Appendix A. Ecological Effects Characterization A.1 Toxicity to Birds / Reptiles ..................................................................................................... 3 A.1 Toxicity to Birds / Reptiles ..................................................................................................... 3 A.1.1 Birds: Acute Oral Studies ................................................................................................ 3 A.1.2 Birds: Subacute Dietary Studies ...................................................................................... 4 A.1.3 Birds: Chronic Studies...................................................................................................... 6 A.1.4 Birds/Reptiles: Open Literature....................................................................................... 7 A.1.4a Birds: New Open Literature Data............................................................................... 7 A.1.4b Reptiles: Open Literature Data from 2003 IRED....................................................... 8 A.1.4c Reptiles: New Open Literature Data (2007 Literature Review).................................. 8 A.2 Toxicity to Freshwater Animals............................................................................................ 13 A.2.1 Freshwater Fish and Amphibia, Acute ........................................................................... 13 A.2.2 Freshwater Fish, Chronic................................................................................................ 16 A.2.3 Freshwater Fish/Amphibians, Open Literature Data on Mortality/Survivorship ........... 18 A.2.4 Sublethal Effects, Freshwater Fish and Amphibians (Open Literature)......................... 21 A.2.4a Sublethal Effects: Freshwater Fish (2003 IRED Data): ........................................... 21 A.2.4b Sublethal Effects: Freshwater Fish (New 2007) Open Literature Data) .................. 24 A.2.4c Sublethal Effects: Amphibians (Summary of the White Paper):............................. 33 A.2.4d Sublethal Effects: Amphibians (New Open Literature Data)................................... 35 A.2.5 Freshwater Invertebrates, Acute ..................................................................................... 52 A.2.6 Freshwater Invertebrate, Chronic ................................................................................... 54 A.2.7a Freshwater Invertebrates, Acute Open Literature Data ................................................ 56 A.2.7b Freshwater Invertebrates, Chronic Open Literature Data............................................. 57 A.2.8a Freshwater Microcosm/Field Studies (2003 IRED Data).......................................... 57 A.2.8b Freshwater Field Studies (New Open Literature Data)............................................. 76 A.3 Toxicity to Estuarine and Marine Animals........................................................................... 77 A.3.1 Estuarine and Marine Fish, Acute .................................................................................. 77 A.3.2 Estuarine and Marine Fish, Acute (Open Literature 2006 Review) ............................... 78 A.3.2 Estuarine and Marine Fish, Chronic ............................................................................... 78 A.3.3a Sublethal Effects: Estuarine/Marine Fish (2003 IRED Data) .................................. 79 A.3.3b Sublethal Effects: Estuarine/Marine Fish (New Open Literature Data).................... 80 A.3.4 Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates, Acute .................................................................... 80 A.3.5 Estuarine and Marine Invertebrate, Chronic................................................................... 83 A.3.6 Sublethal Effects: Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates (New Open Literature Data)........... 83 A.3.7a Estuarine and Marine Field Studies (2003 IRED Data)....................................... 85 A.3.7b Estuarine and Marine Field Studies (New Open Literature Data) ............................ 91 A.4 Toxicity to Plants .................................................................................................................. 92 A.4.1 Terrestrial Plants............................................................................................................. 92 A.4.2 Aquatic Plants................................................................................................................. 95 A.5 Toxicity to Terrestrial Invertebrates ................................................................................... 106 A.6 Effects of Environmental Factors and Life-Stage on Aquatic Atrazine Toxicity............... 108 A.6.1 Interaction Effects on Atrazine Toxicity to Plants ....................................................... 108 A.6.2 Interaction Effects on Atrazine Toxicity to Aquatic Animals ...................................... 109 A.7 Pesticide Toxicity Interactions............................................................................................ 110 1 A.7.1 Plants....................................................................................................................... 111 A.7.2 Animals................................................................................................................... 112 A.8. References.......................................................................................................................... 116 This appendix presents available submitted and open literature studies available on atrazine. Studies that are submitted to the Agency in support of pesticide registration or re-registration are categorized as either acceptable, supplemental, or invalid. Acceptable means that all essential information was reported, the data are scientifically valid, and the study was performed according to recommended protocols. Studies in the “acceptable” category fulfill the corresponding data requirement in 40 CFR Part 158 and are appropriate for use in risk assessment. Supplemental studies are also scientifically valid; however, they were either performed under conditions that deviate from recommended guideline protocols or certain data necessary for complete verification are missing. Supplemental studies may be used quantitatively in the risk assessment and can, at the Agency’s discretion, fulfill the corresponding data requirement in 40 CFR Part 158. Invalid studies are not scientifically vald, or deviate substantially from recommended protocols such that they are not useful for risk assessment. Invalid studies do not fulfill the corresponding data requirement in 40 CFR Part 158. With respect to the open literature, studies may be classified as either qualitative, quantitative, or invalid. The degree to which open literature data are quantitatively or qualitatively characterized is dependent on whether the information is relevant to the assessment endpoints (i.e., maintenance of the survival, reproduction, and growth of the assessed listed species) identified in the problem formulation. Open literature studies classified as qualitative are not appropriate for quantitative use but are of good quality, address issues of concern to the risk assessement, and, when appropriate, are discussed qualitatively in the risk characterization discussion. Those open literature studies that are classified as quantitative are appropriate for quantitative use in the risk assessment including calculation of RQs. It should be noted that this appendix includes all relevant data taken from the 2003 IRED atrazine effects appendix. In addition, ECOTOX information was obtained on May 31, 2007. The May 2007 ECOTOX search included all open literature data for atrazine (i.e., pre- and post-IRED). Data that pass the ECOTOX screen described in Section 4.1 of the assessement are evaluated along with the registrant-submitted data, and may be incorporated qualitatively or quantitatively into this endangered species assessment. In general, effects data in the open literature that are more conservative than the registrant-submitted data are considered for quantitative use. Citations for all open literature not considered as part of this assessment because it was either rejected by the ECOTOX screen or accepted by ECOTOX but not used (e.g., the endpoint is less sensitive and/or not appropriate for use in this assessment) is included in Appendix G. Appendix G also includes a rationale for rejection of those studies that did not pass the ECOTOX screen and those that were not evaluated as part of this endangered species assessment. Further detail on the ECOTOX exclusion categories is provided in the Agency’s Guidance of the Evaluation Criteria for Ecological Toxicity Data in the Open Literature (U.S. EPA, 2004). 2 A.1 Toxicity to Birds / Reptiles Given limited ecotoxicity data for reptiles, avian acute oral, subacute dietary, and chronic reproduction data are used as a surrogate for sea turtles. In addition, open literature data are available for a limited number of reptiles including turtles (red-eared slider [Pseudemys elegans] and snapping turtles [Chelydra serpentine]) and American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Ecotoxicity data for birds and reptiles are discussed in Sections A.1.1 through A.1.4. No studies in birds that were more sensitive than currently available data were located in the most recent ECOTOX search (October, 2008). A.1.1 Birds: Acute Oral Studies An acute oral toxicity study using the technical grade of the active ingredient (TGAI) is required to establish the toxicity