobilisation and mutual learning actions in European Parliamentary Technology Assessment Grant Agreement no. 266649 Activity acronym: PACITA Activity full name: Parliaments and Civil Society in Technology Assessment Deliverable 4.3 Expanding the TA-landscape Due date of deliverable: February 2013 Actual submission date: April 2013 Start date of Activity: 1 April 2011 Duration: 4 years Author(s): Leonhard Hennen and Linda Nierling (editors). Organisation name of lead beneficiary for this deliverable: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institution: Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS) Revision [draft 1] 1 Change Records Version Date Change Author 2 PACITA Partners Teknologirådet – Danish Board of Technology (DBT) Toldbodgade 12, DK-1253 Copenhagen, Denmark, Contact: Anders Jacobi [email protected] www.tekno.dk Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany Contact: Leonhard Hennen [email protected] www.kit.edu Rathenau Insituut (KNAW‐RI) Postbus 95366, 2509 CJ Den Haag, the Netherlands Contact: Geert Munnichs [email protected]/g.munnichs@rathena u.nl www.rathenau.nl Teknologiraadet – Norwegian Board of Technology (NBT) Prinsens Gate 18, 0152 Oslo, Norway Contact: Tore Tennoe [email protected] www.teknologiraadet.no 3 The Institute of Technology Assessment (OEAW/ITA) Address: Strohgasse 45/5, A-1030 Vienna Contact: Pacita‐ITA team [email protected] www.oeaw.ac.at Applied Research and Communications Fund (ARC Fund) 5 Alexander -
Residential Energy Use in Lithuania: the Prospects for Energy Efficiency
Residential Energy Use in Lithuania: The Prospects for Energy Efficiency Eduardas Kazakevicius Energy and Environmental Consultant, Vilnius, Lithuania Edward L. Vine Luwrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA ABSTRACT While the potential for saving energy in Lithuania’s residential sector (especially, space heating in apartment buildings) is large, significant barriers (fifiancial, administrative, etc.) to energy efficiency remain. Removing or ameliorating these barriers will be difficult since these are systemic barriers that require societal change. Furthermore, solutions to these problems will require the cooperation and, in some cases, active participation of households and homeowner associations. Therefore, prior to proposing and implementing energy-efficiency solutions, one must understand the energy situation from a household perspective. Introduction Since 1991, Lithuania has been involved in a massive effort to transform its centrally planned economy into a market-oriented economy. Substantial progress in the transition to a market economy has been made, most notably in the areas of price reform, privatization, and trade reform. In contrast to these reforms, improvements in the energy efficiency in the residential sector have been slow. Lithuania is a small Eastern European country with a population of 3.7 million people. During the period of economic recession in early 1990s, Lithuanians were hit by more than a 50% loss in real income due to inflation. Although the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) is growing again (more than 6% annually in 1997), an average annual salary was only around $2,760 and GDP per capita was around $4,300 in 1997 (Business Central Europe 1998). High inflation (although decreasing during recent years) and discount rates and housing and energy subsidies present formidable obstacles to the promotion of energy efficiency. -
Master's Thesis in Global Studies Lithuania's “Nuclear”
Master’s thesis in Global Studies Lithuania’s “Nuclear” Town in a Global World Local Millenials’ Perceptions of Visaginas after the Closure of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant Goda Cicėnaitė June 2021 Lithuania’s “Nuclear” Town in a Global World Local Millennials’ Perceptions of Visaginas after the Closure of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant Goda Cicėnaitė Final thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of a MA degree in Global Studies Instructor: Jónína Einarsdóttir 30 ECTS Faculty of Sociology, Anthropology and Folkloristics School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland June 2021 1 Lithuania’s “Nuclear” Town in a Global World. Local Millennials’ Perceptions of Visaginas after the Closure of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant This final thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of a MA degree in Global Studies. The thesis may not be copied in any form without the author’s permission. © Goda Cicėnaitė, 2021 kt. 181191-4579 Reykjavik, Iceland. 2021 2 Ágrip “Kjarnorkubær” Litháens í hnattvæddum heimi: Viðhorf þúsaldarkynslóðar Visaginas til kjarnorkuímyndar bæjarins við lokun Ignalina kjarnorkuversins. Þegar eina fyrirtækið í iðnaðarbæ lokar, upplifa íbúarnir félags- og fjárhagslegar afleiðingar og sækjast eftir vinnu í nágrannabæjum eða borgum. Lokun Ignalina kjarnorkuversins hefur valdið kaflaskiptum í bænum Visaginas, sem tilheyrði kjarnorkuverinu. Missir aðal atvinnufyrirtækisins og rússnesk fortíð bæjarins hafði mikil áhrif á líf íbúana. Afskekkt staðsetning Visaginas og að rússneska hélst aðal tungumál íbúanna eftir að Litháen endurheimti sjálfstæði sitt, dró úr atvinnumöguleikum íbúa Visaginas í öðrum bæjum í Litháen. Fyrsta markmið þessarar rannsóknar var að kanna hvaða augum þúsaldarkynslóðin lítur náttúrulegt umhverfi Visaginas og byggðina í ljósi hnattvæðingar. Hitt markmiðið var að kanna afstöðu unga fólksins til hlutverks fortíðar Visaginas sem „kjarnorkubær“ í þróun bæjarins. -
The Use of EU Funds in Macedonia
The use of EU funds in Macedonia Efficiency, impact and absorption capacity и Collection of studies Working version European Policy Institute November, 2012 Contents Emilija Taseva: IPA COMPONENT I FOR EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS GUARANTEEING DEMOCRACY, RULE OF LAW, HUMAN RIGHTS, PROTECTION OF MINORITIES IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA .................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Enlargement Policy and Pre-accession Assistance: Copenhagen Political Criteria in Focus ... 7 IPA strengthening democracy, rule of law, human rights and protection of minorities in Republic of Macedonia 9 Implementation of IPA Component I: initial experiences and prospects for efficiency, absorption and impact ..................................................................................................................................... 12 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Drilon Iseni: IPA - “INCENTIVE FOR PROSPEROUS ACTIONS”, CASE STUDY:CROSS-BORDER COOPERATIONIPA PROGRAMME MACEDONIA - ALBANIA 2007-2013 ..................... -
Country Report on Lithuania
Country Report on Lithuania A country report on Lithuania’s position in the EU UNIVERSITEIT VAN AMSTERDAM CoRe Studies VI EUROPEAN POLICY STUDIES Country Report on Lithuania A country report on Lithuania’s position in the EU Country Report Series (CORE‐series) European Policy Studies Universiteit van Amsterdam June 2013 ©Caroline Duits, Elva Goedegebuur, Bodo von Haumeder, Tomas Hos, Shaho Jabbari, Raoul Köhler, Nathalie Koopman, Rosalinde Kranenburg, Veerle Vastwijk, Sjoerd Verest and Arkasha Verschuren. Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij electronisch, mechanisch door fotokopieën, opnamen of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de auteurs. Voor zover het maken van kopieën uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikel 16B Auteurswet 1912 jO, het besluit van juni 1974, Stb. 351, zoals gewijzigd bij het Besluit van 23 augustus, Stb. 471 en artikel 17 Auteurswet 1912, dient men de daarvoor wettelijke verschuldigde vergoedingen te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht (Postbus 882, 1180 Amstelveen). Voor het overnemen van gedeelte(n) uit deze uitgave in bloemlezingen, readers en andere compilatiewerken (artikel 16 Auteurswet 1912) dient men zich tot de uitgever te wenden. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, now known of hereafter invented, including photocopying or recording, without prior written permission of the authors. ISBN 978‐90‐807611‐8‐6 Table of contents Table of contents ......................................................................................................................................... i List of abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................