Chapter 5 Windows 3.1 and Memory Management
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Virtual Memory
Chapter 4 Virtual Memory Linux processes execute in a virtual environment that makes it appear as if each process had the entire address space of the CPU available to itself. This virtual address space extends from address 0 all the way to the maximum address. On a 32-bit platform, such as IA-32, the maximum address is 232 − 1or0xffffffff. On a 64-bit platform, such as IA-64, this is 264 − 1or0xffffffffffffffff. While it is obviously convenient for a process to be able to access such a huge ad- dress space, there are really three distinct, but equally important, reasons for using virtual memory. 1. Resource virtualization. On a system with virtual memory, a process does not have to concern itself with the details of how much physical memory is available or which physical memory locations are already in use by some other process. In other words, virtual memory takes a limited physical resource (physical memory) and turns it into an infinite, or at least an abundant, resource (virtual memory). 2. Information isolation. Because each process runs in its own address space, it is not possible for one process to read data that belongs to another process. This improves security because it reduces the risk of one process being able to spy on another pro- cess and, e.g., steal a password. 3. Fault isolation. Processes with their own virtual address spaces cannot overwrite each other’s memory. This greatly reduces the risk of a failure in one process trig- gering a failure in another process. That is, when a process crashes, the problem is generally limited to that process alone and does not cause the entire machine to go down. -
Optimizing and Protecting Hard Drives ‐ Chapter # 9
Optimizing and Protecting Hard Drives ‐ Chapter # 9 Amy Hissom Key Terms antivirus (AV) software — Utility programs that prevent infection or scan a system to detect and remove viruses. McAfee Associates’ VirusScan and Norton AntiVirus are two popular AV packages. backup — An extra copy of a file, used in the event that the original becomes damaged or destroyed. boot sector virus — An infectious program that can replace the boot program with a modified, infected version of the boot command utilities, often causing boot and data retrieval problems. buffer — A temporary memory area where data is kept before being written to a hard drive or sent to a printer, thus reducing the number of writes to the devices. chain — A group of clusters used to hold a single file. child, parent, grandparent backup method — A plan for backing up and reusing tapes or removable disks by rotating them each day (child), week (parent), and month (grandparent). cross-linked clusters — Errors caused when more than one file points to a cluster, and the files appear to share the same disk space, according to the file allocation table. defragment — To “optimize” or rewrite a file to a disk in one contiguous chain of clusters, thus speeding up data retrieval. differential backup — Backup method that backs up only files that have changed or have been created since the last full backup. When recovering data, only two backups are needed: the full backup and the last differential backup. disk cache — A method whereby recently retrieved data and adjacent data are read into memory in advance, anticipating the next CPU request. -
Alien Legacy On-Line Documentation
™ ContentsContents INTRODUCTION ————————————————— 4 αGETTING STARTED ———————————————— 6 About This Manual —————————————— 6 Manual Changes And Additions ————————— 6 Installing Alien Legacy ————————————— 6 System Requirements ————————————— 6 Installing Alien Legacy On Your Hard Drive ———— 7 Starting Alienβ Legacy ————————————— 7 Start-Up Problems ——————————————— 7 Changing Sound Options ——————————— 8 HISTORICAL BRIEFING ——————————————— 9 QUICK REFERENCE ——————————————— 12 Control Screen Diagram ——————————— 12 Game Controls ——————————————— 14 Commands ———————————————— 14 ORIENTATION TOUR —————————————— 20 CALYPSO CONTROLS GUIDE ——————————— 27 Startup Menu ——————————————— 27 Universal Commands ———————————— 27 Bridge ——————————————————— 28 γ General Options Menu ——————————— 30 Video Phone ———————————————— 31 Comm. Panel ———————————————— 31 Advisor Screens —————————————— 32 Technology Manager ———————————— 34 Inventions ————————————————— 34 Sciences —————————————————— 35 Vehicle Manager —————————————— 36 Missions —————————————————— 37 Cargo ——————————————————— 40 Launching Or Changing A Mission —————— 41 Mercator Map ——————————————— 42 Inactive Map Options ———————————— 42 Active Map Options ————————————— 43 Ship Controls ———————————————— 44 Surface Exploration Screen —————————— 46 Main Window ——————————————— 46 2 Control Panel ———————————————— 47 δOther Displays ——————————————— 48 Space Map ———————————————— 50 Main Window ——————————————— 50 Space Map Controls ————————————— 51 Planet Options Menu ε———————————— 52 Colony Manager —————————————— -
Linux Physical Memory Analysis
Linux Physical Memory Analysis Paul Movall International Business Machines Corporation 3605 Highway 52N, Rochester, MN Ward Nelson International Business Machines Corporation 3605 Highway 52N, Rochester, MN Shaun Wetzstein International Business Machines Corporation 3605 Highway 52N, Rochester, MN Abstract A significant amount of this information can alo be found in the /proc filesystem provided by the kernel. We present a tool suite for analysis of physical memory These /proc entries can be used to obtain many statis- usage within the Linux kernel environment. This tool tics including several related to memory usage. For ex- suite can be used to collect and analyze how the physi- ample, /proc/<pid>/maps can be used to display a pro- cal memory within a Linuxenvironment is being used. cess' virtual memory map. Likewise, the contents of / proc/<pid>/status can be used to retreive statistics about virtual memory usage as well as the Resident Set Size (RSS). Embedded subsystems are common in today's computer In most cases, this process level detail is sufficient to systems. These embedded subsystems range from the analyze memory usage. In systems that do not have very simple to the very complex. In such embedded sys- backing store, more details are often needed to analyze tems, memory is scarce and swap is non-existent. When memory usage. For example, it's useful to know which adapting Linux for use in this environment, we needed pages in a process' address map are resident, not just to keep a close eye on physical memory usage. how many. This information can be used to get some clues on the usage of a shared library. -
Memory Protection at Option
Memory Protection at Option Application-Tailored Memory Safety in Safety-Critical Embedded Systems – Speicherschutz nach Wahl Auf die Anwendung zugeschnittene Speichersicherheit in sicherheitskritischen eingebetteten Systemen Der Technischen Fakultät der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor-Ingenieur vorgelegt von Michael Stilkerich Erlangen — 2012 Als Dissertation genehmigt von der Technischen Fakultät Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der Einreichung: 09.07.2012 Tag der Promotion: 30.11.2012 Dekan: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Marion Merklein Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Schröder-Preikschat Prof. Dr. Michael Philippsen Abstract With the increasing capabilities and resources available on microcontrollers, there is a trend in the embedded industry to integrate multiple software functions on a single system to save cost, size, weight, and power. The integration raises new requirements, thereunder the need for spatial isolation, which is commonly established by using a memory protection unit (MPU) that can constrain access to the physical address space to a fixed set of address regions. MPU-based protection is limited in terms of available hardware, flexibility, granularity and ease of use. Software-based memory protection can provide an alternative or complement MPU-based protection, but has found little attention in the embedded domain. In this thesis, I evaluate qualitative and quantitative advantages and limitations of MPU-based memory protection and software-based protection based on a multi-JVM. I developed a framework composed of the AUTOSAR OS-like operating system CiAO and KESO, a Java implementation for deeply embedded systems. The framework allows choosing from no memory protection, MPU-based protection, software-based protection, and a combination of the two. -
Installation and Performance
Installation and Performance Welcome Thank you for purchasing Visual Reality software. Visual Reality is designed to offer an easy but extremely powerful, three dimensional environment in which full color still images and 3D animations can be created. Visual Reality 2.0 includes: Renderize Live. Load 2D and 3D models from a variety of drawing and modeling programs or drag and drop from Visual Model and Visual Font and compose unique scenes in an intuitive 3D environment using a wide variety of material, lighting and camera effects. Load bitmap images from a variety of common file formats for backgrounds in scenes and as color, bump or reflection maps in material definitions. Render your compositions as full-color photorealistic images at any resolution. Animate just about anything with just a few button clicks. Objects, camera views, color intensity and location of lights and the bump height of materials can all be set in motion or transformed. Rotoscoping allows you to create moving water and flickering fire. Bend, twist, stretch and morph objects over time. An advanced channel editor gives you precise time line control of every attribute, for every element or object. The 'Ease to' and 'Ease from' functions and hierarchical linking of objects give your animations a natural feel with smooth, fully controllable motion. Visual Font. Load Windows TrueType fonts and create 3D text objects by defining extrusion and bevel properties. Load extruded text into Renderize Live for inclusion in 3D scenes. Visual Image. Load and modify bitmap images from a wide variety of file formats. Work on individual images, or use the powerful layering tools to create digital collages. -
Chapter 3. Booting Operating Systems
Chapter 3. Booting Operating Systems Abstract: Chapter 3 provides a complete coverage on operating systems booting. It explains the booting principle and the booting sequence of various kinds of bootable devices. These include booting from floppy disk, hard disk, CDROM and USB drives. Instead of writing a customized booter to boot up only MTX, it shows how to develop booter programs to boot up real operating systems, such as Linux, from a variety of bootable devices. In particular, it shows how to boot up generic Linux bzImage kernels with initial ramdisk support. It is shown that the hard disk and CDROM booters developed in this book are comparable to GRUB and isolinux in performance. In addition, it demonstrates the booter programs by sample systems. 3.1. Booting Booting, which is short for bootstrap, refers to the process of loading an operating system image into computer memory and starting up the operating system. As such, it is the first step to run an operating system. Despite its importance and widespread interests among computer users, the subject of booting is rarely discussed in operating system books. Information on booting are usually scattered and, in most cases, incomplete. A systematic treatment of the booting process has been lacking. The purpose of this chapter is to try to fill this void. In this chapter, we shall discuss the booting principle and show how to write booter programs to boot up real operating systems. As one might expect, the booting process is highly machine dependent. To be more specific, we shall only consider the booting process of Intel x86 based PCs. -
HALO: Post-Link Heap-Layout Optimisation
HALO: Post-Link Heap-Layout Optimisation Joe Savage Timothy M. Jones University of Cambridge, UK University of Cambridge, UK [email protected] [email protected] Abstract 1 Introduction Today, general-purpose memory allocators dominate the As the gap between memory and processor speeds continues landscape of dynamic memory management. While these so- to widen, efficient cache utilisation is more important than lutions can provide reasonably good behaviour across a wide ever. While compilers have long employed techniques like range of workloads, it is an unfortunate reality that their basic-block reordering, loop fission and tiling, and intelligent behaviour for any particular workload can be highly subop- register allocation to improve the cache behaviour of pro- timal. By catering primarily to average and worst-case usage grams, the layout of dynamically allocated memory remains patterns, these allocators deny programs the advantages of largely beyond the reach of static tools. domain-specific optimisations, and thus may inadvertently Today, when a C++ program calls new, or a C program place data in a manner that hinders performance, generating malloc, its request is satisfied by a general-purpose allocator unnecessary cache misses and load stalls. with no intimate knowledge of what the program does or To help alleviate these issues, we propose HALO: a post- how its data objects are used. Allocations are made through link profile-guided optimisation tool that can improve the fixed, lifeless interfaces, and fulfilled by -
Computer Problem Solving 1) What Is the First 640K of Memory Addresses Called?
Computer Problem Solving 1) What is the first 640k of memory addresses called? a. extended memory b. upper memory c. high memory d. conventional memory Competency: Personal computer components 2) What was the first socket to support dual voltage inputs? a. Socket 7 b. Socket 5 c. Socket 8 d. Socket 423 Competency: Personal computer components 3) Which card is used to add modems and network cards to the portable computer? a. Type 1 b. Type 2 c. Type 3 d. Type 4 Competency: Laptop and portable devices 4) Which type of battery is used most often in notebook computers? a. NiMH b. NiCad c. Li-ION d. Zinc Air Competency: Laptop and portable devices 5) Which of the following does the erase lamp remove? a. static charge from the developed image area on the paper b. static charge from the margin areas of the paper c. leftover toner particles from the paper d. any static charge that may remain on the drum Competency: Printers and scanners 6) Which standard that was first available in Windows 95 and that incorporated as a BIOS configuration option to conserve electrical power? a. ACPI b. APM c. PCMIA d. Energy Star Competency: Operating systems 7) Which of the following files is the virtual memory swap file needed to boot Windows 2000/XP? a. Pagefile.sys b. Hal.dll c. Kernel32.dll d. Himem.sys Competency: Operating systems 8) Which of the following protocols guarantees packet delivery? a. HTTP b. IP c. TCP d. UDP Competency: Networks 9) What is the standard recommendation for changing your password? a. -
Thank You for Purchasing the Elder Scrolls: Arena. Dedicated Rpgers
The Elder Scrolls ARENA hank you for purchasing The Elder Scrolls: Arena. Dedicated RPGers have invested an incredible amount of effort into creating this detailed simulation. If you enjoy the game, please pass the word! There is no better advertising than a satisfied customer. TYou can also purchase the second chapter of The Elder Scrolls, entitled Daggerfall, in Fall 1996. TES: Daggerfall will feature the same open-endedness and breadth as Arena, but will feature increased NPC (Non-Player-Character) interaction, a faster, more sophisticated 3-D engine, and a more extensive storyline. With all the planned enhancements, Daggerfall will give you even more of an opportunity to role-play your character as you choose. We are very excited about Daggerfall and what it will mean to the role-playing community. On our part, we promise to keep bringing you the best in computer simulation software and welcome any suggestions you may have for how we can serve you better. Journey well, and peace be with you. —The Bethesda Team Installing the Game Place the CD into your computer’s CD-ROM drive. Type the drive letter followed by a colon (Ex: D: for most CD-ROM drives) and hit <ENTER>. Next type INSTALL and hit <ENTER>. If you are installing Arena from floppy disks, select ‘Install Game’ and follow the prompts. Because you are installing from the CDROM, 5 megabytes of data will be copied to your hard drive when you select ‘Exit’. The next step is to configure your game (see below). Configuring Arena to your System To configure any Sound FX and Music drivers once Arena has successfully installed (if you wish to play the game with sound and/or music), choose the ‘Configure Game’ option. -
XICE Lnstallationguide for Motorola 68000, 68HCOOO, 68ECOOO and 68302 Development Systems for DOS and UNIX Hosts
1mmm Applied Microsystems Corporation XICE lnstallationGuide for Motorola 68000, 68HCOOO, 68ECOOO and 68302 Development Systems for DOS and UNIX Hosts May 1993 PIN 922-17140-03 Copyright© 1993 Applied Microsystems Corporation All rights reserved. \' '\'9~t\B<\', nnt:iubmv ~'9\nt . ,:~ s no gnilis' IBM XT and IBM AT are trademarks of IBM Corporation Microsoft and MS-DOS™ are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Microtec is a registered trademarks of Microtec Research, Inc. SP ARC, SPARCstation, Sun, Sun-3, Sun-4, NFS, and PC-NFS are trademarks o Microsystems, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T. VALIDATE is a registered tradmark of Applied Microsystems Corporation I Contents Chapter 1 Introduction Organization of the documentation................................... 1-2 Overview of the toolchain................................................... 1-4 XICE ............................................................................. 1-4 XRAY............................................................................ 1-4 C Cross Compiler......................................................... 1-4 C++ Compiler............................................................... 1-4 Chapter2 Installing on a Sun Workstation Step 1: Check minimum requirements ................ ............. 2-2 Requirements for Sun 4 (SPARC) workstations........ 2-2 Step 2: Set up the directory structure............................... 2-3 · Step 3: Copy the software from the tape........................... 2-4 Step 4: Define individual user's setup.............................. -
Computing :: Operatingsystems :: DOS Beyond 640K 2Nd
DOS® Beyond 640K 2nd Edition DOS® Beyond 640K 2nd Edition James S. Forney Windcrest®/McGraw-Hill SECOND EDITION FIRST PRINTING © 1992 by James S. Forney. First Edition © 1989 by James S. Forney. Published by Windcrest Books, an imprint of TAB Books. TAB Books is a division of McGraw-Hill, Inc. The name "Windcrest" is a registered trademark of TAB Books. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. The publisher takes no responsibility for the use of any of the materials or methods described in this book, nor for the products thereof. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Forney, James. DOS beyond 640K / by James S. Forney. - 2nd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: MS-DOS beyond 640K. Includes index. ISBN 0-8306-9717-9 ISBN 0-8306-3744-3 (pbk.) 1. Operating systems (Computers) 2. MS-DOS (Computer file) 3. PC -DOS (Computer file) 4. Random access memory. I. Forney, James. MS-DOS beyond 640K. II. Title. QA76.76.063F644 1991 0058.4'3--dc20 91-24629 CIP TAB Books offers software for sale. For information and a catalog, please contact TAB Software Department, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17294-0850. Acquisitions Editor: Stephen Moore Production: Katherine G. Brown Book Design: Jaclyn J. Boone Cover: Sandra Blair Design, Harrisburg, PA WTl To Sheila Contents Preface Xlll Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii Chapter 1. The unexpanded system 1 Physical limits of the system 2 The physical machine 5 Life beyond 640K 7 The operating system 10 Evolution: a two-way street 12 What else is in there? 13 Out of hiding 13 Chapter 2.