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Network Monitoring & Management Using Cacti
Network Monitoring & Management Using Cacti Network Startup Resource Center www.nsrc.org These materials are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Introduction Network Monitoring Tools Availability Reliability Performance Cact monitors the performance and usage of devices. Introduction Cacti: Uses RRDtool, PHP and stores data in MySQL. It supports the use of SNMP and graphics with RRDtool. “Cacti is a complete frontend to RRDTool, it stores all of the necessary information to create graphs and populate them with data in a MySQL database. The frontend is completely PHP driven. Along with being able to maintain Graphs, Data Sources, and Round Robin Archives in a database, cacti handles the data gathering. There is also SNMP support for those used to creating traffic graphs with MRTG.” Introduction • A tool to monitor, store and present network and system/server statistics • Designed around RRDTool with a special emphasis on the graphical interface • Almost all of Cacti's functionality can be configured via the Web. • You can find Cacti here: http://www.cacti.net/ Getting RRDtool • Round Robin Database for time series data storage • Command line based • From the author of MRTG • Made to be faster and more flexible • Includes CGI and Graphing tools, plus APIs • Solves the Historical Trends and Simple Interface problems as well as storage issues Find RRDtool here:http://oss.oetiker.ch/rrdtool/ RRDtool Database Format General Description 1. Cacti is written as a group of PHP scripts. 2. The key script is “poller.php”, which runs every 5 minutes (by default). -
Munin Documentation Release 2.0.44
Munin Documentation Release 2.0.44 Stig Sandbeck Mathisen <[email protected]> Dec 20, 2018 Contents 1 Munin installation 3 1.1 Prerequisites.............................................3 1.2 Installing Munin...........................................4 1.3 Initial configuration.........................................7 1.4 Getting help.............................................8 1.5 Upgrading Munin from 1.x to 2.x..................................8 2 The Munin master 9 2.1 Role..................................................9 2.2 Components.............................................9 2.3 Configuration.............................................9 2.4 Other documentation.........................................9 3 The Munin node 13 3.1 Role.................................................. 13 3.2 Configuration............................................. 13 3.3 Other documentation......................................... 13 4 The Munin plugin 15 4.1 Role.................................................. 15 4.2 Other documentation......................................... 15 5 Documenting Munin 21 5.1 Nomenclature............................................ 21 6 Reference 25 6.1 Man pages.............................................. 25 6.2 Other reference material....................................... 40 7 Examples 43 7.1 Apache virtualhost configuration.................................. 43 7.2 lighttpd configuration........................................ 44 7.3 nginx configuration.......................................... 45 7.4 Graph aggregation -
Automatic Placement of Authorization Hooks in the Linux Security Modules Framework
Automatic Placement of Authorization Hooks in the Linux Security Modules Framework Vinod Ganapathy [email protected] University of Wisconsin, Madison Joint work with Trent Jaeger Somesh Jha [email protected] [email protected] Pennsylvania State University University of Wisconsin, Madison Context of this talk Authorization policies and their enforcement Three concepts: Subjects (e.g., users, processes) Objects (e.g., system resources) Security-sensitive operations on objects. Authorization policy: A set of triples: (Subject, Object, Operation) Key question: How to ensure that the authorization policy is enforced? CCS 2005 Automatic Placement of Authorization Hooks in the Linux Security Modules Framework 2 Enforcing authorization policies Reference monitor consults the policy. Application queries monitor at appropriate locations. Can I perform operation OP? Reference Monitor Application to Policy be secured Yes/No (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) CCS 2005 Automatic Placement of Authorization Hooks in the Linux Security Modules Framework 3 Linux security modules framework Framework for authorization policy enforcement. Uses a reference monitor-based architecture. Integrated into Linux-2.6 Linux Kernel Reference Monitor Policy (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) CCS 2005 Automatic Placement of Authorization Hooks in the Linux Security Modules Framework 4 Linux security modules framework Reference monitor calls (hooks) placed appropriately in the Linux kernel. Each hook is an authorization query. Linux Kernel Reference Monitor Policy (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) Hooks CCS 2005 Automatic Placement of Authorization Hooks in the Linux Security Modules Framework 5 Linux security modules framework Authorization query of the form: (subj., obj., oper.)? Kernel performs operation only if query succeeds. -
Masked Graph Modeling for Molecule Generation ✉ Omar Mahmood 1, Elman Mansimov2, Richard Bonneau 3 & Kyunghyun Cho 2
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23415-2 OPEN Masked graph modeling for molecule generation ✉ Omar Mahmood 1, Elman Mansimov2, Richard Bonneau 3 & Kyunghyun Cho 2 De novo, in-silico design of molecules is a challenging problem with applications in drug discovery and material design. We introduce a masked graph model, which learns a dis- tribution over graphs by capturing conditional distributions over unobserved nodes (atoms) and edges (bonds) given observed ones. We train and then sample from our model by iteratively masking and replacing different parts of initialized graphs. We evaluate our 1234567890():,; approach on the QM9 and ChEMBL datasets using the GuacaMol distribution-learning benchmark. We find that validity, KL-divergence and Fréchet ChemNet Distance scores are anti-correlated with novelty, and that we can trade off between these metrics more effec- tively than existing models. On distributional metrics, our model outperforms previously proposed graph-based approaches and is competitive with SMILES-based approaches. Finally, we show our model generates molecules with desired values of specified properties while maintaining physiochemical similarity to the training distribution. 1 Center for Data Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA. 2 Department of Computer Science, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New ✉ York, NY, USA. 3 Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA. email: [email protected] NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2021) 12:3156 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23415-2 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23415-2 he design of de novo molecules in-silico with desired prop- enable more informative comparisons between models that use Terties is an essential part of drug discovery and materials different molecular representations. -
XMP SPECIFICATION PART 3 STORAGE in FILES Copyright © 2016 Adobe Systems Incorporated
XMP SPECIFICATION PART 3 STORAGE IN FILES Copyright © 2016 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved. Adobe XMP Specification Part 3: Storage in Files NOTICE: All information contained herein is the property of Adobe Systems Incorporated. No part of this publication (whether in hardcopy or electronic form) may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Adobe, the Adobe logo, Acrobat, Acrobat Distiller, Flash, FrameMaker, InDesign, Illustrator, Photoshop, PostScript, and the XMP logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. MS-DOS, Windows, and Windows NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Apple, Macintosh, Mac OS and QuickTime are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. UNIX is a trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company, Ltd. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. This publication and the information herein is furnished AS IS, is subject to change without notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Adobe Systems Incorporated. Adobe Systems Incorporated assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies, makes no warranty of any kind (express, implied, or statutory) with respect to this publication, and expressly disclaims any and all warranties of merchantability, fitness for particular purposes, and noninfringement of third party rights. Contents 1 Embedding XMP metadata in application files . -
Encapsulated Postscript File Format Specification
® Encapsulated PostScript File Format Specification ®® Adobe Developer Support Version 3.0 1 May 1992 Adobe Systems Incorporated Adobe Developer Technologies 345 Park Avenue San Jose, CA 95110 http://partners.adobe.com/ PN LPS5002 Copyright 1985–1988, 1990, 1992 by Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the publisher. Any software referred to herein is furnished under license and may only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of such license. PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. All instances of the name PostScript in the text are references to the PostScript language as defined by Adobe Systems Incorpo- rated unless otherwise stated. The name PostScript also is used as a product trademark for Adobe Sys- tems’ implementation of the PostScript language interpreter. Any references to a “PostScript printer,” a “PostScript file,” or a “PostScript driver” refer to printers, files, and driver programs (respectively) which are written in or support the PostScript language. The sentences in this book that use “PostScript language” as an adjective phrase are so constructed to rein- force that the name refers to the standard language definition as set forth by Adobe Systems Incorpo- rated. PostScript, the PostScript logo, Display PostScript, Adobe, the Adobe logo, Adobe Illustrator, Tran- Script, Carta, and Sonata are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated registered in the U.S.A. and other countries. Adobe Garamond and Lithos are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. -
Web Compatible SAS/GRAPH Output the Easy
Web Compatible SAS/GRAPH® Output the Easy Way Ahsan Ullah, Pinkerton Computer Consultants, Inc., Alexandria, VA ABSTRACT • Proper use of colors is a must to make the image attractive. • (TM) This paper describes some concepts and analyses required If there is an option to print the image, a PostScript to create SAS/GRAPH images for use in WEB pages. It file needs to be tagged along with the image which will deals with an automated SAS/AF® Frame system designed to keep the usual form of the printed output create and print a number of graphs and produce suitable • In order to print a hard copy of the graph from the graph image files for inclusion on WEB pages. Topics internet, a PostScript color or black and white with discussed include drill-down design, programming minimum of 0.5 X 0.5 inch margin should be selected. (TM) techniques for creating GIF files, and the creation of custom Most Hewlett Packard printers satisfy the SAS Device Drivers. requirements. INTRODUCTION A user-friendly SAS/AF Frame system needs to be created to perform the following functions: • Interactive or batch process to create images. SAS software is a major leader in information and • Support the selection of device drivers to print or management systems. It has powerful features that support transport postscript or GIF file. the creation of customized hard copy output that includes • both data and graphic output. Until now, SAS custom graphs Automatically add HTML code to create Web-ready could not take their place in the Web world because of: graph images • Sophistication of SAS custom graphs • True portability across platforms Device Drivers • Interactive way to create and process graphs A GIF device driver is needed for SAS software to create a GIF Image file of the graph. -
Operational Semantics with Hierarchical Abstract Syntax Graphs*
Operational Semantics with Hierarchical Abstract Syntax Graphs* Dan R. Ghica Huawei Research, Edinburgh University of Birmingham, UK This is a motivating tutorial introduction to a semantic analysis of programming languages using a graphical language as the representation of terms, and graph rewriting as a representation of reduc- tion rules. We show how the graphical language automatically incorporates desirable features, such as a-equivalence and how it can describe pure computation, imperative store, and control features in a uniform framework. The graph semantics combines some of the best features of structural oper- ational semantics and abstract machines, while offering powerful new methods for reasoning about contextual equivalence. All technical details are available in an extended technical report by Muroya and the author [11] and in Muroya’s doctoral dissertation [21]. 1 Hierarchical abstract syntax graphs Before proceeding with the business of analysing and transforming the source code of a program, a com- piler first parses the input text into a sequence of atoms, the lexemes, and then assembles them into a tree, the Abstract Syntax Tree (AST), which corresponds to its grammatical structure. The reason for preferring the AST to raw text or a sequence of lexemes is quite obvious. The structure of the AST incor- porates most of the information needed for the following stage of compilation, in particular identifying operations as nodes in the tree and operands as their branches. This makes the AST algorithmically well suited for its purpose. Conversely, the AST excludes irrelevant lexemes, such as separators (white-space, commas, semicolons) and aggregators (brackets, braces), by making them implicit in the tree-like struc- ture. -
A Property Graph Is a Directed Edge-Labeled, Attributed Multigraph
- In IT Security for 10+ years - consulting and research - My first talk at a Data-conference :) - PhD thesis: “Pattern-based Vulnerability Discovery” on using unsupervised machine learning and graph databases for vulnerability discovery - Chief scientist at ShiftLeft Inc. - Modern development processes are optimized for fast feature delivery - Cloud services: multiple deployments a day - Each deployment is a security-related decision - Enforce code-level security policies automatically! Example: enforce a policy for propagation of sensitive data: “Environment variables must not be written to the logger” public void init() { String user = env.getProperty(“sfdc.uname”); String pwd = env.getProperty(“sfdc.pwd”); ... if (!validLogin(user, pwd)) { ... log.error("Invalid username/password: {}/{}", user, pwd); } } Jackson - Critical code execution vulnerabilities. A program is vulnerable if 1. a vulnerable version of jackson-databind is used 2. attacker controlled input is deserialized in a call to “readValue” 3. “Default typing” is enabled globally via a call to “enableDefaultTyping” Jackson Jackson Detecting this particular vulnerability types requires modeling program dependencies, syntax, data flow and method invocations. > cpg.dependency.name(".*jackson-databind.*").version("2.8..*") .and{ cpg.call.name(“.*enableDefaultTyping.*”) } .and{ cpg.method.name(“.*readValue.*”).parameter.index(1).reachableBy( cpg.parameter.evalType(".*HttpServletRequest.*")) }.location Code Property Graph cpg.method.name(“sink”).parameter .reachableBy(cpg.method.name(“source”)) -
Making TIFF Files from Drawing, Word Processing, Powerpoint And
Making TIFF and EPS files from Drawing, Word Processing, PowerPoint and Graphing Programs In the worlds of electronic publishing and video production programs, the need for TIFF or EPS formatted files is a necessity. Unfortunately, most of the imaging work done in research for presen- tation is done in PowerPoint, and this format simply cannot be used in most situations for these three ends. Files can be generally be saved or exported (by using either Save As or Export under File) into TIFF, PICT or JPEG files from PowerPoint, drawing, word processing and graphing programs—all called vector programs—but the results are often poor in resolution (in Photoshop these are shown as having a resolution of 72dpi when opening the Image Size dialogue box: under Image on the menu select Image Size). Here are four ways to save as TIFF (generally the way in which image files are saved) or EPS (gen- erally the way in which files are saved which contain lines or text): Option 1. Use the Program’s Save As or Export option. If it exists, use the Export or Save As option in your vector program. This only works well when a dialogue box appears so that specific values for height, width and resolution can be typed in (as in the programs Canvas and CorelDraw). Anti-aliasing should be checked. Resolution values of 300 dots per inch or pixels per inch is for images, 600 dpi is for images with text and 1200 dpi is for text, graphs and drawings. If no dialogue box exists to type in these values, go to option 2 - 4. -
The Cool Reference Manual∗
The Cool Reference Manual∗ Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Getting Started 3 3 Classes 4 3.1 Features . 4 3.2 Inheritance . 5 4 Types 6 4.1 SELF TYPE ........................................... 6 4.2 Type Checking . 7 5 Attributes 8 5.1 Void................................................ 8 6 Methods 8 7 Expressions 9 7.1 Constants . 9 7.2 Identifiers . 9 7.3 Assignment . 9 7.4 Dispatch . 10 7.5 Conditionals . 10 7.6 Loops . 11 7.7 Blocks . 11 7.8 Let . 11 7.9 Case . 12 7.10 New . 12 7.11 Isvoid . 12 7.12 Arithmetic and Comparison Operations . 13 ∗Copyright c 1995-2000 by Alex Aiken. All rights reserved. 1 8 Basic Classes 13 8.1 Object . 13 8.2 IO ................................................. 13 8.3 Int................................................. 14 8.4 String . 14 8.5 Bool . 14 9 Main Class 14 10 Lexical Structure 14 10.1 Integers, Identifiers, and Special Notation . 15 10.2 Strings . 15 10.3 Comments . 15 10.4 Keywords . 15 10.5 White Space . 15 11 Cool Syntax 17 11.1 Precedence . 17 12 Type Rules 17 12.1 Type Environments . 17 12.2 Type Checking Rules . 18 13 Operational Semantics 22 13.1 Environment and the Store . 22 13.2 Syntax for Cool Objects . 24 13.3 Class definitions . 24 13.4 Operational Rules . 25 14 Acknowledgements 30 2 1 Introduction This manual describes the programming language Cool: the Classroom Object-Oriented Language. Cool is a small language that can be implemented with reasonable effort in a one semester course. Still, Cool retains many of the features of modern programming languages including objects, static typing, and automatic memory management. -
Adobe Type 1 Font Format Adobe Systems Incorporated
Type 1 Specifications 6/21/90 final front.legal.doc Adobe Type 1 Font Format Adobe Systems Incorporated Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park, California • New York Don Mills, Ontario • Wokingham, England • Amsterdam Bonn • Sydney • Singapore • Tokyo • Madrid • San Juan Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Adobe type 1 font format / Adobe Systems Incorporated. p. cm Includes index ISBN 0-201-57044-0 1. PostScript (Computer program language) 2. Adobe Type 1 font (Computer program) I. Adobe Systems. QA76.73.P67A36 1990 686.2’2544536—dc20 90-42516 Copyright © 1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Adobe Systems Incorporated and Addison-Wesley, Inc. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. The information in this book is furnished for informational use only, is subject to change without notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Adobe Systems Incorporated. Adobe Systems Incorporated assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies that may appear in this book. The software described in this book is furnished under license and may only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of such license. Please remember that existing font software programs that you may desire to access as a result of information described in this book may be protected under copyright law. The unauthorized use or modification of any existing font software program could be a violation of the rights of the author.