Ellison Truck Switchgear is made in various types and sizes with single or duplicate busbars, on or off load selectors and current ratings of up to 1 2 0 0 a m p s. E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M a rch 2, I 945

¡T N 1924 BulJers made the first big’ bushing of 66 kV capacity. To-day we are able to show this massive 242 kV OIL FILLED BUSHING. The porcelain parts were made in Bullers’ works for the British Thomson- Houston Co. Ltd. It measures 15 ft. 1 i inches overall and is one of the largest bushings of this kind yet produced. Only the skill and knowledge acquired by long experience could produce insulators of such dimensions free from flaws. How much larger will be called for in years to'come, only the future can say. But one thing is certain, whatever the size, Bullers will be ready with their unrivalled resources and experience to cope with the problem. Bullers INSULATORS AND IRONWORK

BULLERS, LTD. THE HALL, OATLANDS DRI\ March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 1

BULL MOTORS (e.fu-f.turnerl™) IPSWICH ALSO LONDON, MANCHESTER. BIRMINGHAM. SHEFFIELD. NEWCASTLE AND GLASGOW

A 2 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w March 2, 1945

’ nazAnuuuD SITUATIONS The specially robust construction of PEEBLES FLAMEPROOF MOTORS ensures long years of satisfactory performance in addition to safeguarding life and property while operating under hazardous conditions.

100 &.H.P. 3-phase SO cycle 3,000 volt BRUCE PEEBLES & CO. LTD., 743 r.p.m. Totally Enclosed Slip-ring Induction Motor driving cn endless ENGINEERS EDINBURGH. rope haulage 'In a Scottish Coal Mine THE MOTOR WITH THE HIGH STRENGTH/WEIGHT RATIO 3622 March 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 3

r x _ Made For 30.60.100.160.200.300 & 500 Amps.. 600 Volfs; Double, triple and four pole and U Jilh neutral links. Fitted for Conduit, busbar chamber flange or cable glands. W iring, minimum maintenance LONDON: A W ZELLEY 73. GREAT PETER ST., WE ST M IN S T ER,S.W .! BILL SWITCHGEAR LTD

BIRCHFIELDS • SOU (4 LINES) BI RM INGHAM-20

-» L IV E PLUG IN POSITION. .L.WIEKIS S w i t c h I n t e r l o c k P l u g I n t e r l o c k (LUTON) LIMITED WATERTIGHT PLUGS AND SOCKETS \ R A T IN G S : Up to 300 amps., D U M M y PLUG 500 volts, D.C. or A.C. Cable entries as required. Weekes’ Watertight Plugs and Sockets stand up to the hardest conditions of Full details on request use. They are available with, or without, watertight interlocked switch- fuse. L.WEEKES Plug pins mechanically guarded, contact sockets shrouded and contact pins and (LUTON) LIMITED sockets are easily renewed. ______LUTON. BEDS. London Office: 36-38 KINGSW ÄY, W.C.2 Enquiries also invited for Cartridge Telephone: Holborn 1091; Luton 278 Fuses, Switchgear and Switchboards Branches at BIRMINGHAM, GLASGOW, NEW CASTLE 4 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w March 2. 194? RAWLPLUG FIXING DEVICES Solve all your Fixing Problems

RAWLPLUGS RAWLBOLTS Th ere is a R A W L P L U G The use of RAWL­ for every size of screw BOLTS requires the and coach screw, from minimum of time, the tiny No. 3 for light labour and tools. No wiring to the large grouting is needed. No N o. 28 w hich w ill w ith­ time-lag waiting for stand a direct pull of cement to dry. Made over 4 tons. Rawlplug fixing is safer, quicker in two types— bolt and neater than any other method. projecting and loose bolttype— they solve every bolt-fixing problem. Available with pipe clips, round and square RAWLPLUG hooks and eye bolts. Size £ in. to Jin. diameter. Standard Whitworth thread. METALPLUGS (Screw Anchors) BOLTANCHORS Specially suited for use where the plug The RAWLPLUG BOLT is likely to be su b ­ AN CH O R is especially jected to extreme designed for fixings of a climatic conditions. specialised nature. Un­ Made in sizes to take affected by atmospheric screws from No. 8 conditions, it can be to N o. 14 and lengths from I in. to 2 in. fixed below w ater if Designed with flange for hollow brick work necessary. Full range of and to stop plug being inserted too far in hole. sizes available and the anchors will take bolts from J in. to IJ in. diameter.

TOGGLE BOLTS WHITE Toggle Bolts providean BRONZE PLUGS ideal means of making Specially designed for securefixings to hollow outdoor jobs where a partition walls or ceil­ metal plug is specified ings, i.e. lath and or preferred. One plaster, asbestos board, end of the plug is etc., as they distribute “ coned ” to facilitate the strain over a wide the entrance of the screw when it is first area. inserted. B 3 II

WRITE FOR TECHNICAL LITERATURE TO: T H E RAWLPLUG CO., LTD., L O N D O N , S.W.7 March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 5 VARIABLE-S PEED A.C. MOTORS

©F R O M 3 HORSEPOWER UPWARDS ®

High efficiency at all speeds-. Simple starting— by direct switching. No rheostat required. Hand, remote, or automatic speed control. Absolutely smooth speed change and stable operation over widest speed range. Speed Variation by self-contained means —no external regulator or resistances.

No other manufacturer has had a wider experience in the design and m anufacture BTH products include all kinds of variable-speed drives of ° f electric plant and equipment; ANY POWER. Mazda lamps and Mazdalux lighting equipment.

B T H RUGBY THE BRITISH T H O M S O N - H O U S T O N COMPANY LIMITED. RUGBY. ENGLAND A3337 6 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w March 2. 1945

Crom pton stockists have th'e support of a strong publicity campaign. The advertisement shown here is one of a series which appear in the National newspapers, weekly periodicals, and an effective list of Provincial newspapers. The campaign is reinforced, also, by posters, painted signs, and arterial road signs. March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 7

\V\ROUGHOUr 'w s m m H\cy9 e D RILLS * i* * -?» m 41 ft W\cyoe Drills and Reamers with their V ' Y?\ ! SSf'j} ; j simplicity of design combine power with light weight, freedom from break­ % ¿ f T X J e C '- down and exceptionally low operating costs. Greater production is obtained at a fraction of the power costs of ll O ffer r^ l compressed air tools. ' W m y The machine illustrated is the “ 505 ” W^y€\e Drill and Reamer—capacity £ : v 5 ''' x ■ ¿s'/ ''';;* drilling 1 |", reaming 1". j» 5 '. ¿ : : £ ? ? ' i f ' V 'ii-M i. ^ ' ' ' s ' J * 12 -s-'-v-.. 'i f 't 'f l|l i| ~ j The tt\cy£\e range of machines also IHj J,^ Jis ii /fete includes drilling machines from -pe" capacity, Tappers, Screwdrivers, Nutrunners, Grinders, Sanders and Buffers, etc.

SC

if-

P 4 p

AIR COMPRESSORS • PNEUMATIC TOOLS • ELECTRIC TOOLS • DIESEL ENCINES • VACUUM PUMPS

CONTRACTORS* EQUIPMENT • ROCK DRILLS • DIAMOND DRILLS • OIL WELL TOOLS

^ober> '¡haro A P artner* C 34 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w March 2,

CL * eUl rtd

K Ï * r

Brush it on ' o r m e Apply heat Jobs done FRYOLUX

W rite for SOLDER full detail« and samples | RAINT _ . , FRY’S METAL FOUNDRIES LTD. Tandem Works, Merton Abbey, London, S.W.I9. Telephone: Mitcham 4023 and at Manchester, Glasgow, Birmingham and Dublin March 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 9

The G.E.C. is foremost in the design and supply of radio valves and electronic devices as being essential links in the national effort to secure a speedy victory.

Thermionic Valves, Cathode Ray Tubes and associated Electronic Devices will in­ evitably become increasingly necessary in post-war applica­ tion to scientific development in all spheres of electrical engineering and industry.

Here are just a few examples:—

Navigation Aids

Oscilloscopes for Industrial and Scientific Research

Valve Control Devices and Electronic Switches

Public Address and Alarm Systems

High Frequency Heating

Instruments of all kinds

Advt. o f The General Electric Co.. Ltd.. M agnet House, Kingsway, London. W.C.2. E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w March 2, 1 W3

RECTANGLES

COMMUTATOR BARS

/ / The ^ f House of \ yA Copper Conductors fu for over /A - 60 years

FREDERICK SMITH & COMPANY IM r«c lohoom eie. ri ic wi' f co,««, „V ¡2. , N ' „ t e l e g r a m s ANACONDA WORKS. SALFORD 3 LAN CS. a n a c o n d a MANCHESTER ■ March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 11

F O R A.C. MNTI TESTING SETS FER RA N TI LTD., Hollinwood, Lancs. London Office: Kern House, Kingstvay, W.C.2. 12 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w March 2, 1945

THE EMPIRE STORY OF MOFFATS L IM IT E D

Twarded ^ ^Á/c'-on ou rS

ZL, COLD MEDAL J DIPLOMA are treaiured poiieaioni of Wo/fat* cJdimited

At the great New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition of 1925-26, Moffat cookers won the Gold Medal award of Merit for the finest electric cookers. Throughout the years Moffat cookers have retained that distinction in the face of international competition— not only in New Zealand, but in all parts of the world, the intrinsic value of Moffat cookers is recognised and acknowledged. Superior qualities of finish and design, efficiency and durability have won for them a proud reputation in a world-wide market.

MOFFATS LIMITED BLACKBURN • LANCASHIRE

ELECTRIC COOKERS Ł REFRIGERATORS-“SOLD THE WORLD OVER" March 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 13 T h e fir s t HOkV WOOD POLE LINE in G rea t

This NO kV. Line, recently "completed by Henley Engineers, is 25 miles in length, with •2 sq. inch copper con­ ductors carried on wood poles throughout. The straight line poles are of the “H ” Portal type (unbraced).

The lower illustration HENLEY shows one of the several switching structures. CONTRACTORS FOR THE COMPLETE INSTALLATION OF UNDERGROUND Photographs reproduced by courtesy of the Consulting AND OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION Engineers, Messrs. Kennedy AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. & Donkin.

W. T. HENLEY'S TELEGRAPH WORKS CO. LTD. MILTON COURT - VTESTCOTT • DORKING • SURREY ggJgSSS.'ZSS 1 4 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w March 2, 1945 March 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 15

£ n g llik £.LectJzic ' DISTRIBUTION FUSEBOARDS TYPE ‘S M ’

30 and 60 Amps Rating Available up to 12 Ways

Rapid cabling facilities

Incorporating H.R.C. Fuses Category of duty 440 A.C. 4

AVAILABLE FOR QUICK DELIVERY Write for Publication No. FG. 112

THE ENGLISH ELECTRIC COMPANY LIMITED London Office : QUEEN'S HOUSE, KINGSWAY, LONDON, W.C.2 FUSEGEAR WORKS .... S T A F F O R D 1 6 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w March 2,

The reliability of the generating plant is the same as that of its dis­ tributive cable. And the reliability of the cable is that of its insulation! That is why leading cable manufacturers use Tullis Russell Rothmill Cable Insulating Papers. Rothmill is renowned for its uniformly high quality, and isguaranteed free from metals and grit. Rothimll A complete range is manu­ factured. W rite for details. CABLE INSULATING PAPER

l u l U i

TRICKLE CHARGE BATTERY FLOATING NO LOAD IRREGULAR LOAD

CONSTANT VOLTAGE RECTIFIER EQUIPMENT (ftrt u ée w ith hatterie^

A fully automatic floating battery The curves show battery voltage and “ Westat ” system, In which the battery can always output current for a 50-volt battery under varying load conditions. Note (a) the battery be maintained within the required voltage is maintained between limits of ~ 1 % limits of voltage, Is now possible by the with constant mains, and (b) the instantaneous use of a« “ Westat ” Constant Voltage response of the “ Westat ” to changes in battery voltage. Rectifier Equipment. WESTINGHO USE

Write for descriptive pamphlet No. 11L

WESTINCHOUSE BRAKE & SIGNAL Co., LTD. Pew Hill House, Chippenham , Wilts . 18 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w March 2, 1945 MOTORS that combine

them all

Do you realise the scope of the Parkinson exceptionally high starting torque with range of over 2,000 types of A.C. moderate starting current is required. Motors ? Do you realise how almost any But there is also the “ QT-Klosd- need can be met out of the standard Tork ” Motor that combines all these range ? There is, for instance, the features ! And it is the same with other “ QT ” Motor for quiet running, the combinations of special duty features. “ Klosd ” Motor for cool running in Whatever the needs of the drive it is easy damp and dirty situations, and the to select the correct motor by calling on “ Tork ” Motor for use when an the Parkinson A.C. Motor Service.

CRomPTon^pnRKinson LIMITED

ELECTRA HOUSE, VICTO RIA EMBANKMENT, LONDON, W.C.2 a n d B r a n c he* March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 19

IN SUPPORT OF THE MINISTRY OF FOOD HERE IS ANOTHER RECIPE FOR YOUR DEMONSTRATIONS:

Peanut-Butter COOKING CABINET Cake

Ingredients. 8 ozs. Self-raising flour. 2 ozs. Peanut Butter. 1 Pint Milk. 2 ozs. Sugar. 2 Tablespoonsful Syrup. l-j Teaspoonsful Ginger or Mixed Spice. 3 ozs. Sultanas. ^ Teaspoonful Bi-carbonate Soda.

M e th o d . Put the peanut butter sugar, syrup and milk in ; pan and warm it yfsr Savings sufficiently to melt the pea­ “09»&£ nut butter. Put all the other ingredients in a bowl and pour on the contents of the pan, beating well. Put at once into a greased cake tin and bake at 425° for about one hour.

Cat. No. I92J.

ELECTRIC STOVE Co. Ltd. TREET, LONDON, S.W. I March 2, 1945 2 0 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w

ELECTRO ZINCING by THE GALVANAX PROCESS

is approved by the A.I.D. when a zinc coating is specified as a substi­ tute for Cadmium plating owing to a shortage of the latter metal. For fast deposits on wrought iron and steel it is unequalled in colour, simple to operate, and has excellent throwing power besides providing efficient protection from rust.

GREAT HAMPTON STREET BIRMINGHAM 18 21 March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w

This new “ Sieray ” fluorescent lamp is identical with the Standard Siemens “ Sieray ” Daylight fluorescent lamp, except that it gives a warmer, and more pleasing light comparable to sunlight and possesses the same qualities of high efficiency and coolness in operation.

The two lamps are electrically interchangeable, so that existing installations of DAYLIGH T lamps can be changed to W ARM WHITE without difficulty.

The importance of Planned Lighting in Essential Industrial Plants cannot be over-emphasised. Siemens lighting engineers are at your service without obligation. You are invited to send for descrip­ S i e m e n s tive leaflet.

SIEM ENS ELECTRIC LAMPS AN D SUPPLIES LIMITED 38/9 Upper Thames St., London, E.C.4

BRANCHES: BELFAST. BIRMINGHAM, BRISTOL, CARDIFF, DUBLIN, GLASGOW , LEEDS, LIVERPOOL, MANCHESTER, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE, NOTTINGHAM, SHEFFIELD 0 1 19-* E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w h i arch 2, MOTOR CONTROL GEAR

M e tro v ick Motor Control Equipment ^ covers a ll typ es for All applications

cu , LTU TRAFFORD PARK - MANCHESTER XI.

H A 5 0 I INCREASE PRODUCTION BY March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 23

A switch-fuse o f

PROVED

PERFORMANCE *

^ The Crabtree “50-50” UNIT

rJ''H IS entirely shockproof 10 ampere (250 volt) switch-fuse is, in every way, as pleasing in appearance as a Crabtree tumbler switch. It is very simple to wire, both incoming and outgoing cables entering through the bottom of the case. Xo earthing wire is necessary and the erected unit can be sealed against tampering.

Due to the action of a powerful spring, acting upon a solid steel mechanism, the switch has a decisive “ in ” and out m ovem ent. The fuses, which are of highly vitrified English porcelain, have ample space for finger-grip and will be found most easy to rewire.

The Crabtree £_ Fifty-Fifty ‘5 switch-fuse is, in short, a typical Crabtree product providing high electrical and mechanical efficiency with

sound design and good appearance. Interior view o f unit CRABTREE A • NAME • SYNONYMOUS • WITH - PROGRESS - IN - ACCESSORIES - AND • SWITCHGEAR

“ Crabtree ” (Registered) C550/9. Adxt. of J. A. Crabtree & Co. Ltd., Walsall, Enzkmd March 2, 1945 24 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w SWITCtiGEAP ¿»SPECIALISTS

IIOkVAIR-BLAST SWITCHGEAR BEFORE DESPATCH March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 25

T E L C O K w

As pioneers of the Industry TELCON were amongst the first to explore the potentialities of thermoplastic materials for cable insulation. Today TELCO\ IN P.Y.C. Cables ensure the utmost efficiency and dependability in service. Made to standard specification all materials con­ form to G.D.E.S. 18. Full details on request.

ir TELCON DESIGNED RADIO FREQUENCY CABLES ARE THE BASIS OF WORLD STANDARDS (Regd.) THE TELEGRAPH CONSTRUCTION & MAINTENANCE CO. LTD. Head Office: 22 OLD BROAD STREET, LONDON, E.C.2 Tel. : LONdon W all 3141 March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w

Though circumstances beyond our control may prevent our meeting present demands for Smith Meters, we still invite you to place your Inquiries with us. HSIST ON @ SMITH METERS ARE MARCHING IN LINE WITH PROGRESS 2 7 March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a i R e v ie w

to your Maintenance4 Pr°bl™* Engmeers

m o t o r G a s , x -w m , e " s t a r -d e l t a -

when the connections are unknown.

Check through with megger and you will obtain three circuits, mark one lead from each circuit as A,, B,. and C, respectively, and the corresponding finishing ends as A „ B2, and C 2.

J.e* r'pr'^r »""«».on I six ¿ fa board whe" »II ea' aSai". The following are all the possible

V B i - C , . (2> a ,-B 2-C , . w a b c a .- B ,- C 2 2- ,- „ a 2- b ,- c 2 A 2-B 2-C ,

SUPPly W W U' Supply

D IR E C T IO N o— f■ r o t I M a It I i oyj n It IS SO/TIPfim or _____

firs"5 m leh-IO eT e that the sec°nd

T U . • ’

s ^ p r i r r bisconnected the existing MOTOR TO BE m o t o r # « = ~ i i n s t a l l e d

- A B c Th k * mainS conr|ection S&JsgsSr™ turned by hand If 'S motor identical thJ i connections are ' ent'cal, the voltmeter will move in 9 0 0 leaT/W ndrTs,10 before' lf exchanged tffhe S , S S ° rS h ° Uld be S S r S g S S line BROOK MOTORS LIMITED EMPRESS WORKS • HUDDERSFIELD Technical Advisers at LONDON • BRISTOL • MANCHESTER • GLASGOW • BIRMINGHAM SHEFFIELD • LEICESTER • LEEDS • NEW CASTLE • NOTTINGHAM t W iH I M f O T 8 2 ODVS SWITCHGEAR SORDOVISO W problem ofcontrolled street light­ h ase, n cn e adapted be answer,the can and urgent an is necessity.ing s centralized auto­ remote a or as maticcontrol for forms all of street lighting. vial t wr ot r advise or out work available to n youron particular problems. lct isl oc isald no installed itself onceplicity — attention adjustment or whatever s required.is The Sordoviso system provides a weMay u tcncl nier are engineers technical Our h Sroio ytm s sim­ Sordoviso system isThe u bn h slig f the of solving the ban out black­ the of lifting theITH 3131 H G U O R O B H G U O L Falcon ed you send ok, Loughborough Works, further particulars. E l a c i r t c e l LTD. R E H T EL EC TR O L Y T IC P L A N T CO . LTD. . CO T N A L P IC T Y L O TR EC EL ADYRF CHESTER YCROFT SAND w e i v e “ As the driven snow ” is an accepted accepted an is ” snow driven the As “ name Knowles in connection with with connection in Knowles name plants for the production of hydrogen hydrogen of production the for plants together with oxygen oxygen with is together purifi­ which further — cation for need cell without the and from hydrogen—direct duces electrolysis. by oxygen and synonym for purity ; so also is the the is also so ; purity for synonym Plants are in operation in almost almost in operation in are Plants nwe eetoyi eupet pro­ equipment electrolytic Knowles out the technical merit, high high equipment. Knowles merit, the of long life and technical maintenance low of efficiency, the and out world, the of part every every size—proving year-in, year- year- year-in, size—proving every INTERNATIONA) \ V N E G Y X O 6 N E G O R D Y H R O F T N A L P C I T Y L O R T C E L E 99 March 99 - 95 1 J r ~ - . 8 % pure, pure, % pure. % , 1945 2, H012 1 0 H '

29 March 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w

P F FIRES F I T T I N G S SWITCHGEAR WATER HEATERS

1895

BERRY'S ELECTRIC LTD. LONDON BIRMINGHAM-MANCHESTER-NEWCASTLE M arch 2, 1 9 4 5 3 0 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w TRANSFORMERS AIR-COOLE D

Also SWITCHBOARDS and GENERAL POWER EQUIPMENT . . MANUFACTURED and SUPPLIED

Special units designed and built for any application THE NELSON ENGINEERING CO. LTD. NETHERFIELD WORKS, NELSON, LANCS. p h o n e t u u

“ MICALOID ” ______(Registered) ______CONTACT RING HOUSINGS With Manganese Bronze Rings and Terminals moulded in with “ MICALOID” Supplied in thousands to Government Departments, and to over twenty of the most important manufacturers in the Country. Machined to fine limits. . Size 9" long x 6" dia. Weight II lbs.

“ MICALOID ” 1 Is impervious to moisture. ALSO

2 High dielectric and mech- MICA, anlcal strength. MICANITE, 3 Non-tracking heat resist- ing (up to iso0 c) BAKELITE

4 Produced from our MOULDINGS “ MICALOID ” moulding compositions, manufac- . tured in our own works. e t c *

Mica Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Volta Works, Bromley Kent Telephone : T I RAVENSBOURNE 01 18 (3 lines) , MICAM a' n u .T o n DON .21 March 2, 1945 F: LFC" I RICAt. REVIEW

CERTIFIED FOR USE IN COLLIERIES OR OTHER INDUSTRIAL SITUATIONS WHERE INFLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERES M A Y EXIST.

MANUFACTURED IN STANDARD SIZES UP TO 300'H.P.

Send for Descriptive Catalogue No. 100. M. & C. SWITCHGEAR LTD. \ § 7 KELVINSIDE WORKS, KIRKINTILLOCH, GLASGOW

SALES & SERVICE: OLIVE GROVE RD. SHEFFIELD, 2. LONDON OFFICE; 36 VICTORIA ST., S.W.I - M arch 2, 1945 32 E lec tr ic a l R eview

Three words provide a full solution, One simple sequence gives the clue: Volt, Re-volt, Revolution.

James W imshurst, in his day, was a man of some consequence. Itis but the irony of fate that his name should survive only in association with the Wimshurst Machine, the fruit of his leisure hours. This was an ingenious contrivance for inducing electricity at high voltage; the machine is now just of academic interest, but its part in the evolution of such modem marvels as X-rays and Television has assured its place in the annals of science. To-day, the experimenter has everything made easy for him. He has at his command materials perfectly adapted to his needs. In DISTRENE (Regd.), for example, he has an ally whose value can only be appreciated in actual use. Here is an insulating material which has revolutionised high-frequency electrical design.

BX DISTRENE ( R e g d .)

COMPRESSION STRENGTH 7 tons per sq. in SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1-06 WATER ABSORPTION Nil COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION . -0001 s u r f a c e resistivity (24 hours in water) 3 X 10* megohms. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT 60— 10* CYCLES . 2-60— 2*70 POWER FACTOR UP 100 MEGACYCLES TO •0002— 0003

DISTRENE is made in sheets, rods and tubes * a f rm for injection moulding. ^ m powder-fonn

B X PLASTICS L T D . , LARKSWOOD WORKS, LONDON, E. 4

LH/BX221 March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 33 What price a million homes?

I T h e cost of post-war building will with the quality which the public will largely depend upon the cost of each demand.

component. And the cost of each M.E.M. Switch and Fuse Gear has component will depend upon the way shown how this can be done. In the in which it is produced. Only the New largest and most self-contained factory Craftsmanship of large scale production specialising in such gear M .E.M . had, organised upon the most efficient lines up to the war, progressively reduced can combine low cost and quantity costs and prices and at the same time improved quality. This steady increase in production efficiency .goes on and M .E.M . are ready to pass its benefits on as a contribution to the rebuilding of Britain after the war.

SWITCHGEAR

MOTOR STARTERS • FUSEGEAR

ELECTRIC FiRES

MIDLAND ELECTRIC MANUFACTURING CO. LTD., TYSELEY, BIRMINGHAM, 11 London Showrooms and Stores: 21-22 Rathbone Place, London, W.l • Manchester Showrooms and Stores; 48-50 Chapel Street, Salford, 3

«1 M arch - E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w Service behind the Switch . . . A most comprehensive range of accessories and fittings, cables and conduits, produced in our several Works and Factories to rigid specification; plus an unremitting attention to customers’ individual requirements, large or small. These have made the name “ EFESCA” synonymous with DEPENDABILITY. Our constant aim is to main­ tain and extend that reputation. Now that supplies are so restricted,priority orders must be our first consideration. When trading is resumed in normal volume, we feel sure our friends will remember that for sound manufacture and efficient service they i n twilight arctic or can rely on HITEST blazing tropic, across CABLES

EFESCA the trackless wastes of WIRING ACCESSORIES the world you know

where you are with MARCONI

MARCONI S WIRELESS TELEGRAPH CO. LTD. THE MARCONI INTERNATIONAL MARINE

Trade Counter : 34, Queen St., Choapside, E.C.4 COMMUNICATION CO. LTD. ELECTRA HOUSE,

Art advertisement of Falk, Stadelmann & Co. Ltd VICTORIA EMBANKMENT, LONDON, W.C.2 91. Farringdon Road, London, E.C.I, and Branches’.

® 89-IO A ★ KEEP OUTPUT UP -WITH ¡afe CRomPTon a h pt&p&f* CRB LES i f «

■

*

£¿Í- ■- l\i ' Ecní> axis1

CROMPTON PARKINSON LIMITED, ELECTRA HOUSE, VICTORIA EMBANKMENT. LONDON, W.C.2 Telephone: TEMpte Bar 5911 Telegrams: Crcmpark. Bstrar.d, London March 2, 1945 3 6 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w

r \

Lionel Robinson & Co. Ltd. 3 Staple Inn London, W.C. I Telephon« • ■ HOLborn 6322

ANCIENT COMPASSES

This highly ornamental, ancient Pocket Compass is undoubtedly a work'of art . . . but modern requirements insist on meticulous scientific precision as embodied in Darwin’s Permanent Magnets

DABWINS-TQLEOO

IMWIN5 PERMANENT M&RWF.TS D A R W IN S LIMITED • F ITZWI LLI A M WORKS • S H F F m p T n EXPORT DIVISION • DARW INS TOLEDO OVERSEAS LTD • SHEFFIELD March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 37

CABLES (Amendment No. 3, June, 1943, to British Standard Spec. No. 7, 1939) Pol/vinyl Chloride (P.V.C.), suitably compounded and plasticised, is a proved and reliable War emergency substitute for rubber as a dielectric and sheathing for a wide range of electric cables. W e have already supplied large quantities of such cables and wires for special applications. The material is now released for general use— in fact, by G overnm ent instructions, it must be used as widely as possible, so that rubber may be conserved. Stocks are held at our Works and Branches, where further particulars and prices are obtainable. JOHNSON & PHILLIPS LTD. CHARLTON, LONDON, S.E.7 Telephone: Greenwich 3244 (13 lines). Telegrams: “ Juno,” Charlton, Kent M arch 2, 1945 3 8 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w It’s as SIMPLE as A B C — to install and connect — to remove and replace a lamp — to inspect the control gear — to remove for cleaning or re p a ir

VITREOUS 'ENAMELLED — ^ m S Ê sm m FLUORESCENT REFLECTOR FITTING All the control gear is BUILT-IN the ends of the reflector— quite concealed but readily arrpccihl**accessible. Write for Tullfull______particulars__ i _ to'- —' H a w a i i ; « C CO. FFS March 2, 1945 Electrical Review

Brush Ljungstrom Turbine Sets supplied for all industries. Our technical engineers are available for consultation without obligation.

LOUGHBOROUGH ENGLAND 40 Electrical Review M n ic h 2, 1 9 4 5

RECONSTRUCTION

The almost superhuman efforts whereby Industry, in the hour of Britain's greatest need, turned from Peace to War, will, in many instances, be little less exacting in the switch back to post-war production. A few are in the happy position of being able to assume and fulfil their part as soon as circumstances permit: many are necessarily exploring' a complicated and difficult change round. Pre-eminent among the needs for reconstruction will be the provision of electrical and mech­ anical power: aptness for the particular job, economy in maintenance and utmost reliability will be v ita l.. PETTER ENGINES, available over a wide range of H.P. will help to fill the need.

>ENGINES

P E T T E R S LTD • LOUGHBOROUGH • ENGLAND M arch 2, 1945 Electrical Review 41

THERMOPLASTIC CABLES FOR ALL ESSENTIAL PURPOSES COMMUNICATIONS—POWER—LIGHTING

W E are actively engaged in all the manufacture of V.I.R. and synthetic Insulated cables to meet the urgent require­ ments of war. Our Research Laboratories have been associated with the development of synthetic materials as cable insulants for many years before the war, and the experience thus gained has been applied to the manufacture of our cable products.

V.I.R. and synthetic insulated cables produced by this Company are being used for all essential war purposes. Standard Telephones and Cables Limited

(Cable Sales Department) NORTH WOOLWICH, LONDON, E.I6 Telephone : Albert Dock 1401 March 2, 1945 4 2 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w

M EK E LIT E Industrial Lighting Units are available with various lengths of arms and pillar. Bases for wall, bench or machine mounting ; for conduit or side entry with clamp for supply cable. Also heavy bases for portable use. SmaJJ reflectors for 12-volt lam ps can be supplied.

Catalogue sent free on request.

MEK-ELEK Engineering Ltd., 17 Western Road, Mitcham, Surrey Phone MIT\h.m 3072 Cables: Mekelek. London

Manufacturers o f Switchboard and Portable Pattern Microammeters Milliammeters Ammeters Voltmeters Wattmeters and Testing Sets

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS (PULLIN) LTD ELECTRIN WORKS, WINCHESTER ST., ACTON, W.3 M a rc h 2, 1945 Electrical Review 45

Fa s t T i m b bv » r f c o r d b r e a k i r ’

VTRP13/3 SWITCHGEAR f t r i 33 kv SERVICE

Manufactured by SWITCHGEAR SPECIALISTS FERGUSON, PAILIN LIMITED M arch 2, 1945 44 E lectrical R eview

OIL ENGINE GENERATING PLANT INDUSTRIAL WORKS

UNIQUE example of the greatly increased horse­ power which can be made available in an engine A room of restricted size by using a Pressure Charged RUSTON Ruston Oil Engine. Oil Engine Generating The installation is at an important Government Factory and is working in parallel with the Grid to carry Peak Sets from Loads and reduce Maximum Demand Charges. 5 to 1,000 k W There are three Ruston Engines, although only two can output be seen in the photograph, each with an output of 750 kW, giving a total of 2,250 kW from a small engine room. The pressure charger for the centre engine shows clearly on the left of the picture.

OIL ENGINES

RUSTON & HORNSBY LTD., LINCOLN, ENGLAND E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w Managing Editor : M a r c h 2 , 1945 H ugh S. Pocock, M.I.E.E. Technical Editor : Commercial Editor ; Contents C. O. Brettelle, M.I.E.E. J. H. Cosens Page Contents continued Page Editorial.— Fuel and Power . . 295 Forthcoming Events . 316 Llynfi Power Station . 297 Wattmeter Testing. By A. G. Personal and Social . 303 Hewitt, B. Eng. . 317 Tidal Power . 305 Coal Suitability . 319 Television Transmission . 306 Views on the News . 320 Reclaiming Components . 306 Heating Buildings. By H. C. Distant Reading Compass . 306 Harris, M.I.E.E. . 321 Correspondence . . 307 “ Loudaphones ” at Leicester 324 Synchronous Machinery . 308 Electricity Supply . 325 Smoke Abatement . 309 Financial Section . 326 Canadian Water Power . 310 New Patents . 329 Parliamentary News . 310 Contract Information . 330 Commerce and Industry . 31 1 Ministry of Fuel and Power . . 314 Classified Advertisements 71 Refrigeration Industry . 315 Index to Advertisers 80

EDITORIAL, AD VERTISIN G & PU B LISH IN G OFFICES : Dorset House, Stamford St., London, S.E.I Telegraphic Address : “ Ageekay, Sedist, London." Code : ABC. Telephone No. : Waterloo 3333 (35 lines). Registered at G.P.O. as a Newspaper and Canadian Magazine rate of postage. Entered as Second Class Matter at the New York, U.S.A., Post Office. Annual Subscription, Post free : British Isles, £2 7s. 8d. ; Canada, £2 3s. 4d. ; Elsewhere, £2 5s. 6d. Cheques and Postal Orders (on Chief Office, London) to be made payable to ELECTRICAL REVIEW LTD., and crossed *' Lloyds Bank."

£ The Fuseholder rthat’s Different! $ SCRUTACT (Pat.) Fuseholders, "as fitted to D O N O V AN Boards, have ^ no springy contacts to cause over- A f heating. SCRUTACT ensures enor- M mous contact pressures— yet allows iU H.R.C. cartridges to be changed instantly without tools.

JUST ONE TURN OF THE KNURLED INSULATED KNOB RELEASES Oft C L A M P S T H E H -R.C- C A R T R ID G E THE ÜGNQVAN ELECTRICAL C° IT.0 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS AND BIRMINGHAM 9 STOCKHOLDERS A.-V- SUck.‘s*o -2>77 {5>ßXi - SOHOMH gittwiKix««

D§ M arch 2, 1945 46 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w

PLUGS AND SOCKETS

N 63 3 A . 5-amp, 250-volt, 3-pole couplings T w o - w a y Angle Plug.

I

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A S the C A M and the B R ID G E are mechanical and electrical symbols, and C A M B R ID G E Is a seat of science and learning, so CAMBRIDGE PRODUCTS bearing this trade mark embody the scientific application of engineering principles in design. Sixty years of continuous development have gone into their making.

CAMBRIDGE Data of over 120 ELECTRICAL INSTRU­ INSTRUMENT CO.LTD. 13 GROSVENOR PLACE MENTS are given in FOLDERS 53-X and 54-X. LONDON S .W . I WORKS : LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w THE OLDEST ELECTRICAL PAPER - ESTABLISHED 1872

Vol. CXXXVI. No. 3510. M A R C H 2, 1945 9d. W E E K L Y

Fuel and Power Justification of Ministry’s Continuance

7HF.N the Ministry of Fuel and Power fair, because, after all, the Electricity W Bill cartie up for discussion in the Commissioners are a part of the Ministry House of Commons last Friday Major and the Minister is entitled to credit (even Lloyd George appealed to members not if it is of a negative kind) for refraining to make it an occasion for another debate from too much interference with their on the coal industry. But it was inevitable very well conducted work. that the Ministry’s past should be dis­ Captain Duncan advocated the return cussed when Parliament was being asked of the various sections of the Ministry to to provide for its future and consequently their former homes, but surely that would the debate was concerned almost wholly be retrogressive, particularly if, as Captain with the mines and miners. As a result the Duncan suggested, electricity went back other aspects of the Ministry’s work were to the Ministry of Transport and not the dealt with in a rather sketchy fashion. Board of Trade. There is far too much in the fuel and power industries for a sub­ No Extension of Powers department to handle; the coal industry In moving the second reading Major alone is a sufficient subject for a separate Lloyd George made it quite clear that the M inistry. Bill was designed mainly to confirm the transfer of powers and duties from other Production Comes First Departments to the Ministry, e.g., those The Ministry’s main task obviously lies concerned with electricity from the Board in the coalfields. While the economical of Trade. The Bill, he said, did not seek use of coal is a proper matter for its •to continue any of the powers over industry attention, production must come first. and over consumers given by wartime Co-ordination was referred to in the regulations after the period of emergency debate, but even if this is desirable (and was over. This was somewhat offset by a the degree of co-ordination is a subject corollary that this did not mean that any for discussion) the necessity for more and Minister in the future would not be better coal is far greater. expected to introduce policies affecting the Upon the whole the debate has con­ fuel and power industries. firmed us in our opinion expressed over Mr. David Grenfell expressed the opinion two years ago (October 30th, 1942) that that the Ministry had done nothing to “ if there is to be a regulation of the fuel improve the production of coal; the and power industry it is logical to entrust Minister should ask for greater powers. it to a single body as has now been done, Apparently this extended to the electricity but how far is regulation to go ? In our supply industry, for Mr. Grenfell said later view the chief function of the Ministry is that the electricity and gas industries would to see that sufficient coal is produced and have run just as well if he had been an that it is efficiently distributed. During absentee all the time. That was not quite the war it may be necessary for it to say March 2, 1945 2 9 6 E l e c t r ic a l R e v i e w that certain things must be done by gas last week that the C.E.R.A. had and others by electricity, for in this, as in to join with the D o m e s t i c Electric other matters, the public must be directed Refrigeration Association t o lo rm tne for the one purpose of winning the war. British Refrigeration Association. Al­ When victory is achieved the people must though there is, of c o u r s e , a distinct once again be allowed some choice in the difference in the classes of business in ordering of their affairs—or what are we which the members of the two associations fighting for ? ” are engaged, they have a great deal in A c r u c i a l need in common and in such directions (important Coal Prices the economical con­ among them being research) unity should struction and operation prove to be strength in the coming of electric power stations is a price struc­ strenuous days. Mr. A. V. Alexander, ture for coal based upon its suitability. First Lord of the Admiralty, at the same This goes a good way beyond calorific luncheon praised the refrigeration industry value to include size, volatile, ash and for its work during the war for the moisture contents and swelling. The Royal Navy and the Merchant Service. range of suitability in each of these respects was set out in a statement presented at the T h e new Report on conference arranged on Wednesday by Severn Barrage the Severn Barrage re­ the N.W. Section of the Institute of Fuel viewed in this issue between coal users and the coal industry. differs from that of 1933 in several material It is now up to the latter to say to what aspects, mainly as a result of altered extent it is able to meet the requirements conditions. Since costs of hydro-electric of power-station engineers at a price that schemes consist mainly of capital charges, is closely related to suitability, with a view the lower rate of interest now anticipated to drawing up a standard specification. (3 instead of 4 per cent.) and the reduction in capitalised interest during construction R equirements differ owing to the shorter period allowed for Clearing as between mechanical the work (eight instead of fifteen years) the Air stokers and pulverised improve the economic aspects even without fuel. Thus ash content, their being favourably weighted by the which should not be greater than 1 \ per advancing price of coal. On the other cent, with pulverised-fuel firing is prefer­ hand costs of construction have gone ably at least 8 per cent, with chain grates. up by some two-thirds, which adversely This has a wider import than the technical affects any advantages of pumped storage, aspects. In a survey of flue-gas cleaning the idea of which has now been abandoned. methods before a joint meeting last week between the' Institute of Fuel and the I n the earlier part of the National Smoke Abatement Society, Mr. Cheaper war aluminium was in John Bruce gave the proportion of original Aluminium such demand for aircraft ash that might pass from the combustion construction that people chamber with mechanical stoking as 10 were asked to bring out their old pots and per cent., whereas with p.f. firing it might pans to enable the war in the air to be be as much as 70 per cent. Not only does carried on. But as time went on pro­ electricity add no contamination to the duction was stepped up to such a degree atmosphere but, as the author claims, the and aircraft construction changed so supply industry is doing all that is scientific­ much in character that in 1944 there was ally possible to prevent emissions from actually a great and growing surplus. It power stations. is therefore not surprising that it has been I n these days when the possible to release the metal for non- Combined tendency to form new military purposes and to reduce the price Forces associations in the industry from £110 to £85 a ton—actually less is growing it is pleasing than before the war. The cut brings to see a combination of two existing the price of aluminium practically to the bodies. It has occurred in the refrigeration United States level of about £83 a ton. industry: Mr. E. G. Batt, independent fhere is speculation as to the possible chairman of the Commercial Electric effect of the reduction upon the use and Refrigeration Association announced, at price of copper, a matter which closely the Association’s second annual luncheon concerns the electrical industry. March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 297

W • The New Generating Station • jn South Wales

N installation designed around the prin- sons Electricity Corporation, Ltd., who Au ciple of unit operation; firing by pulver­ designed and constructed the station for the ised fuel, with special features in the system supply undertaking in question, and to consequent on using Welsh coals; complete whom we are indebted for permission to automatic control of combustion; the adop­ visit the station, was, of course, also the tion of a unique ash-disposal scheme; designer of the Little Barford station. supplementing cooling-tower operation with Actually it was the intention to duplicate riverside working ; the use of air-blast Little Barford as far as possible, but the operated main switchgear and the complete original design has been considerably modified absence of oil switchgear throughout the in consequence of the differences which prevail station. These are our impressions of the in local conditions, the operating require­ outstanding features of the new Llynfi ments and the nature of the fuels consumed. Despite these modi­ fications, however, there is in the main a very close similarity in the two stations, and as Little Barford was described by us so recently we propose now merely to outline the points of similarity and to deal more fully with those characteris­ tics of Llynfi which are not in line with Little Barford. The main purpose of the station is to supplement the supply from the Upper

A b o v e : T h e station may be described as cooling- tower operated, with supplementation b y river water ; river in­ take in foreground generating station of the South Wales Electric Power Com­ pany after a recent visit. To the above might be added a word about the rapid build­ ing of the station: we believe that something of a record in quick construction was An extremely interesting point about the ash-disposal scheme is its achieved in that the possible influence, in relation to other factors, on the adoption of p.f. first section of the plant firing ; ashes and water being pumped into the impound area was put into com­ mercial service in December, 1943, only Boat generating station in meeting the nineteen months after civil work was com­ requirements of the power company’s system, menced on the site. and in this light the new station may be It was very soon evident that the same regarded, superficially, as an extension to hand was employed in the design and Upper Boat. The Llynfi station is about construction of this station as in the case of 16 miles from Upper Boat, on one bank of Little Barford, which was described in the the River Llynfi, from which the station Electrical Review of January 19th last. takes the whole of its water supplies, and Mr. H. Ewbank, chief engineer of Edmund- near the G.W.R. line connecting Bridgend M arch 2, 1 9 4 5 298 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w and Maesteg, so that the station is served houses, with the necessary connections to reasonably well for both coal and water, the 66-kV transmission lines. particularly as there are so many collieries Incoming coal wagons are received Dy a within a few miles of the position. The station, which is essentially a base-load one and operates on a three - shift basis, is designed for an ultimate capacity of 120,000 kW, but the present plant capacity of just half this figure is given by two units,

Each of the pumps in the well is in series with a pump at a lower level, and each pair of pumps lifts the ashes and water to the disposal ground up the valley ; sluicing pumps are shown atfloor level in the rear and sealing and quenching pumps are on the left double-platform side tippler which feeds the coal into a central hopper from which the fuel falls on to a horizontal underground belt con­ veyor. From this conveyor the coal is belt elevated in two stages to the boiler bunker house where a Pulverised fuel is delivered to twelve burners, via six feeder pipes, at the top of the combustion chamber reversible travelling shuttle con­ because of the characteristics of the W elsh coal used veyor can be operated to feed any of the bunkers. At the junction of each consisting of a 300,000-lb. per hr. the two inclined belt conveyors, however, is Stirling boiler serving a 30,000-kW English crushing plant, and the coal from the first Electric turbo-alternator set. A reflection inclined belt is either delivered direct to from the unit-operation design feature is the this or chute fed to an adjacent storage absence of partitioning of any sort between ground with a capacity of 24,000 tons. For the boilers and the turbo-alternator sets. In distribution and reclaiming over the storage terms of ground level there is no actual ground a travelling grab crane is used, and basement to the station, for the condenser recently the use of a bulldozer has given and ash basements are actually at ground excellent results in transferring coal on the level and the whole of the plant is elevated storage ground. The coal-handling system, from this. The boiler-firing floor and the which will deal with 120 tons per hr., is a turbine operating floor are at the same product of Spencers (Melksham), Ltd. level of 28 ft. above the basement, the surge The boilers, which are designed for tanks are 56 ft. above the basement, the raw steaming conditions of 650 lb. per sq. in. water tanks 72 ft., the top boiler drums and and 910 deg. F., are of the tri-drum type and the top of the economiser 81 ft., and the top are equipped with horizontal multi-loop of the boiler house 109 ft. The present superheaters, straight-tube type economisers single stack is 275 ft. high. Following the and Howden Ljungstrom rotary air pre- plan from end to end of the station, roughly heaters. The combustion chamber has in a line parallel with the river bank on one Bailey water-cooled walls. The top of the side and the railway sidings on the other, we have the coal-handling plant, stack, fc;°no'Tllser. 1S at about the same level as the boiler house, turbine room, cooling tower, ie! drurTs and the air heater is ThP J™ 8; Sr facing the burners, and finally the transformers and switch- he principle heating surfaces are boiler March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w convection 4,282 sq. ft., water walls 9,820 sq. ft., superheaters (primary and secon­ dary) 20,550 sq. ft., and economiser 67,200 sq. ft. The unit system of p.f. firing is employed largely on account of the base­ load characteristic of the station. The pul­ verising mills are of the Babcock & Wilcox ball type and are housed at the base­ ment level. There are

The rotary air preheaters (right) are located at the firing-floor level and face the feeder ends of the boilers

primary-air fan immediately in front of each mill serves as the main transmission system to the burners which, on account of the different classes of fuel used, differ from those of Little Barford in that they enter the top of the combustion chamber so that the path inside the chamber is down one side and up the other. The quantity of fuel in the mill is stabilised by the differential air pressure between the mill inlet and outlet; this differential is the con­ trolling medium for the fuel-feeder motor. There are twelve downward fish-tail burners per boiler, each pair being served

Above: Quenched ashes from the combustion chambers fall on to curved hearths from which they are sluiced by a traversing high- pressure water jet Right : The vertical pumps in the rear lift the water from the River Llynfi, and the circu- i lating-water pumps are KÇ those at the lower level » li­ three mills per boiler as and any two of them k will serve the boiler at k 80 per cent, loading. The mills are fed with is coal directly from the ef boiler bunkers and a March 2, 1945 300 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w by a fuel pipe, two of which pipes are con­ steam header pressure and the r a t i o be'tween nected to each mill. The whole of the com­ the air and fuel inputs. This r a t i o is further bustion air for each boiler is drawn by the adjusted and kept constant by a^ teaI? flow/ duplicate f.d. fans from the top of the air-flow recorder controller which acts as building, and the bulk of it is passed through subsidiary control to the master pressure the air preheater to the boiler wind box. controller, the latter having an over-naing From this wind box secondary air is taken influence on the fuel input. to the front of the combustion chamber and Automatic control of the final steam tem­ admitted behind the burners so as to create perature is obtained by means of a surface the desired turbulence, and tertiary air is de-superheater connected between the primary taken to side and back inlets to the com­ and secondary boiler superheaters. Butterfly bustion chamber. The secondary- and valves in the inlet and in the by-pass to the tertiary-air temperatures are both about 500 de-superheater are linked together in deg. F. opposition, so that their position determines The primary-air fan is fed from the air line the proportions of steam which, respectively, from the f.d. fan on both the cold and hot pass through and by-pass the de-superheater. sides of the air preheater, and by suitable All the electrical control gear and the manual

The station has at present two units, each with a 30,000-kW turbo-alternator set served by a 300,000-lb. per hr. boiler ; one turbo-alternator set shown air-mixing controls the temperature entering pneumatic valves associated with the com­ the fan, and hence the mill, can be adjusted bustion system for each boiler are accom­ within fairly wide limits. To complete the modated on the central section of a control combustion circuit the flue gases pass from board and desk situated between, and in the combustion chamber to the other side line with, the boiler and turbo-alternator set of the air preheater and then through the of each unit. Sturtevant electrostatic precipitator and on The Babcock & Wilcox “ Hydro-Jet ” via the i.d. fans to the chimney. system of ash and dust handling is employed, Complete automatic combustion control is m which the coarse ash from the boiler provided for by means of the Bailey air- combustion chamber falls on to the two operated system in which air pistons and curved sloped hearths after being spray cylinders directly operate the fan vanes, quenched above the hoppers. Extraction the brush shifting gear of the variable-speed ot the ash from the hearths is by means motors and the dampers. The loading air ° s cing traversing high-pressure pressure is transmitted through selector water jets The water and ash pass along valves associated with each cylinder, the n ?c ro Uii u an,d °n to a sumP from which degree of the pressure depending on the it is lifted by duplicate sets of pumps in demand for steam as shown by the varying series, with a combined capacity of 1,500 March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 301 gal. per min. per set against a total head of Each of the 3,000-RPM turbines has three 240 ft., to the storage ground of what we cylinders, including a h.p. one with 19 believe to be a unique ash-disposal scheme. impulse stages and two inward-flow l.p. ones, This disposal ground is about half a mile up a each with eleven reaction stages. As the valley running at right angles to the main two turbines run in parallel the admission direction of the river and constitutes an impound area formed by an embankment which once carried a mineral line across the foot of the valley. The ash and water mixture is dis­ charged about 130 yards up-stream from the embankment, so that as the ash settles in the valley bottom the clear water leaves the area over a spillway and passes on to a long-established culvert by which the water is finally passed back to the River Llynfi through precautionary settling ponds, etc. The spillway is fitted with removable concrete panels, so as to provide a The main circuit-breakers are segregated from the main buildings and weir at successively higher from each other by being housed in separate buildings levels as the level of the deposited ash rises. An extremely interesting of steam is governed primarily by the point about this ash-disposal scheme is its centrifugal governor which is remotely possible influence, in relation to other operated from the unit control board. factors, on. the adoption of p.f. firing, one Steam is bled from each turbine at three of the main disadvantages of which method points on the h.p. cylinder, at one point is the great difficulty in getting rid of the on the h.p. cylinder exhaust, and at one point ashes, as compared with the disposal of at each of the l.p. cylinders. The combined stoker-firing ashes which have a market value. exhaust of the l.p. cylinders passes to a condenser which is in two separate sections, each of which can be isolated to permit cleaning without shutting down the plant. It is not necessary to repeat the heat cycle in this article, but a further reference to the arrangement of the Weir feed pumps may be useful because of its unusual character. For each unit there are one electrically-driven pump and one 100 per cent, duty steam- driven pump, and by orthodox operation the steam pump is regarded as a stand-by to the electric pump. There is a fifth and electrically-driven pump which serves as an overall stand-by to the present half of the station, i.e., two units. With regard to the circulating-water system, an interesting comparison can be made with that at Little Barford. The River Llynfi has a minimum flow of 250,000 gal. per hr. and at normal times the flow is grossly inadequate for direct con­ densing purposes for the present half of the station. Further, there are times, ironically at flood levels, when the water conditions are such that no water at all can be used Each alternator generates at 11 kV and Is tied to a 37,500-kVA, 66-kV output transformer which directly. Hence provision has had to be made is considered as part of the generation unit for providing for the whole of the present M arch 2, 1945 302 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w plant on a cooling-tower operation basis, purposes is provided by duplica*® ^lled and this has been done by means of a Film driven automatically pressure> J»»*™ 1{“ concrete cooling tower which has a capacity compressors, one at each end of the sswitclh ng of 2,500,000 gal. per hr. and is unique in site. Two • horizontal air receivers at the that it has reinforced concrete fillings instead base of each circuit-breaker are constantly of timber ones ; thus the station may be charged at 250 lb. per sq. in. from main described as cooling-tower operated with vertical receivers in the compressor houses. river-water supplementation, whereas the On interruption of the circuit, blast valves River Ouse conditions are such that Little admit air from the switch receivers to inter­ Barford is definitely river-water operated rupter units where spring-loaded piston with cooling-tower supplementation. Drys- contacts are forced away from the fixed dale circulating pumps are employed. contacts. The blast between the two sets The alternators, which generate at 11 kV, of contacts blows the arc on to ,a supple­ are each tied to a 37,500-kVA, 11/66-kV mentary contact where it is finally extinguished, the air escaping through exhaust coolers. This operation also admits air to a power cylinder which opens three series isolators immediately after the arc has been extinguished in the interrupter units. The blast valves are then closed, allowing the interrupter contacts to re-make, but the isolators remain open. To close the switch again, operation of the isolators by means of a power cylinder is all that is necessary. Control of the circuit-breakers is normally carried out remotely from the entirely separate main station control room, but there is a comprehensive system of local control in a separate chamber in each switch- house. Supply for Auxiliaries In addition to the unit transformers for supplying the 3-3-kV unit auxiliaries via “ unit boards ” there are two 3,000-kVA station transformers which are supplied from the 66-kV busbars to serve a 3-3-kV “ station board.” An interconnection between each “ unit board ” and the “ station board ” renders it possible to supply the unit auxiliaries when the station is shut down. Stand-by 3-3-kV auxiliaries are also con­ nected to the station board. Step-down transformers are fed from these 3-3-kV switchboards to supply the smaller auxiliaries. The 3-3-kV switchgear is all of the English The main station switchgear is electro-pneumati- cally operated and air-blast arc controllea ; Electric air-break truck type, with a rupturing a single segregated unit capacity of 100,000 kVA, while all the 400-V switchgear is of the air-break contactor type unit transformer, so that from the operating and manufactured by Contactor Switchgear, viewpoint the alternator and transformer are Ltd. Thus we have the unusual, if not together considered as the electrical end of unique, picture of a complete power station the unit. Indeed, the generator trans­ without any oil-filled switchgear whatever. former and the unit transformer for supply­ Essential supplies in emergency are avail­ ing the auxiliaries of the unit are included able from a 230-V lead-acid battery which is with the alternator windings in a Merz-Price charged by pumpless steel cylinder mercury current balance protective system. The main arc rectifiers from which an alternative DC circuit-breakers are of the English Electric supply can be obtained. air-blast type, and each has a rupturing Our thanks are also due to Mr. E. McCabe, capacity of 1,500,000 kVA. The switches generation engineer, and to Mr. J. Palmer are segregated from the main station and Rees, station superintendent, for their help from one another as they are in separate in obtaining the information necessary for switch-houses, each of which contains at the this article, and to the latter for his patient most two switches in separate compartments. assistance in our quest for photographic They are electro-pneumatically operated, views best depicting the outstanding and and air for both operation and arc quenching unusual features of the station. March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 303 PERSONAL ami SOI IAL News of Men and Women of the Industry

T is announced by the Admiralty that Sir Philips’ London office were present. One of I James Pringle, M.I.E.E., is relinquishing the the principal guests was Mr. E. Stroud, president appointment of Director of Electrical Engineer­ of the Illuminating Engineering Society, and ing on March 31st. He will be succeeded by many members of the Bath-Bristol Centre Mr. H. D. MacLaren, D.F.C., who is at present attended. Philips will be organising next season’s the acting ^Assistant Director of Electrical dance in November. Engineering. Mr. Leslie Gamage (vice-chairman and joint Following the appointment of Mr. C. S. managing director, General Electric Co., Ltd.) Brookes, A.M.I.E.E., «as electrical engineer was re-elected president for the third year at the and manager at Southwark, the position of recent annual meeting of the Institute of Export. deputy engineer and manager is vacant and On February 3rd the junior staff at Magnet an advertisement in our last issue invited applica­ House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, were once tions for the post. The salary is in accordance again luncheon guests of the Hon. Mrs. Gamage, with the N J.B. Schedule, Class E, Grade 1 wife of Mr. Leslie Gamage. Afterwards (London Area), and the present commencing they wdre entertained at the Stoll Theatre, salary is £732 per annum. Kingsway, where they saw J. M. Barrie’s The new engineer, Mr. Brookes, was educated fantasy, “ Peter Pan.” at Hereford Secondary School and Bolton Lieut. (E) J. S. Anderson, R.N., son of Mr. S. Technical School. He Anderson, power station superintendent, North­ received his training as ampton Electric Light & Power 'Co., Ltd., has an articled pupil of the been awarded the M.B.E. “ for outstanding cour­ borough electrical en­ age and skill in life saving and in dam age co ntrol.” gineer at Hereford and Mr. T. G. Sandy, of George E. Taylor & Co. between 1922 and 1924 '- m , (London), Ltd., was recently invested with the served as switchboard M.B.E. for his services in connection with attendant and after­ important electrical work carried out for the wards as shift charge Admiralty in the Arctic. engineer in the under­ Mr. A. E. L. Chorlton, M.P., has resigned from taking. In the latter the position of chairman and director of Lanca­ year he went to the shire Dynamo & Crypto, Ltd., owing to pressure Blaydon power station of other business. He is succeeded as chairman of the Newcastle-on- by Mr. H. W. Bosworth, managing director of Tyne (now North- Mr. C. S. Brookes the company. Eastern) Electric Supply Co. as temporary senior assistant and sub­ The Standing Joint Committee of the Asso­ sequently served as shift engineer at Bury ciated Municipal Electrical Engineers and before going to Darwen (Lancs) as shift charge E.P.E.A. has withdrawn its objection to its mem­ engineer. In 1927 he joined the Peterborough bers applying for the position of engineer and Corporation Electricity Department as control manager of Blackpool Electricity Department. engineer and assistant shift charge engineer Lieut.-Col. Sydney Smith, a joint managing and in 1933 became assistant mains engineer. director of Phelon & Moore, Ltd., and a He obtained an appointment with the Basing­ director of the Cleckheaton Engineering & stoke Corporation Electricity Department in Motor Co., Ltd., has been appointed a director 1936 as junior assistant engineer, responsible of the Yorkshire Electric Power Co. for the mains department, and in the following Mr. Stuart Evans, managing director of Evans year was appointed senior assistant engineer, & Wheeler (Electrical Engineers), Ltd., has this position being next to that of the borough accepted the invitation of the Hoylake Urban electrical engineer. In 1940 he went to Nuneaton District Council to be its chairman for the as principal technical assistant and in 1941 was ensuing year. appointed deputy electrical engineer and manager at Southwark. A new wartime record for attendance marked the occasion of the Students’ Lecture by Dr. Mr. F. J. B. Chambers has been appointed W. Wilson to the London Students’ Section general manager of the wholesale electrical of the Institution of Electrical Engineers on division of the Artlang Manufacturing Co., February 13th, over 430 members and friends Ltd. Until recently he was with Celestion, being present in the lecture theatre. Ltd., and before the war was chief of the sales Mr. C. C. Hill, B.Sc. (Eng.), M.I.E.E., deputy department of the Woking Electricity Supply engineer and manager, Brighton electricity Co., Ltd. Mr. H. Lewis is no longer connected undertaking, has been appointed assistant with the Artlang company. general manager of the Northmet Power Co. as Philips Lamps, Ltd., Bristol, held their annual from May 1st. Consequent upon this the staff dance at the Victoria Rooms on February following appointments have been made at 9th. Five hundred people attended the function Brighton: Mr. T. Yule, M.Eng., A.M.I.Mech.E., and two well-known dance bands provided power station superintendent, becomes deputy continuous dancing from 7 to 11 p.m. The engineer and manager, and Mr. W. J. Gibbons, arrangement of dances was carried out under A.M.I.E.E., assistant power station superin­ the control of Mr. H. Gwilliam, who organised tendent, is promoted to take his place. Mr. competition events. Several people from G ibbons in turn is succeeded by Mr. G. R. A. M arch 2, 1945 304 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w Carr, A.M.I.E.E., electrical maintenance and with Professor Barrett and Sir Robert : Hajffield construction engineer. Mr. F. Lynn, at present in research work on the magnetic Pr P , sales engineer, becomes chief commercial nickel-iron alloys. For many he assistant and sales engineer. treasurer of the Dublin Scientific Club and m Mr. Hill was at the Brighton Technical 1910 was chairman of the I.E.E. Dublin Centre. College from 1920 to 1923 and while there took Mr. F. B. Collard.—We learn with regret the London B.Sc. (Eng.) degree as an external of the death on February 20th of Mr. F. B. student. From 1924 to 1926 he served a post­ Collard, who until his retirement in 1942 was graduate apprenticeship with the Metropolitan- contracts manager to Callender s Cable & Vickers Electrical Co. and for three subsequent Construction Co., Ltd. Mr. Collard joined the years gained experience with the company in company in May, 1895, and among the many London and Newcastle, upon the erection of important underground power station plant and the installation of cable contracts for mining equipment. In 1929 he joined the which he was respon­ Brighton Electricity Department as electrical sible were the laying of, technical assistant, later becoming assistant a 6,000-V trunk main manager and deputy engineer. from Wallsend to New­ castle in 1901, when this voltage was con­ Obituary sidered very high. He Professor F. G. Baily.—The death is announced was also in charge of the from Edinburgh of Professor Francis Gibson Metropolitan Electric Baily, M.A. (Cantab), F.R.S.E., who retired Tramways contract in from the Chair of Electrical Engineering at Middlesex, which was Heriot-Watt College in 1933. He was in his commenced in 1902 and seventy-seventh year. Professor Baily was continued for seven- educated at the University College School, years. This was the London, and the Mining College, Germany, and largest single tramway T h e la te he obtained the Natural electrification contract M r. F. B. Collard Science Tripos (1st ever undertaken and class), Parts I and II at included 57 miles of double track. In 1914 he Cambridge. In 1889 he was chief of the South Midlands District in served as a pupil with connection with the G.P.O. development James Simpson & Co., scheme. He was appointed engineer for the pump makers, Pimlico, London District in January, 1923, and became and during the following responsible for the laying of super-voltage two years with Siemens cables in many parts of London and surrounding Brothers & Co., at districts for all the important London electric Woolwich. In 1892 he power companies. In June, 1929, he became „• entered the Department contracts manager. of Electrotechnics, Uni- Mr. E. Calvert.—We regret to report the death i versity College, Liver- on February 21st at the age of seventy-three * pool, under Sir Oliver of Mr. Edward Calvert, M.I.E.E., M.I.Mech.E., Lodge where he re­ who until his retirement The late Professor mained for three years in March, 1936, was F. G . B a ily until taking up his general manager and appointment at Heriot- engineer of the Finchley Watt College in 1896. He acted as examiner in science and engineering for the Civil Service and Borough Council Elec- Cambridge, London, Edinburgh and other — JSB • tricity Department. Mr. universities. In addition he undertook a con­ • vvi** 7' Calvert was Finchley siderable amount of consulting work, particu­ “ " - Council’s first electrical larly in connection with electrical installations in engineer, being ap ­ country houses, hospitals, factories, etc. During pointed on the establish­ the last war he was with the Ministry of Muni­ ment of the-undertaking tions and the War Office. in 1901. For a number His research work dealt with hysteresis in of years he was secretary rotating and alternating magnetic fields, terres­ o f the Associated trial magnetism, earth currents, etc. He became Muncipal Electrical En­ a member of the I.E.E., in 1900 and had served gineers and was on the T h e la te Council of the Incorpor- as chairman of the Scottish Centre. He was . Mr. E. Calvert President of the Engineering Section of the atedMunicipalElectrical British Association in 1934 and was also, a A ssociation. H e was one member of a number of Scottish associations. of the first members of the registration board and the executive committee of the National Professor William Brown, B.Sc., M.I.E.E., Register of Electrical Installation Contractors, formerly Professor of Applied Physics at the to which body he was appointed technical Royal College of Science, Dublin, has died in adviser on his retirement from the Finchley Dublin at the age of eighty-nine. For six years undertaking in 1932. he worked under the late Lord Kelvin, acting Mr. F. Ross. The New Zealand Electrical as his representative in the construction of the Journal reports the death, after a brief illness, Portrush and Giant’s Causeway trams. He of Mr. Frank Ross, secretary of the N.Z. was appointed assistant physicist at the Royal Electrical Traders’ Federation, Cable Makers’ College of Science in 1888, later becoming Association, N.Z. Electric Lamp Manufac­ lecturer in electrotechnology and in 1909 turers Association and other trade organisations Professor of Applied Physics. He was associated He was fifty-six. March 2, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 305 Tidal Power Engineers’ Report on the Severn Barrage Scheme

N November, 1943, a panel of engineers capitalised interest, making £47 million in I was appointed by the Ministry of Fuel the aggregate. Interest and sinking fund and Power to review the conclusions of the charges have been taken at 3 per cent, per Severn Barrage Committee of 1933. The annum and the following repayment periods findings of the panel, the members of which have been assumed: Civil engineering works, were Mr. A. G. Vaughan-Lee, Sir William 80 years; power station plant, 35 years; Halcrow and Mr. S. B. Donkin, have been transformers and switchgear, 20 years; issued this week in a document of thirty-two transmission lines, 25 years. It is suggested pages, including six appendices dealing with • that similar relief to that allowed for new details, many of which are presented as hydro-electric stations in Scotland should be curves and diagrams. (Stationery Office, applicable to the Severn Barrage. 2s. 6d. net.) Total annual charges without transmission The new Report agrees that English Stones are assumed to be: Interest, £1,206,501; provides the best site but proposes a different sinking fund, £350,727; operation and rates, ~ arrangement of sluices. The advantages of £350,000; making a total of £1,907,228 or single-tide working are confirmed. The 4-74 per cent, on capital. Including trans­ scheme is considered as a power scheme mission, these charges become £1,410,201, only. Since 1933, conditions have altered £555,038 and £450,000, making a total of considerably, mainly as a result of the £2,415,239 or 5-14 per cent, on capital. development of larger turbines and alter­ nators, of grid interconnection and of Costs and Coal Saving increases in the price of coal. The original Overall costs per kWh are: Maximum at proposal for an ancillary system of pumped Barrage, 2,365 million kWh, 0- 193d.; average storage would, it was found, increase the for fifteen years from 1955 with restricted capital cost of the scheme to-day by about output at Barrage substations, 2,190 million 40 per cent, with a loss of 27 per cent, of the kWh, 0-209d.; at reception points, 2,107 tidal energy, and it is considered that it is million kWh, 0-275d.; without restriction at not essential and would not be economical. Barrage substations, 2,294 million kWh, The scheme now proposed envisages the 0199; at reception points, 2,207 million installation of thirty-two generating units, kWh, 0-262d. With coal saved at the each of 25,000 kW at 0-9 power factor, in estimated rate of 1-046 lb. per kWh (repre­ two turbine dams. The turbines would be senting an average of 985,000 tons during of the vertical-shaft Kaplan type running at the first fifteen years) the cost of coal into not more than 50 RPM. Switching could power station bunkers would have to be be done at two substations on the Monmouth 37s. 3d. per ton to justify economically the and Gloucester banks of the river. figure of 0-209d. per kWh. Including full costs of transmission, the estimated cost at Estimate of Available Power reception points of 0-275d. per kWh would Power available at spring tides would be correspond to 49s. Id. per ton, as compared 800,000 kW, allowing for overload capacity with an average price of 42s. 2d. for coal of the generating sets, and 2,365 million kWh into bunkers in Southern England in August, generated, but restrictions necessitated by 1944. After 80 years the capital cost of the the absorptive capacity of the grid and civil engineering works would be written off, transmission losses would reduce the effective although these would have been maintained output at the reception points to an annual in a sound and usable condition, thus halving average of 2,107 million kW h up to 1970. the total annual charges. Of the maximum power, 400,000 kW would Quantities of materials required are be transmitted to South-East and East estimated at 565,000 tons of cement, 251,600 England by four 220-kV circuits, 200,000 kW tons of iron and steel and 20,000 tons of to Central England by two 220-kV circuits steel alloys and other materials, in addition and 200,000 kW to South-West England and to 4,512,000 tons of stone, granite, gravel, South Wales by six (already existing) 132-kV etc., most of which would be obtainable circuits. locally. Labour requirements (including Capital expenditure, based on an increase transmission) would average annually over of 65 per cent, on 1936 prices, is estimated at eight years 5,023 men directly employed and £36 million for civil engineering works, plant 6,704 employed" in the manufacture of and contingencies, plus £4-2 million as equipment. If the work started in 1947 the capitalised interest at 3 per cent, during scheme could be put into commission in construction, and £6-4 million for the trans­ 1955, but some energy might be available mission system, plus £0-4 million as earlier. M arch 2 , 1 9 4 5 306 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w

machining or grinding back to size. The p p Television Transmission contains useful recommendations relative to Causes jof Interference and Remedies thickness of coatings and practical comments on "*■ ULTIPATH interference with television their hardness factors, processing methods and l-'-M transmission by signal reflections from control of deposits to specified limits. Examples buildings is dealt with in a paper by Mr. D. I. of different applications are cited, but great difficulty is still encountered in the establish­ L aw so n (Pye, Ltd.), read before the Radio Section of the Institution of Electrical Engineers ment of costing systems because of the varying on Wednesday. nature of the work. Reclamation is most Calculation of the field strength of reflections difficult, involving various types of suspension from idealised obstructions for various wave­ jigs and often causing unbalanced vat loadings, lengths and different distances between trans­ whereas chrome hardening and protection mitter and receiver indicate that, although inter­ against abrasion are cheaper and speedier ference increases with frequency, most of it because they are usually done in larger quantities. could be eliminated by the use of a simple Nickel can be applied to greater thicknesses , than chromium, thus covering wider applications. directive antenna. The conclusion is that build­ What were originally salvage operations are ings near to the transmitter are not likely to be now being increasingly included in manu­ troublesome and that most interference will be facturing specifications as preventive and caused by buildings to the flank and rear of the protective processes. For instance, experience receiver. Even the worst case considered, with proved that salvaged aero-engine cylinder 405-line transmission, could be remedied by the liners were capable of many more flying hours employment of a small parabolic reflector about than untreated liners. Thus it has not only 1 ft. in diameter, while a simple dipole reflector would remove most of the trouble likely to be become essential to provide quality and thick­ ness specifications, but also to ensure that the experienced on longer wavelengths. The size firm approached is capable of executing the of the parabola might have to be increased by work to the standards required. about 50 per cent, if the number of lines trans­ mitted were doubled. Polarisation of the transmitted wave has not Distant-reading Compass been dealt with in this paper, but the author Improved Aircraft Navigation puts forward a plea for its consideration. If the wave is vertically polarised, the vertical surface N ingenious instrument, recently removed of a building will have a reflecting coefficient A from the secret list, that has contributed that is independent of the angle of incidence; materially to the better navigation of Bomber whereas a horizontally polarised transmission Command aircraft is a distant-reading compass will be little reflected from a vertical surface at which has been made in large numbers by more angles of incidence near to the Brewster angle. than one electrical manufacturer in England. Reference is made to a series of experiments It was designed by the R.A.E. in order to carried out in America since this paper was improve upon the ordinary magnetic compass, written, which seem to suggest the existence of which functions normally only when the aircraft an unusual phenomenon that is not in accord­ is flying on a dead level course. This was a ance with present electromagnetic theory. The distinct disadvantage in operational flying as, author rather suspects the effect to be not one after dropping his bombs, a pilot should be of propagation, but due to some inadvertent anle to take evasive action rather than be forced frequency modulation at the transmitter. to fly straight for a spell in order to be able to take his bearing. It was also found that in the cockpit interference from electrical circuits and Reclaiming Components various metals was considerable. The D.R. Electrodeposition Processes compass overcomes these disadvantages. All interference is damped out and the pilot can HE reclamation and hardening of en­ “ weave ” with impunity. Also the compass T gineering components by electrodeposition remains unaffected by vibration from heavy is the subject of a paper by M r. H . M er r y - gunfire, abnormal changes in speed, high alti­ w e a th e r (Brailey Electrodepositors, Ltd.) which tudes, etc., and it can find the difference was read before the Manchester Association of between true and magnetic north. Engineers last Friday. Ferranti, Ltd., were asked to tackle this com­ The author differentiates between firms which plicated piece of apparatus in 1941, and using undertake decorative plating, including various i ,own Plar*t and equipment, buildings ar.d rust-proofing and utility finishing processes, skilled workpeople turned out an instrument and those which specialise in thick, homo­ within twelve months of the placing of a con- geneous, firmly adherent deposits or thin compass comprises a master unit, coatings deposited to prescribed limits. The which is normally carried in the tail of the air­ latter are very much in the minority, it being craft as far away as possible from magnetic doubtful whether the work of more than ten disturbances, combining a gyroscopic direction firms in the British Isles is fully approved by indicator and a magnetic compass, each of which the Armament Research Department of the has the effect of checking on the other. Repeaters, Ministry of Supply for reclamation and harden­ situated elsewhere in the aircraft, transmit the ing and by the Aeronautical Inspection Depart­ indications of the compass and thus, by aligning ment of the Ministry of Aircraft Production the pointer and grid lines in the face of the for thin protective coatings. repeater and then keeping the pointer and grid Nickel and chromium are prominent salvage lines parallel, the pilot can steer his course, media. The advantages of cadmium for thin the directional indicators are also capable of coatings tend to be overlooked; it makes a controlling " George ” (the automatic pilot) and better, speedier and less costly job and its soft clinging properties render unnecessary final sight"8 ° ‘nstruments the Mark XIV bomb- , M arch 2 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 307 *t« CORRESPONDENCE Letters should bear the writers' names and addresses, not necessarily for publication. Responsibility cannot be accepted for correspondents' opinions. C.E.B. Supplies the life of the domestic consumer from the dangers set up by the carelessness of in­ WOW that the restrictions on the public competent wiremen ? It seems to me that use of data relating to electricity supply the registration of electrical contractors have been eased, it would be of considerable (and their authorisation by supply authorities) interest to the industry if more detailed coupled with the better and more regular information could be made available in inspection of domestic installations by supply regard to the operation of the 1926 Act. authorities, is necessary. To what extent, for instance, has the More than 90 per cent, of domestic C.E.B. been able to give effect to the pro­ electrical consumers have no electro-technical vision in Section 2 of the Act under which it knowledge and their lives are in the hands »¡S; is “ charged with the duty of supplying of the different sections of the industry— electricity to authorised undertakings in the supply authority, the manufacturer of accordance with the provisions of this Act”, apparatus, and the wireman. if any one one of the provisions being (Section 10 (a) ) of these sections fails in its duty to its that “ the Board shall not supply electricity customer, the efforts of the other two are directly to authorised undertakers situated in nullified. It is the wireman or contractor the area of supply of a power company, etc.”? who is in direct communication with the Again, it would be enlightening to know consumer, and who normally acts as adviser what proportion of the Board’s revenue and consultant to him, and I suggest that from the sale of electricity to authorised so long as any person, trained or untrained, undertakers, is derived from sales under can come into the industry at will, and Sections 7, 11 and 13 of the Act. From time represent himself to be an electrical contractor, to time one hears values given to these pro­ accepting payment for work however badly portions, which, if approximately correct, done, so long will the consumer be in danger. appear to show that the purpose and intention Manchester. T h o m a s A t h e r t o n . of the 1926 Act is being frustrated from a te national standpoint by the continued existence of Section 13. W. J. C o o pe r , Gas for Power Stations Hamilton. Burgh Electrical Engineer. jlf AY I put forward a scheme for co- operation between electricity and gas Vegetable Boilers undertakings which to my mind would help l/ITH reference to the letter signed our consumers and which I would recom­ 1 1 “ Progress ” in your issue of February mend to the Fuel Advisory Council? Would 16th on this subject, may I point out that it not be a great saving if gas was not used electric vegetable boilers have been supplied by domestic consumers and electricity catered by the makers of electric cooking equipment for all their requirements ? Gas could then since about 1911 and that they have proved be utilised by the electric power stations entirely satisfactory? During the war, how­ together with pulverised coal so that the ever, there have been severe Government gas undertakings would lose nothing. It restrictions on the use of certain essential is surely a waste of labour and material materials and for this reason it has not been to have two competitive mains serving one possible to supply such boilers except in purpose and if electricity became the sole source of lighting, heating and cooking, the very limited quantities, chiefly for Govern­ electricity undertakings could lay larger ment purposes. mains to cater for the combined load at Your correspondent may rest assured that little extra cost. In addition central heating as soon as the necessary materials are again by electricity would provide a night (off- obtainable, ample supplies of these boilers peak) load thus improving diversity factor. will be available for hotels, restaurants, Sevenoaks. A. M. J. R o pe r . canteen kitchens and other purposes. P o st-W a r . Universal Domestic Tariff Switches in the Neutral ^NSW ERING Mr. Crowsley’s letter pub- ritH E other day I discovered accidentally lished in your issue of February 16th, I that three tumbler switches in different would again point out some confusion in parts of my house were connected in the his statements. Take for example his remark neutral instead of in the phase. Two were “ I see no logical reason for reducing the installed over twenty-five years ago, the third price to an individual consumer for an within the last three years. Is it not possible increase in load only.” Surely, in view of for the industry to take steps to protect the arbitrary nature of the fixed charge of M arch 2, 1945 3 0 8 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w

existing domestic two-part tariffs, such a consumer is accompanied by a re™u”^ative statement has no practical relevance. consumption of kWh, so again Mr. Crowsl y s Then again, one cannot isolate load from reasoning is hardly convincing. In any case, consumption even though the two factors the previous paragraph should supply rum may not be pro rata. What Mr. Crowsley with material for an adequate detence if has overlooked is that in normal times the the question does ever crop up. domestic kWh charge contains a component Forty years’ experience has shown the which is allocated to standing charges, and impracticability of trying to measure the the fact that this component may have demand of individual domestic consumers. vanished under the present unhappy cir­ The engineer must guide the domestic cumstances was quite outside the scope of consumer in his installation expenditure so my article. as to produce the desirable overall electrical Regarding Mr. Crowsley’s hypothetical results. It seems to me to be far better manufacturer, it is an old-fashioned custom actually to spend money to this end than in many undertakings to give manufacturers to buy fantastic devices designed to prevent a block-rate tariff in which bigger consump­ or discourage consumers from using elec­ tion qualifies for a reduction in cost. W hether tricity. My proposed tariff seems better the bigger consumption is obtained in a able to meet these future requirements than desirable manner is just as debatable as any other I have encountered. whether the increase in demand of a domestic Wolverhampton. J. L. F e r n s . Synchronous machinery Consideration of Stray Losses N endeavour to focus attention on the surface losses are discussed, together with A more important components of stray methods for reducing them. losses in synchronous electrical machinery is An indication is given of the relationship made by M r. P. Richardson (C. A. Parsons between the stay losses at the ends and those & Co., Ltd.) in a paper submitted to the within the core length of an alternator, Institution of Electrical Engineers yesterday together with a description of the effect of (Thursday). load conditions on each of the components The author first discusses the influence of of stray loss. the physical arrangement of an alternator The hope is expressed that when the relevant on the eddy currents and then goes on to British Standard Specifications are revised classify the components of stray losses, show­ consideration will be given to methods of ing how the arrangement of the end-windings estimating and allowing for stray losses in of a machine affect the shape of the end such a manner that the figures obtained will leakage field and thus the intensity of loss in more nearly represent the true efficiency on the adjacent metallic structures, and how the lo ad . loss in the core end-plate or end-shield can be estimated. The effect of magnetic and non­ magnetic shielding arrangements is discussed, Queensland Proposals together with details of their arrangement. Experiments in connection with eddy-current Suggested Regional Authorities losses in the stator end connections are r|'H E Queensland Electricity Commission described. Consideration is given to the was constituted in January, 1938, for a iron loss which occurs in the stator core under term of seven years, which has now expired. steady 3-phase short-circuit conditions owing In its report for the year ended June 30th last to the flux wave-shape, and the indications a detailed report of its activities during the seven years is given and proposals are made for are that this provides at least a partial explan­ the future. The Commission states that a ation why the stray losses can be so appre­ parochial outlook on the part of local authorities ciably greater on short-circuit than they are has prevented the spread of electricity to the on lo ad . rural community and the tariffs have not been attractive enough to promote the use of Rotor and Pole-face Losses electricity. It recommends the elimination of The stray losses in the rotor are shown to small undertakings, wherever possible. The be due to several effects, notably the con­ application of regional planning is suggested. Actual development should be under the im­ centration of ampere-conductors in one slot mediate control of regional authorities entirely and irregularities present in the stator m.m.f. separate from the local authorities and it is wave. Consideration is also given to the proposed that the Commission itself should surface or pole-face losses resulting from the control and direct the regional authorities. Two “ tufting ” of flux under the stator teeth, hve-year programmes are suggested and a sum which loss is experienced under conditions £ 1 1 ,000,000 is mentioned as necessary of no load and is normally measured with the expenditure for the development of four of the stator iron loss. The factors affecting the State6sh^lf*be divided.k*Ch “ *S Pr° P° Sed that the M arch 2, 1945 Electrical Review 309 Sm oke Abatement Conference in London

JOINT conference of the Institute of the latest types of plant for the removal of A Fuel and the National Smoke Abate­ grit from the flue gases. In the case of new ment Society was held in London last week. power stations, the Commissioners insisted The effects of the' Society’s efforts are on space being left for the installation at a becoming manifest in the evidence of official later date, if required, of gas washing plant approbation and wide support detailed in its for the removal of sulphur from the flue fifteenth annual report for the year 1944, gases. That process was expensive and added which contains information about the to the cost of electricity, so at the request of Society's constitution and objects, as well as the Commissioners not very long ago the showing the need for building up a reserve Department of Scientific and Industrial fund for extending activities during the next Research set up a committee to make few years. recommendations as to what form, if any, of The conference was opened by Mr. T om gas washing plant should be installed in the S m ith (Parliamentary Secretary to the future. Ministry of Fuel and Power), who said that The electricity supply industry, although because of the great importance of reducing it was always prepared to play its full part in domestic smoke the Minister had referred improving atmospheric conditions, did not the matter of domestic heating to the newly feel that it ought to be penalised by insistence appointed Fuel and Power Advisory Council on gas washing plants in power stations as a subject of the highest priority. The gas unless similar conditions were imposed upon and electricity industries would have to industry generally. improve distribution and reduce cost. He The combination of the supply of heat (in could not discuss Government policy on that the form of steam and electricity) from power occasion, but the Heyworth Committee was stations was under consideration by a sub­ looking into the gas industry and there had committee of the Heating and Ventilating been a good deal of discussion with regard Committee. A semi-political point as re­ to policy concerning electricity. garded conditions being imposed upon In one of the eight short papers which were industry generally concerning cleaning of presented on different aspects of the subject flue gases was that industrial power stations Mr. John Bruce dealt with the cleaning of benefited from de-rating whereas public boiler plant flue gases in electricity generating electric power stations had to pay rates in full. stations. He drew attention to the more important of the Electricity Commissioners’ Electrostatic Precipitation- recommendations (published in 1932) and to With regard to the removal of grit from flue the conclusions reached by their Chimney gases from pulverised fuel furnaces, he knew Emissions Committee, as well as to methods of* no method except electrostatic precipita­ of testing dust extraction plant (B.S.S. tion. Another problem with pulverised fuel 893-1940), the development and selection of was the disposal of the ash after it had been the latter being also commented upon. removed from the flue gases, which was by The author claimed that the electricity no means an easy matter. In the electricity supply industry had done, and was doing, all supply industry it was the practice to replace that was scientifically and at present com­ the whole of the generating plant every mercially possible to prevent atmospheric twenty years, and it had been found economic pollution by flue gases. to do so. He would have thought the same would apply to steel and other furnaces Gas Washing Plant which he had seen in Sheffield. Owing to In the discussion following the papers S ir the poor qualities of coal received during the John Kennedy (vice-chairman, Electricity "war the extraction plants had not been able Commission) said the electricity supply to cope with the situation and some steps industry had for many years been forced to would have to be taken with regard to those consider the reduction of pollution because, plants unless better qualities of coal were if it had not made every possible endeavour received in the future. to burn coal efficiently, it would not have He considered that Mr. Blackie's table of been able to sell electricity at prices which comparative emissions of sulphur from coal, the consumer could afford to pay. Further­ gas and electricity was not quite fair because, more, the Electricity Commissioners had been unless gas and coke were made from coal making more and more stringent conditions which had a lower sulphur content than the with regard to the extensions of existing coal used in the generation of electricity, the power stations and the establishment of new total sulphur emission must be approximately ones and had insisted on the installation of the same. As to the new forms of domestic 310 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2 , 1 9 4 5

grate that were being evolved, it rather River district unless new uses f o r alum inium appeared that the housewife would have to and adequate post-war export markets enaole be trained as an expert stoker, and he felt this Canadian industry to maintain operatiqns at a high level or other large-power-consuming there would be an inclination to change over industries are attracted to the area. to electricity or gas rather than handle the rather delicate apparatus which had been referred to. Parliamentary News Finally, with regard to railway smoke, Sir By our Special Reporter John said the obvious solution was the Severn Barrage electrification of the railways, which would not only result in a saving of two-thirds of N the House of Commons on February 20th, the coal used on steam railways, but would I Mr. J. Griffiths asked the Minister of Fuel and Power, if he had now considered the report also mean that the coal required was burned on the suggested Severn Barrage and if he could under controlled conditions in a power house. make a statement as to the Government’s M r . G . P. T i n k e r (Birmingham Electric policy. Furnaces, Ltd.) said sufficient credit had not Major Lloyd George said he was engaged in been given to one type of furnace which was examining the report of the panel of experts outstanding as regarded atmospheric pollu­ on the proposed Severn Barrage, but he was not tion. The electric furnace had proved itself yet in a position to make a statement on the both efficient and reliable. Its efficiency policy to be adopted towards the proposal. quite easily reached 80 per cent, and even Central Board’s Policy higher. Mr. Ellis Smith asked the Minister of Fuel and Power if he had given consideration to the report and policy of the Central Electricity Canadian Water Power Board; was he satisfied with that policy; and W artime Expansion Completed what steps were being taken to bring about an HE Dominion Water and Power Bureau, increase in power to be distributed as cheaply T Department of Mines and Resources of and as soon as possible after the termination of Canada, has issued its annual review of hydro­ hostilities. electric progress in the Dominion. This Major Lloyd George said he was constantly indicates that the programme of wartime expan­ in consultation with the Board and was satisfied sion in hydro-electric facilities has been virtually with the policy which it had pursued with completed and that power production for war regard to the provision of adequate supplies of purposes appears to have passed its peak. electricity. He would like to take this oppor­ New installations during the year aggregated tunity of expressing his appreciation of the 68,700 HP, increasing Canada’s total hydraulic services that the Board had rendered during the development to 10,283,213 HP. This is the war. The increase in generating capacity to be smallest annual increase since 1939 and no provided during the next few years was receiving large power projects are at present under con­ his active consideration but he was not yet in struction.- Last year’s addition was almost a position to make any statement. wholly due to the completion of the Brilliant plant (68,000 HP) on the Kootenay River in Power Plant Production British Columbia. Other activities during 1944 On February 22nd Mr. Higgs asked the comprised, chiefly, improvements in transmission Minister of Labour what provision he was networks and substation facilities and the exten­ m aking for releasing labour in order to accelerate sion of electric services in certain rural areas. the manufacture of the 3,000,000 kW of new The monthly figures of output of centra! electric electrical plant that was to be installed before stations issued by the Dominion Bureau of the winter of 1948. Statistics indicates that the generation of Mr. Bevin said that this at present was electricity in 1944 will be about the same regarded as post-war production, and it could as in 1943 (40,378 million kWh). not be given labour which might otherwise be Approximately one-fifth of Canada’s total employed on war production. Subject to this, water-power plant, or 2,000,000 HP, has been his department would do what it could to supply installed in the past five years, almost wholly for labour, as he was well aware of the importance war purposes, in addition to which much of the of heavy electrical plant. power developed before the war has been diverted from peacetime to wartime use. One. industry alone—aluminium—has utilised at peak State Trading in New Zealand production one-quarter of all hydro-electric debate on the Statutes Amendment energy consumed in the Dominion. In the ■- Bill in the New Zealand House'of Repre­ period of readjustment from war to peace, the sentatives exception was taken toiseveral clauses initial effects of which are already in evidence, empowering the Minister of Works to purchase it can be anticipated that power surpluses will and sell electrical appliances. It was suggested develop in certain areas. For the most part that this was another instalment of State com­ these surpluses should be moderate and should petition against the private trader. Mr. Semple be absorbed within a reasonable time as indus­ replied that the powers had already been in tries change over from wartime to peacetime operation in the former Southland E.P.B. production. In the Province of Quebec, how­ district where the State took over the concern ever, there is a special situation, brought about a??,r,iheT?ngl,nal authority had “ made a bungle by the wartime development of water power for i clau.se was general, but the Govern- the aluminium industry, which may lead to a large power surplus centred in the Saguenay generafiy "0t mt6nd t0 apply the PrinciPle March 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 311 COMMERCE and IMH S I Itl Restrictions on New Capital. Spreading Industrial Employment.

existing arrangements, including the con­ Aluminium Price Cut tinuance of any agreement with a Commissioner ^IN C E 1940 the Ministry of Aircraft Pro- by the appropriate Minister. The development ^ duction has been the sole seller of virgin areas are specified in the first schedule; they aluminium in the United Kingdom. As fronj are the North-Eastern, West Cumberland, March 1st this control is relaxed to the extent South Wales and Monmouthshire and the that rolling blocks and slabs, billets and wire Scottish areas. bars will be obtainable under licence issued The Bill also makes it necessary for the by the Light Metals Control. At the same Board of Trade to be notified of all proposals time the price per ton of virgin aluminium in to erect industrial buildings with an aggregate ingot or notch bar form is reduced from £ 110 floor space exceeding 3,000 sq. ft. and forming (the price fixed in 1939) to £85 delivered at part of new industrial units. In certain areas consumers’ premises. The pre-war price of the erection or extension of industrial buildings aluminium ingots was £94 per ton. with an aggregate floor space of over 3,000 sq. ft. will be subject to the consent of the Board Control of Capital Issues of Trade but certain classes of building may be exempted from these requirements. The second Sir John Anderson stated in the House of schedule deals with the compulsory acquisition Commons last week that the Treasury regulations o f land. relating to the issue of new capital are to be maintained. He said that it had been the policy that essential non-Government issues Commodity Insurance Scheme should not be made to the public but placed The Board of Trade announces that all with investment institutions. This, too, will policies for fixed sums under the Commodity continue and these institutions will be asked Insurance Scheme which are in force on March to agree, as a condition of sanction, that they 2nd (whether policies extended without pay­ will not sell any stock or apply for permission ment from December 2nd or new policies), to deal for six months and then to apply to the will be extended until June 2nd without further Capital Issues Committee if permission to deal payment of premium or the necessity for further is desired. action. Holders of adjustable policies will be These arrangements apply only to present required to continue weekly declarations and conditions. During the change-over period to pay premium on any excess of the average there will be relaxation but a measure of control cover during the three months of extension will still have to be exercised to ensure an over the average cover in the three months orderly flow of investment. ending December 2nd or, in the case of policies Several issues of capital which had been effected during the period ending March 2nd held up in anticipation of a statement by the on any excess over the average cover in that Chancellor of the Exchequer are now being period. For new or additional insurance the placed. Among them is an issue of £1,500,000 rate of premium will continue to be 2s. 6d. of 3i per cent, second mortgage debenture per cent, for the three months March 3rd to stock of the North Metropolitan Power Station June 2nd, with a minimum of 5s. Co. Of this £825,500 is to be devoted to the extension of the company’s power stations Northern Ireland Industry and the balance to the conversion of the com­ pany’s 5 per cent, second mortgage debenture It has been announced by Sir Basil Brooke, stock. Another placing is £412,300 of 3J per Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, that he cent, debenture stock of the Yorkshire Electric intends to visit London to see Mr. Churchill and Power Co. to finance extensions. other Ministers regarding means of maintaining employment in Ulster. The Northern Ireland Government, he says, is endeavouring to Distribution of Industry attract new industries and he specifically men­ The Distribution of Industry Bill now before tions vacuum cleaners, dry cells, thermostatic Parliament is designed to secure an even spread apparatus and “ general electrical equipment.” of employment throughout the country by the development of areas in which there is a special Australian Imports danger of lack of industry. It empowers the Board of Trade to acquire land in development Certain particulars relating to Australia’s areas and prepare sites for the provision of overseas trade are now being released. For factories and other industrial buildings. The 1942-43 summarised figures of imports have Board is also empowered to make loans to been issued and for 1941-42 full details. In non-profit-making trading or industrial estate 1942-43 the total value of electrical machinery companies to further the provision of industrial and appliances imported into Australia was premises in these areas. Under Clause 4 the £4,078,000 (compared with £3,650,000 in 1941 - Treasury may give financial assistance in respect 42), classified as follows:—Cable and wire, of capital requirements of industrial under­ covered, £1,014,000 (£1,029,000) ; dynamo takings in the areas by means of annual grants electric machines, £559,000 (£581,000); or loans The Bill repeals the Special Areas telegraph instruments, telephones and tele­ (Development and Improvement) Acts, 1934 phone switchboards, £401,000 (£368,000); lamps and 1937 and provides for the winding-up of £135,000 (£179,000); batteries and accumulators, 312 Electrical Review M arch 2 , 1 9 4 5

£76,000 (£58,000); and “ other” £1,893,000 the proportion of the total numbers in a trade (£1,435,000). The 1941-42 figures showed a that is employed by the three largest units in decrease of about 25 per cent, on 1938-39. that trade. On these lines they give a list ot A comparison of the detailed figures for 1941- industries which includes electric ^ vacuum 42 with those of the previous year reveals a cleaner manufacture (85 per cent. “ concen­ whole series of decreases. They extended, on tration ”), radio valve production (85 per cent.), balance, to the cable group, although certain manufacture of gasfilled electric lamps, 20 V kinds showed an increase. Power plant for the and over (61 per cent.) and telegraph and most part also declined. The only outstanding telephone wires and cables (55 per cent.). increases were in radio parts and valves and unspecified electrical appliances. The United Model Electric Kitchens Kingdom and the United States shared about equally in the loss of trade. Two demonstration electric kitchens were opened in the St. Helens Electricity Showrooms Oil Engine Exports last week by the Mayor (Councillor G. Marsden). The kitchens, in different colour schemes, were In order to assist in regaining the export illuminated with fluorescent lighting. Appliances markets for British oil engines a new company, on view included thermostatically controlled British Oil Engines (Export), Ltd., has now cookers, water-heaters, washing machines and taken over the export sales of engines manu­ smaller equipment. factured by Petters, Ltd., Mirrlees, Bickerton A model post-war electric kitchen illuminated & Day, Ltd., J . & H. McLaren, Ltd., by fluorescent tubes is also being exhibited at Oil Engines (Coventry), Ltd., and Fielding & Paisley. At the formal opening ceremony, Platt, Ltd. Mr. F. S. Mitman is chairman performed by Provost J. Chambers, Lieut.-Col. of the company and Captain R. C. Petter has D. S. Allan, convener of the Electricity Com­ been appointed managing director. Messrs. mittee, said that the equipment on view could A. P. Good, A. P. Quarrell, S. A. Lane and be fitted into the kitchen of any house with a F. A. Vaughan are also on the board. space o f 12 ft. by 9 ft. Temporary offices have been obtained at 27, Gilbert Street, London, W. 1 (tel.: Mayfair 0352). I.C.I. Fellowships The company will be able to offer a complete range of engines from 1£ to 1,500 BHP for Members of the Institution of Electrical industrial, marine and traction purposes. Over Engineers who wish to apply for an I.C.I. 150 agents have already been appointed, with research fellowship in engineering, tenable at resident superintendents- for India, Australia, the University of Oxford, can obtain full infor­ South Africa and Central America. Certain mation from Dr. E. B. Moullin, Department territories are not yet covered and firms of of Engineering Science, Parks Road, Oxford. first-class standing with technical organisations who are interested in representation are invited I.H.V.E. Examinations to communicate with the company at the above address. The 1945 examinations for associate member­ ship and graduateship of the Institution of Fifty Years of Wireless Heating and Ventilating Engineers are to be held on Saturday, April 28th. Completed Commercial wireless communication is about application forms should be in the hands of the to celebrate its jubilee, for it was in the early acting secretary of the Institution at 72-74, summer of 1895 that Marconi began the experi­ Victoria Street, S.W.l, by March 5th, at the ments in transmitting signals through space by latest. means of Hertzian waves. The famous British patent No. 12,039 of June 2nd, 1896, the founda­ Export of Goods tion of the wireless industry, was followed in The Board of Trade has published a revised 1897 by the establishment of Marconi’s Wireless list of goods the exportation of which is con­ Telegraph Co., Ltd. (originally the Wireless trolled under the Export of Goods (Control) Telegraph & Signal Co.) which will thus (No. 10) Order, 1943. The booklet (“ Control shortly celebrate its own jubilee. of Export,” Stationery Office, price 6d. net) The spade work was done by Marconi and his shows the position at January 15th last. devoted band of British engineers, including Sir Ambrose Fleming, Messrs. C. S. Franklin, P. W. Paget, G. S. Kemp, Andrew Gray, Radio Components Exhibition C. E. Rickard, R. N. Vyvyan, A. H. Ginman Although not open to the general public, and Captain H. J. Round, who, with the there was a very large attendance at the three- exceptions of Marconi and Kemp, are happily day exhibition organised in London last week still alive to celebrate this jubilee anniversary. by the Radio Component Manufacturers’ Federation under the auspices of the recently Industrial Concentration formed Radio Industry Council. Admission was restricted to ticket holders for security A paper recently read before the Royal reasons, the display being intended chiefly to Statistical Society on “ The Structure of British benefit civilian research staffs and technicians Industry ” by Mr. H. Leak, assistant secretary, serving in the armed forces. Statistics Department, Board of Trade, and Many of the component parts on view had Mr. A. Maizels, is reviewed in the Board o f been tropicalised ” and some were shown Trade Journal of February 24th. In the course totally immersed in water. A prominent feature of this paper the authors deal with the extent was the “ miniature ” size in which many to which industries are in the hands of a small instruments and accessories are now being number of large producers. They take the made for reducing the weight and dimensions “ degree of concentration ” as represented by of the apparatus into which they are built 2, 1945 M arch E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 313 mit'Jriaic10,!* i°f ihe component parts and extended and the company had an up-to-date materials displayed represented wartime de­ cable laying department. Plans were in hand to velopments incorporated in Service equipment, effect a quick change over at the end of the war there is every likelihood that many of them will in E urope. r t. ce design of post-war radio receivers Mr. A. S. McHugh is the managing director for home use. of the company. Research and development is • ThS equipment displayed by ninety exhibitors catered for by the Philco Group’s central included loudspeakers and microphones, trans­ research establishment, P. R.T. Laboratories, formers and chokes, capacitors, resistors, Ltd., under the director of research Group- switches, valve holders, vibrators, multi-circuit Captain C. K. Chandler. The cable research plugs and sockets ; wires, cables, sleeving, mould­ section will be under the direction of Flight-Lieut. ings and the newer insulating materials, as well M ildner. as a great variety of small accessories and general components. B.S.I. Luncheon The annual luncheon of the British Standards Technical Education in Scotland Institution is being held at the Savoy Hotel on Tuesday next, March 6th, at 12.45 for 1 p.m. An interim report has been made bya Special Committee of the Advisory Council on Educa­ tion in Scotland, dealing with technical educa­ All-Electric House Limitation tion. It makes a number of recommendations The Stoke Newington Borough Council has which still have to be considered by the Secretary been informed by the Ministry of Health that, of State for Scotland. They relate to the on account of supply difficulties, not more than organisation of technical education in central 1,000 of the first 3,000 temporary houses now institutions and local technical colleges for being delivered can be fitted with electric cookers, those who have left school, and the setting up and the balance will have to be provided with of national and regional advisory councils is gas appliances. The Ministry therefore requests proposed. More generous financial assistance the Council, in indicating its wishes on the for technical institutions is considered necessary. matter, to limit its request for all-electric houses Copies of the report (3d.) are available from the to not more than one-third of the number of Stationery Office. houses to be allocated to the borough. It is hoped that for subsequent deliveries freedom Metric System Advocated of choice will be possible. The Housing Com­ mittee, in its report to the Council on Wednes­ At the recent International Business Con­ day, states that the Town Clerk has written to ference held at Rye, New York, which was the Ministry urging that all the borough’s attended by representatives of fifty-two nations: temporary houses shall be electrically equipped. it was recommended that there should be adopted, for use in international trade, a single system of weights and measures, preferably the Trade Announcement metric system, and a standardisation of con­ Lodge-Cottrell, Ltd., have relinquished their tainers with reasonable tolerances. Mr. Harry wartime office at 16, Church Street, Godalming, Allcock, in drawing our attention to this, says and are moving into new offices at Drayton that it is a very useful step forward to the House, Gordon Street, London, W.C.l (tel.: time when the producers, distributors and Euston 5565). consumers of all classes of goods in all the markets of the world will be described in metric terms. TRADE MARKS New Institute of Physics Branch rBIHE following applications have been made The Board of the Institute of Physics has for trade marks. Objections may be authorised the formation of a South Wales entered within a month from February 21st:— Branch which is to be centred on Swansea. M o d u p le x . N o. B626.737, Class 9. Wire­ The inaugural m eeting will take place at 2.30 p.m . less telegraphic and telephonic transmitting on March 10th in the Physics Department of and receiving apparatus; radio apparatus for University College, Swansea (Singleton Park), converting graphic, printed or pictorial subject matter into electric signals for transmission to when Dr. C. Sykes, F.R.S., will deliver an a distance, and apparatus for receiving such illustrated lecture on “ Physics in Metallurgy.” signals and reproducing the subject matter thereof.—Press Wireless, Inc., Chicago. Address, Cable Company’s Programme for service: c/o Frank B. Dehn & Co., Kings- Mr. Laurence Bennett, chairman of the way House, 103, Kingsway, London, W.C.2. Britannic Electric Cable & Construction Co., Z e p h y r. N o. 627,221, Class 9. R adio Ltd., which is now a member of the Philco receiving apparatus; television receiving and Group, said at a recent mee'ting that it was amplifying apparatus; radio valves; phono­ intended to continue the company’s independent graphs; talking machine records; and batteries. policy. It was formed principally to produce —Zenith Radio Cpn., Chicago. Address for paper insulated cables, but a rubber shop to -service: c/o Lloyd Wise & Co., 10, New Court, deal with the manufacture of comparatively Lincoln’s Inn, London, W.C.2. heavy conductors to meet certain industrial Tyresoles. N o. 631,484, Class 9. Electrical needs was included in the plant. This side of apparatus and instruments (none being included Britannic production had grown considerably in other classes) for use in the repair of tyres of during the war, while demands for paper india-rubber, artificial rubber or synthetic insulated cables had been reduced to the mini­ rubber.—Henry Simon, Ltd., Bird Hall Lane, mum During the war the plant had been Cheadle Heath, near Stockport. 314 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w March 2, 1945

Ministry of Fuel and Power Second Reading of Continuation Bill

HERE was a five-hour debate in the House Department of the Board of Trade, gas was a T of Commons on Friday last when Major matter for the Board of Trade and electricity G. Lloyd George, Minister of Fuel and Power, should go back to the Ministry of Transport. moved the second reading of the Ministry of Gas and electricity, competing industries, might Fuel and Power Bill which provides for the use the same or different sources of power. continuation of the Ministry after the war. The Was it right that in a district one Minister should Minister stressed that the Bill did not seek to have to choose between gas and electricity continue any of the powers over industry and when making an order for the distribution of over consumers given by wartime regulations one or the other ? after the period of emergency was over. That Lieut.-Col. H. Guest said that the Board did not mean that he or any future Minister of Trade-was going to be one of the busiest would not be expected to introduce policies Departments in the State and whether it would affecting the fuel and power industries. be able to administer fuel, light, etc., was a He contended that it was in the post-war matter for consideration. We would probably period that the claim of the fuel industries to a need a Ministry of Fuel and Power but it separate Ministry could best be justified. The would be most unwise to set up such a Ministry Ministry was created to deal with the serious for all time until the matter of nationalisation fuel and power situation which was arising in or no nationalisation had been settled. 1942. It had had to meet the same difficulties Commander Prior raised the subjects of dis­ almost continuously ever since. In spite of this parity in systems of electricity supply and of the post-war position had not been entirely district heating. He said that if the Ministry's overlooked. The Government was examining functions were distributed among other Minis­ the future organisation of the generation and tries it would not be possible to face the great distribution of electricity and the organisation problems of fuel consumption which must arise. of the gas industry. The experts re-examining Would it be possible for those various Ministers the Severn Barrage proposals had reported.* to negotiate with the utility companies and the The Ministry's Fuel and Power Advisory local authorities to co-ordinate their supplies of Council was looking into the problem of electricity and gas ? It would be much simpler domestic heating. for one Ministry to conduct these negotiations. Regional surveys of our coal resources had After a number of other members had spoken, been completed and would be published as soon mainly on the situation in the mining, industry, as possible and a report on technical steps Mr. Tom Williams, Parliamentary Secretary to needed to increase the efficiency of the coal­ the Ministry, wound up the debate and the Bill mining industry would be in his hands fairly was read a second time and committed to a soon. Among other matters on which work committee of the whole House. would be necessary were the utilisation of waste heat from electrical generation and the efficient use of fuel in the future. All these matters Technical Teachers’ Salaries would make the Minister’s task a whole-time one for many years to come. ■•ROPOSALS for scales of salary for teachers ■- in technical (and commercial) colleges and Members’ Varying Views institutes, art colleges and art schools have been During the subsequent debate Mr. David agreed by the Burnham Technical Committee Grenfell expressed the view that the Minister and are being submitted to the Ministry of could not face the post-war period successfully Education. The scales apply to full-time unless he possessed much greater powers. He teachers employed in these establishments referred particularly to the continued decline in " maintained ” by a local education authority coal production. The Minister must not claim and “ assisted ” schools but not to those too much for his supervision of the electricity departments of a school administered under the and gas industries which would have run just Code of Regulations for Secondary Schools. as well without him. He hoped the House The proposals provide for four classes of would very soon come to an examination of the heads of departments with ranges of £600- problem of carrying out the functions set out in £750 (women £480-£600); £750-£850 (women Clause 1 of the Bill relating to the effective and £600-£680); £900-£l,000 (women £720-£800); co-ordinated development of coal, petroleum and over £ 1,000 (women over £800), scales and other minerals and sources of fuel and by agreement with the Minister in each case. power and improving the conditions of persons The scales for senior assistants range from employed in the mines. £600 to £750 for men and from £480 to £600 Mr. Horrabin supported the Bill and said for women; and those for assistants from £300 that if the Ministry were not continued its to £525 for men and from £270 to £420 for functions would go back to various Depart­ women. In addition certain supplementary allow­ ments and lack of co-ordination would persist. ances will be granted to assistants in respect of The Bill gave the machinery for a comprehensive approved training and degrees and for certain co-ordinated fuel policy when the war was over. special posts. There will be an additional On the other hand, Captain Duncan con­ payment for the London area. These scales tended that as distribution was a major con­ are to come into operation as from April 1st sideration coal should go back to a Mines next and will continue until March 31st, 1948. The salaries of principals are to be reviewed * The Report is summarised on page 305. with a view to establishing standard scales. March 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 315 Refrigeration Industry Decision to Combine Associations

T the second annual luncheon of the sections under the general direction of the A C o m m ercial E lectric R e frig era tio n A sso­ Council. In conjunction with the Govern­ ciation at the Connaught Rooms, London, ment Departments the Association con­ W.C., on February 21st, Mr. E. G. B a t t tinued to handle the bulk distribution of (independent chairman), who presided over such things as freon, bitumen, timber and a gathering of about 350 members and guests, motors for servicing requirements. announced a decision to amalgamate the After a reference to the work of the Association and the Domestic Electric area committees which had been set up, Refrigeration Association. Mr. Batt said that the Council had collected The principal guest was M r . A. V. the views of all members on the post-war Alexander, First Lord' of the Admiralty, rehabilitation of the industry and had who, in proposing the toast of “ The Asso­ presented comprehensive reports to the ciation,” thanked the Board of Trade on the subject. The Council refrigeration industry had asked the Departments concerned for fo r its v aluable services representation on any body which was to the Royal Navy and set up to deal with the disposal of surplus Merchant Service dur­ Government stores. ing the war. He The British Standards Institution was mentioned as a prelim­ considering the preparation of a Standard inary the importance Specification for condensing units and the of the Co-operative insulation contractors were investigating the Wholesale Society possibility of fixing standard dimensions (with which he is con­ for service cabinets and small coldrooms nected) as a customer normally supplied with commercial refrigera­ for refrigerating tion installations. Special sub-committees plant, stating that the had been set up to deal with the subject of a C.W.S. was responsible Mr. E. G. Batt, in­ fair trading code for the industry. dependent chair­ for 20 per cent, of m a n o f th e C . E . R . A . Mr. Batt then turned to the subject of the retail sales of meat export trade. The latest official returns and for 27 per cent, of the retail milk showed that shipments of refrigeration distribution of the country. machinery had dropped from 2,830 tons Mr. Alexander said that the ships of the (£396,373) in 1938 to 516 tons (£108,990) in Royal Navy had to be prepared at a moment’s 1943. Their domestic programme and needs notice to sail from arctic to tropical regions; must not distract their attention from the it was an all-weather navy and the industry development of export trade on an un­ had enabled it to solve many problems— precedented scale. The development and the preservation of food, the supply of ice, experience during the war equipped the air conditioning, the maintenance of even refrigeration industry to fully play its part temperatures in magazines, storing serum, in the future of mankind. In the homes of etc. The largest warships used half a ton of the future refrigeration should come to be ice a day and even larger plant would be regarded as a necessity and he hoped that needed in the future. The men of the Navy they would be able to produce equipment of in the Pacific, far from sources of supply and adequate size within the limits of everybody’s entertainment, were being provided with purchasing power. “ amenity ships ” which would need a great Trade Co-operation deal of refrigeration including machines for brewing plants which they would carry. Strong and active trade organisations were As regards the Merchant Navy, the speaker the best means of achieving these hopes. congratulated the industry on having pro­ He did not mean monopolies but bodies vided ample refrigerated space in a very whose genuine object was to provide the short time so that it had been possible to consumer at home and abroad with the best maintain the country’s meat and bacon equipment at the lowest economical price. rations. He wished the industry the progress This could best be achieved by co-operative and prosperity which it had merited by its action, research and standardisation on the part of the producers. war service. . ... _ .. In the course of his response Mi. Batt It was their belief in this policy that led said that the membership now totalled to the formation of the C.E.R.A. Experience 249 firms representing machinery manu­ had now led them to decide that changes facturers, insulation contractors, distributors should be made to ensure effective handling of and service engineers with their separate home and export problems affecting any 3 1 6 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945 size of plant from the smallest domestic to through ill-health of Mr. Walter Riggs he the largest industrial unit. Consequently it had to propose the health of the guests. had been decided to absorb the C.E.R.A. He referred particularly to the presence of and the Domestic Electric Refrigeratjon Sir Harry Railing (President, I.E.E. and Association, together with the interests of chairman of the B.E.A.M.A. Council), Dr. the larger plants, in one association to be Dorey (President, Institute of Refrigeration), called the British Refrigeration Association. Mr. Buchanan (Federation of Building Thus they had passed another milestone Trades Employers), Mr. J. Ramsey (vice- in their history and would go forward as president, R.I.B.A.), Mr. L. C. Gamage one body resolved to do their best for all (President, Institute of Export), Mr. Clarke concerned and ensure that everyone possible (Dairy Engineers’ Association) and Mr. might enjoy the advantages of refrigeration. E. E. Hoadley (member of the E.D.A. Mr. Batt then said that in the absence Council). Mr. H o a d l e y responded to the toast. Forthcoming Fient« • Saturday, March 3rd. — London. —• Lysbeth London.—-Lighting Service Bureau, Savoy Hall, Soho Square, 6.30 to 10.30 p.m. I.E.E. Hill, W .C .2, 6 p.m. British Display Associa­ London Students’ dance (date altered from tion. “ Colour in Display,” by W. C. Houston March 10th). (manager, lighting section, B.T.H. Co.). Leeds. — At Y.M.C.A. Albion Place, 4 p.m. Dundee.—Royal Hotel, Union Street, 6 p.m. Engineer Surveyors’ Association. “ Electricity I.E.E. Dundee Sub-Centre. Annual dinner. as Applied to Mining,” by B. Buckland. 7.30 p.m. “ The Electrical Aspect of Farm Ystrad Mynach.—Tredomen Works of the Mechanisation,” by C. A. Cameron Brown. Powell Duffryn Co. Association of Mining Friday, March 9th.— Cardiff.—I.E.E. Cardiff Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (South Students’ Section. “ Carrier Telephony,” by Wales Branch). Film show (3 p.m.), tea (4.45) W. P. Warren. and “ Brains T rust” (5.15). Monday, March 5th. — London. — Institution Saturday, March 10th.— London.—Connaught of Electrical Engineers, 7 p.m. London Rooms, W.C.2, 12.30 for 1 p.m. Association of Supervising Electrical Engineers. Annual Students’ Section. “ Mercury-arc and Mercury- luncheon. vapour Rectifiers in Transmitters,” by T. M. Ellison. Swansea. — Physics Department, University Liverpool.—Royal Institution, Colquitt Street, College, 2.30 p.m. Institute of Physics (South 5.30 p.m. I.E.E. Mersey and North Wales Wales Branch). Inaugural meeting. “ Physics Centre. “ Development of Polythene as a in Metallurgy,” by Dr. C. Sykes. High-frequency Dielectric,” by Prof. Willis Monday, March 12th. — Newcastle-on-Tyne. Jackson and J. S. Forsyth. —Neville Hall,-6.15 p.m. I.E.E. North- Dundee.—Royal Hotel, Union Street, 7 p.m. Eastern Centre. “ Operation, Maintenance and (tea, 6 p.m.). I.E.E. Dundee Sub-Centre. Testing of Overhead Lines and Associated “ Electrical Research,” by H. W. H. Warren. Outdoor Equipment on AC Systems,” by Tuesday, March 6th.— London.—Brook Green R. C. Hatton and Dr. J. McCombe. Hotel, Hammersmith, 7.30 p.m. A.S.E.E. Cardiff.—South Wales Institute of Engineers, North-West London Branch. “ Street Lighting 5 p.m. I.E.E. Western Centre. Cable Control,” by N. S. Smart. Terminations,” by D. B. Irving. Manchester.—Engineers’ Club, 6 p.m. I.E.E. Tuesday, March 13th. — London. — Institu­ North-Western Centre Installations Group. tion of Electrical Engineers, 5.30 p.m. Radio “ Industrial Fire Risks,” by, W. Fordham Section. Discussion on “ Colour Television,” Cooper and F. H. Mann. to be opened by L. C. Jesty. Coventry. — At 6.30 p.m. I.E.E. South Manchester. — Engineers’ Club, 6 p.m. Midland Students’ Section. “ High-frequency I.E.E. North-Western Centre. “ Operational Transmission,” by D. H. Ray. Control of Electricity Supply Systems,” by W. Birmingham.—James Watt Institute, 6 p.m . Kidd and E. M. S. McWhirter. Electrodepositors’ Technical Society. “ Nickel Glasgow. — Royal Technical College, 6.15 Plating,” by E. J. Dobbs. p.m. I.E.E. Scottish Centre. “ Modern Wednesday, March 7th. — London. — Submarine Cable Telephony and the Use of Institution of Electrical Engineers, 5.30 p.m. Submerged Repeaters,” by R. J. Halsey. Radio Section. “ Frequency Modulation,” by Liverpool. — Corporation Electricity Show­ Dr. K. R. Sturley. rooms, Whitechapel, 2.30 p.m. Illuminating Newcastle-on-Tyne. — Neville Hail, 6.30 Engineering Society. “ Review of Light and p.m. I.E.E. North-Eastern Students’ Section. Lighting Progress,” by W. J. Jones. Lecture on “ Adventures in Transport,” by Wednesday, March 14th. — London. — Mr. Poulson. Institution of Electrical Engineers, 5.30 p.m. Birmingham. — James Watt Institute, 6.30 Transmission Section. “ Operational Control p.m. Junior Institution of Engineers (Midland of Electricity Supply Systems,” by W. Kidd Section). “ The Engineer and the Rest of the and E. M. S. McWhirter. World,” by K. S. Jewson. Friday, March 16th.—London.—Connaught Thursday, March 8th. — London. — Institution Rooms, W.C.2, 12.15 fpr 12.45 p.m. E.D.A. of Electrical Engineers, 5.30 p.m. Installations annual luncheon at which the principal guest Section. “ Modern Electric Lift Practice,” WriUAbe Sl/ Stafford Cripps, K.C., the Minister by L. S. A tkinson. of Aircraft Production. M arch 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 317 Wattmeter Testing A Phase Shifting Device

N any industrial under- B y A. G. Hewitt, B.Eng. normally employed, but it is I taking, electricity supply rather costly and at present or factory, where electrical instruments are delivery periods are likely to be long, used, it is essential, if accurate results are re- Another method, possessing the advantages quired, to calibrate all instruments at frequent of simplicity and cheapness, utilises different combinations of the three supply phases to obtain fictitious loads for wattmeter and watthour meter testing with phase angles between the voltage and current of 0, 30, 60 and 90 deg., lagging or leading. This is illu strated in Fig. 1, in which the voltage coil is connected through a transformer to the phase voltage AO and the current coil again by means Fig. I.—Circuit diagram of phase combinations a transformer to intervals against suitable standards. The testing of ammeters and voltmeters is comparatively straightforward, but for wattmeters a more complicated procedure is necessary, because of the three possible independent variables, i.e., voltage, current and power factor. The following notes will give an indication of one method designed to calibrate wattmeters at any condition of load. In order that the calibration may be quite general it is necessary that the three variable quantities (voltage, current and power factor) shall be capable of independent adjustment. Variation of the first two is easily effected by

Fig. 3.— Voltage variation vector diagram AO', OB, OC = phase voltages (circuit diagram of F ig . 1). AC' = voltage applied to primary of transformer (2)."] E0 = secondary EMF of transformer (2). Fjg. 2.— Possible values of vector phase angles V0 = secondary terminal volts of transformer (2). I0 = current in wattmeter current coils. the use of tapped transformers and variable Ep = secondary EMF of transformer (1). rheostats. For the adjustment of the power Vp = secondary terminal volts of transformer (1). factor a phase-shifting transformer is Vj = injected volts, in quadrature with Ep. 318 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945

AC. It is clear then that with this arrange- compensation for these effects can be applied ment a phase difference of 30 deg. is obtained by injecting a voltage in the volt coil circuit between the currents passing through the (Fig. 1) in quadrature with that due to transformer (1). This causes the minimum variation in the magnitude of the voltage applied to the volt coil for a given phase shift. A shift o f 5 deg. causes an increase in volts of approximately 0-8 per cent. The vector diagram (Fig. 3) shows how the voltage V, is varied by the injection of a quadrature voltage at the points MN in the Fig. 1 circuit, so th a t Vp1 is then the resultant of Vp and Vi, the phase angle betw een Vp a n d Vpl bein g a. The angle between the voltage and current will be given by ( + a), or with Vi reversed by (ij> — a). two coils of the wattmeter, neglecting for the The method adopted for injecting the moment any effect of inductance or leakage voltage Vi is by the use of a potentiometer reactance. regulator connected across the lines BC Hence by the use of a suitable selector (Fig. 4) so that o- can be made quite large by switch the current coil transformer can be tapped at any of the following line or phase voltages; AO', AC', OC', BC', to give phase angles of 0, 30, 60 and 90 deg. lagging, respec­ tively. Corresponding angles of lead may be obtained by taking the vectors, starting with AO' in the reverse direction of rotation, AO', AB', OB'and BC, so that Fig. 2 indicates all the possible values of phase angle this method will allow, assuming a constant vector for IT repre­ senting the current in the volt coil of the w attm eter. Due, however, to the fact that the two trans­ formers have magnetis­ ing losses and leakage reactances the vector diagram (Fig. 2) can­ not be considered Strictly accurate, but Fig. S.—Essential connections for three-phase working March 2, 1945 E lectrical Review 319 the movement of the tapping point D, but as (Fig. 4) are joined. This is necessary when it is not necessary to have a greater than using a sensitive standard wattmeter to 30 deg. the potentiometer can be made of a eliminate any possible electrostatic forces fixed section with a variable section in series. between the two wattmeter coils. Since a value of a of 30 deg. causes an This method of phase shifting can quite increase in the voltage Vp1 of approximately easily be adapted for use with three-phase 15 per cent., tappings are necessary on the power and energy meters, and it has the transformer ( 1) to bring it back to normal; added advantage that it can be used with they are shown at M (Fig. 4). banks of either three-phase or single-phase The primary of transformer (2) is tapped wattmeters by switching on all or half the in order that it may be connected to either equipm ent. the line or phase voltages as required, and The advantages of this arrangement can the connections to be made to obtain the be enumerated as follows:—Low initial various power factor steps are tab u lated . cost, which is apparent from the apparatus required as compared with other arrange­ T r a n s f o r m e r C o n n e c t io n ments. Good regulation is ensured by the use of straightforward transformers without Y Power Factor L X air gaps. The waveform is as good as that U nity • o A _ of the supply available, as the magnetising 0-866 lag. A — C currents and the transformer primary circuit 0-866 lead. B — A 0-5 lag. O C — impedance are kept very small. The method 0 -5 .lead. O B — is as easy to operate as a circuit containing a Z ero lag. c — B motor generator set or phase-shifting trans­ Zero lead. B — C former, for in all cases accurate power factor readings must be deduced from the The switching operations are performed by ratio of watts and volt-amps. The apparatus means of a double pole seven-way rotary can be constructed into a relatively small selector switch of simple construction. self-contained unit with simple three terminal It will be noticed that points S and R input and four terminal output panels. Coal Suitability Meeting Consumers’ Requirements HE object of last week’s conference at One of the statements submitted included a T Manchester of the North-Western Section set of suitability factor curves illustrating what of the Institute of Fuel was to discuss the power station operators considered to be the qualities of coal required by different sections range of fuels most desirable for generating of industry in this country, including the prob­ electricity. General conclusions to be formed lems incidental to and the cost of preparing from them are that for use on chain grate fuels for particular needs. stokers the fuel’s moisture content should be In the past the demands of consumers have between 7-5 and 12 per cent., ash from 8 to 12 too often been determined merely by custom per cent., volatiles exceeding 29 per cent., BSS and prejudice, together with the desire to avoid swelling index up to 3-25 per cent, and so modification of their established methods, graded that 19 per cent, would be retained on frequently without appreciation of the techni­ 0-75 in. mesh screening after passing 1 -5 in. calities involved. The cost of this has often mesh of the remainder. For pulverised fuel been quite out of proportion to the benefit firing both moisture and ash should be low, to derived by the consumer. 7-5 per cent., with volatiles exceeding 29-5 per Accordingly short statements were prepared cent, and fine enough to pass through 0-75 in. for the conference by representatives of the mesh screening. The sulphur content should be main branches of industry in the hope that as small as possible, not more than 2 per cent, discussion might indicate how those “ specifica­ in small consignments and not frequently tions ” could be modified so as to lessen the exceeding 1 -5 per cent, in large or continued expense of preparing fuel without materially deliveries. affecting the efficiency of the process concerned. Simultaneously summarised statements sub­ Instrument Technology mitted by the coal producers showed not only that technically all the various demands or MEETING of the Society of Instrument industrial consumers could be satisfied, but A Technology will be held at the London also emphasised the direct cost of cleaning coal School of Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, and what is seldom appreciated, that the losses London, W.C.l, on Saturday, April 21st, with which occur in rejects represent a very appre­ sessions commencing at 11 a.m. ana 2.30 p.m. ciable proportion of the heat content of the raw The president, Sir G. P. Thomson, M.A., F.R.S., coal. Whoever may pay for those losses will be in the chair and three papers will be (collieries often claim to be the victims) from read and discussed. Any non-members of the the national point of view they cannot be Society who wish to attend should apply to the tolerated any longer unless proved to be abso­ hon. secretary, Mr. L. B. Lambert, 55, Tudor lutely unavoidable. Gardens, London, W.3. 320 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945 Views on tlie Slews Reflections on Current Topics

LECTRICITY consumers who are they think, no relief at all. The trouble E anxiously waiting to renew their arises, only on special occasions or in aluminium cooking utensils must not place individual cases but it isn’t a good thing. too much hope of lower prices upon the Block tariffs would probably get over much recent 23 per cent, cut in the price of the of the difficulty. raw material. When the new utensils become * * * available their prices, for the time being, will be based on the old price of aluminium; A Manchester Guardian correspondent revision is promised when the lower-priced seems to have been overwhelmed by the metal is in use by manufacturers. A list was magnificence of the kitchens arranged at given in last week’s Board of Trade Journal Liverpool by the Corporation Electricity of the maximum prices for the new utensils Department and the local gas company. He and they are by no means cheap. For says :—“ If in this workaday paradise gas is instance, the smallest size of drawn aluminium made to seem glamorous, electricity seems stewpan for hotplates (6|- in.) w ith lid will positively lyrical in its own self-advertise­ cost 15s. 3d.; a 3-pint kettle 22s. 6d . ; an d ment.” He, in his turn, becomes a little a n 8-in. frying pan 14s. 3d. lyrical in his description of the “ bulkhead * * * lights to show up the resplendence of cooker, refrigerator, washing machine, etc.” But he Should meter readers’ duties be strictly has his doubts about the cost of'all these confined to the reading of meters and collec­ things even if, as stated, the cost of the tion of money ? This question has been whole installation would be considerably less raised in tragic circumstances at Banbury than £100. Of course, in these matters care where, at the inquest on the eight victims should be taken that the residents do not of a gas accident, the coroner remarked that live beyond the ratepayers’ means. “ employees should be encouraged to use * * * discretion in making reports of defects and not live in water-tight compartments.” For Glancing through a South African journal the management it was stated that collectors I came upon some remarks by Dr. H. J. were expected to report complaints although van der Bijl on the subject of health in it was not their duty. Actually in this case industry. He quoted the case of forty the collector who pushed a fallen meter European boys who were all undersized, back to the wall said he reported the com­ undernourished and hardly capable of doing plaint but knew now that it had not been their work when they started at the Colenso received by the company. He maintained, power station. Within a short time good however, that his job was to collect money. feeding and decent living conditions created To my mind if meter readers and collectors such a change that they were doing the work are expected to report complaints it should of 80 natives and had developed one of the be made part of their duty and the necessary best football teams in Natal. Whatever machinery should be provided. I have often people may say about power stations—and thought that there is a good case for raising most proposals to construct them seem to be the status of the meter reader. the signal for a public outcry nowadays— * * * they are apparently not unhealthy places to It is a weakness of the two-part tariff that w o rk in. the fixed charge remains fixed in periods * * * when economy is enjoined upon and is Cheerful note from Cleethorpes. The exercised by the consumer. Those who Council has included £600 in its year’s really understand the system know that it is estimates for the provision of illuminations an attempt to apportion standing charges for the season, as well as £200 for the lighting equitably but extremely few consumers of the Promenade and Cliff Steps, “ if circum­ understand this. All they know is that they stances permit.” I am sure we all hope that are “ paying for something they haven’t circumstances will. had ” and many of them write to the papers * * * to say so. Flat-rate consumers have been protected by a limitation of the minimum John B ull, never at a loss for solutions of charge which may be made by a supply problems of all sorts, has now told us how to authority but those on two-part tariffs, overcome the effects of power plant shortage. although probably entitled to as much con­ The remedy is simple—“ A rationalised and sideration (apart from any question of nationalised fuel and power industry.”— justice to the supply authorities), receive, as REFLECTOR. M atch 2, 1945 E lectrical Review 321 Heating' Buildings Survey of Electrical Methods

l e c t r i c heaters are of two main with hot water radiators, but they are often types, viz. those from which heat is employed where it is desirable to heat the E emitted as radiation and those which warmair rapidly in larger buildings. the air by convection from a heated surface. One form incorporates a small fan which Most heaters are a combination of the two. blows air over the heating elements, thus Electric fires consist essentially of high- enabling smaller elements to be used and temperature (1,000 to 1,600 deg. F.) wire- the air to be heated at a greater rate. This, resistance elements either fixed in front of a however, exaggerates the disadvantage flat refractory base or wound on a cylindrical common to all convectors that the tem­ refractory support, backed with a metal perature of the air tends to become higher reflector. In the first the proportions of than that of the walls. radiant and convected heat are about equal Electric panel heaters run at temperatures and in the second the ratio is 3/1. Neither varying from as low as 90 to 400 deg. F. is very suitable for thermostatic control according to position. The heat emitted is owing to the distraction caused by switching practically all radiant when heaters are on and off. fixed horizontally but 3/2 radiant to con­ Tubular heaters usually comprise 2-in. vected when fixed vertically. A well dis­ diameter pipes heated internally by wire persed amount of radiant heat can be emitted resistances supported by insulating blocks. in all directions, thus enabling a comparatively The radiant/convection heat low air temperature to be main­ ratio is 9/11 when so fixed as to By H. C. Harris, tained without discomfort. Com­ radiate heat over a wide angle M.I.E.E., A.M.I.Mech.E. fort conditions are reached in and 3/7 if fixed’low down by the a b o u t 20 m in. skirting board where at least 75 per cent, Another method of heating that is almost of the tube surface is exposed to the wall. all radiant is provided by a flexible fabric The low temperature of the elements makes 1 mm. thick (“ Dulrae ”) which is usually them practically indestructible. Maximum applied to ceilings. Multiple busbar wiring surface temperature can be attained in is incorporated longitudinally along the edge a b o u t 20 m in.; hence thermostatic control is with loops for connections at each section. suitable. Owing to the small differences in The fabric is sandwiched between two layers the temperatures of the air meeting and of i-in. fireproof plasterboard and finished leaving the heated surface the convection with a lining of ordinary ceiling paper. currents have the low velocity that is necessary Owing to its low-surface temperature (95 for comfort. At the usual loading of 60 W to 100 deg. F.) heat is radiated at low intensity. per ft. run, the surface temperature is about Comfort conditions are quickly attainable. 180 deg. F. when the surrounding air is at The loading is about 18 W per sq. ft. 60 deg. F . Unit heaters are of two types, viz. suspended Electric hot-water radiators are mis­ with propeller fan and floor-mounted with named since 80 to 85 per cent, of the heat is centrifugal fan. Steam radiators or electrical dissipated by convection. Surface tem­ resistance elements are fixed in a sheet-iron peratures range from 150 to 250 deg. F. body over which a centrifugal fan blows the The relatively high velocity of the convection air. Discharge velocities vary considerably currents results in a high-temperature gradient according to the duties required, reaching and draughts across the floor. As their 1,200 ft. per min. or more. These heaters are thermal capacity is high they heat up slowly suitable for rapidly heating the air of factories, and are unsuitable for thermostatic control, garages, warehouses and similar buildings. but they are useful in situations where the Their effect is purely convective and con­ fire risk is high. Oil is sometimes used siderable air velocities are created giving instead of water on account of its much temperature gradients of as much as 2 deg. F. lower specific heat and density, per ft. Floor types occupy only about reduces the thermal capacity by nearly 50 half the ground area taken by ordinary hot per cent. This results in nearly twice as water or steam radiators, ' while the sus­ quick a rate of heating up and cooling down, pended types leave the floor clear. making them suitable for thermostatic Electrically heated skirting boards have control. , . ,. been produced experimentally of plastic With convectors, as their name implies, mouldings with resistance wires embedded practically all heat is convected. The wire- in them, providing an inconspicuous means resistance elements being run at a black or of background heating. dull-red heat are almost everlasting. The Heating appliances fixed against walls or velocity of air currents is even higher than ceilings should always be backed with a layer 3 2 2 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2 , 1 9 4 5 of thermal insulation to prevent loss of heat perature ” of an environment, i.e. the in the fabric of the building. Aluminium or temperature of a uniform enclosure with bronze paint on radiation surfaces reduces the still air in which a sizeable black body would heat transmitted by 10 per cent, or more, but lose heat at the same rate as in the environ­ ordinary paints (irrespective of colour) have ment. The apparatus consists of a hollow no such effect. Thermostatic control can black metal cylinder mounted on a wooden save upwards of 25 per cent, in energy. base with its internal temperature main­ A far more advantageous method of pro­ tained constant at 78 deg. F. by means of ducing heat by means of electricity than from two standard electric lamps controlled by a the I2R of resistances is provided by the heat bi-metallic thermostat, the average surface pump or reversed refrigerator. Several temperature then being 75 deg. F., which installations are in use in Switzerland, where approximates to the surface temperature of the it is estimated that 2,400 million kilo-calories clothed human body. The equivalent tem­ per hr. (2,800,000 kW) could be produced perature is read directly in degrees from a during the winter by lowering the temperature mercury thermometer, the bulb of which of all rivers by 1 deg. C. About 800,000 kW is inside the cylinder. An electric heating would be required to drive the pumps. In coil is wound round the bulb and the flow the United States portable air conditioning of current in the coil is regulated auto­

T a b l e I — C oefficients f o r W a l l s

Exposure to Wind. Sh = Sheltered, N = N o rm al, Se = Severe

S. Sh N Se W.SW.SE. Sh N Orientation Se NW. Sh N Se N.NE.E. Sh N Se

B rickw o rk .— Solid, unplastered, 9 in. 0-39 0-42 0-44 0-47 0-50 0-53 Solid, plastered, 9 in. 0-36 0-38 0-41 0-43 0-45 0-48 Glass, single window 0-70 0-79 0-88 100 114 1-30 Wood, tongued and grooved, 1 in. . . 0-41 0-44 0-47 0-50 0-53 0-56 Sheet asbestos, £ in. . . 0-64 0-72 0-80 0-89 100 1 12 Corrugated iron, A in. 0-79 0-91 104 1-20 1-40 1 -67 units have given 9,200 BThU (2-7 kW) for matically according to the heat loss from the an expenditure of 0-5 kW for driving the cylinder. This method ignores the effect of p u m p (i.e. over five times the efficiency of humidity, but under normal conditions this is resistance heating). In the summer the negligible in Great Britain. cycle can be reversed to give a cooling effect. Vane anemometers are not suitable for Comfort does not depend solely on air measuring draughts (which cause discomfort temperature. Radiant heat, relative humidity if in excess of 40 ft. per min.), as they are and air movement are all important factors. usually very inaccurate for air speeds below Relative humidity and air movement control 200 ft. per min. and are only suitable for the rate of evaporation of moisture from the measuring a steady air flow in one direction. human body, and hence affect the temperature Reasonably accurate results can, however, be of the skin. Physical conditions which would- obtained from the katathermometer, which is be comfortable for a sedentary worker would affected by all movements, whatever their cause a manual worker to feel uncomfortably direction and variation of speed. This is a hot. The average body heat dissipated spirit thermometer with a large bulb, which (radiated, convected and that owing to was used for measuring comfort conditions latent heat of evaporation of moisture) under before the introduction of the eupatheoscope, comfortable conditions varies from 384 the rate of cooling from 100 to 95 deg. F. BThU per hr. for sedentary conditions to indicating the condition of the environment. 1,800 BThU for physically active conditions. In buildings, air movements are usually small During the winter the relative humidity in­ and constantly changing in direction. The side a building in this country varies little, rate of cooling of the katathermometer is hence evaporation loss in still air is fairly con­ measured at an average temperature of 97-5 stant, but air movement will increase it. An deg. F. and depends upon the difference air temperature of between 60 and 65 deg. F. between this temperature and that of the has hitherto been considered in this country surrounding air. In a constant air tem­ to give reasonable comfort for a sedentary perature the rate of cooling will bear a fixed worker, but this is not so where a large i_r proportion of the heat is radiant or air move­ relation to the air velocity as given by q = ments are considerable. 0*1086 -J- 0-01584 -\/v, where; H = cooling An instrument produced by the Building power, which is the ratio of a constant Research Station, the “ eupatheoscope,” is depending on the individual characteristics used for measuring the “ equivalent tem­ of each instrument to the time taken to cool M arch 2 , 1 9 4 5 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 3 2 3 from 100 to 95 deg. F„ 8 = 97-5 deg. F. minus face east and west and each has two windows the air temperature, and v = air velocity in 8 ft. long by 5 ft. high and the south end has a ft. per nun. window of the same size. A wooden door Economy can be effected by employing a 6 ft. wide by 10 ft. high and 1 in. thick is in low air temperature, the greater proportion the middle of the north-end wall. The tem­ of heat being provided in the form of radia­ perature rise required is 30 deg. F. with two tion from the walls, ceiling and floor, while and a half air changes per hr. using only a small proportion for heating The heat loss in BThU per hr. through the air by convection to a considerably the walls, floor and roof for a temperature lower temperature (say 50 deg. F.). Rooms difference of 1 deg. F. is calculated by multi­ thus heated by radiation may frequently plying the areas in sq. ft. of the walls, require 25 to 40 per cent, less power than if windows and doors by the appropriate heated by convection. Radiating surfaces constants from the tables, as follows:— should be evenly distributed so that the South wall, 155 x 0-36 = 55-8; window, occupants will not feel chilled where shielded 40 x 0-7 = 28. West wall, 310 x 0-38 = from the source. In addition, the area of 117-8; windows, 80 x 0-79 = 63-2. North radiation should be large and the temperature and east walls, 445 x 0-41 = 182-4; windows, low (between 90 and 100 deg. F.) as otherwise heat distribution would be uneven. The T a b l e 3— C oefficients f o r R o o f s temperature of the floor radiators should not exceed 75 deg. F. for comfort. Unless Construction of Roof Sh N Se the ceilings are over 12 ft. high, downward F la t: radiation causes discomfort if the temperature Asphalt on 6 in. concrete 0-53 0-57 0-62 Asphalt on 6 in. of concrete is not kept low. with 1 in. cork 0-20 0-21 0-22 For calculating the heat requirements of P itc h e d : the building in the following example, the Tiles on battens 1-22 1-50 2-0 Tiles on boards and felt 0-33 0-35 0-37 figures in the tables have been extracted Plaster ceiling with space above: from “ The Computation of Heat Require­ with tiles and battens 0-50 0-56 0-64 ments for Buildings ” published by the with tiles on boards and felt 0-2 S 0-30 0-32 S kylight 1-40 Institution of Heating and Ventilating 1-00 1-20 Engineers. Tables 1, 2 and 3 give the heat transmittance coefficients in BThU per sq. 80 x 0-88 = 70-4; door, 60 x 0-47 = 28-2. ft. per hr. for each deg. F. difference of air Floor, 450 x 0-2 = 90. Roof, 450-x 0-53 = temperature. Table 4 shows the additional 238-5. Heat required to raise temperature of heat energy required to bring the temperature air in the building (5850 cu. ft.) with the of an intermittently heated building up to specified number of changes per hr., the requirements within a prescribed period. specific heat of air being 0-02 BThU per Heat requirements will be further increased cu. ft. per 1 deg. F. = 292-5. Allowance on account of the height of the space to be for height, 2 per cent. = 23- 3. Total, 1,190-1. warmed. From 13 to 14 ft. the addition is The above calculation relates to the heat required to maintain a constant temperature. T a b l e 2— C oefficients f o r F l o o r s Assuming the workshop to be closed down at nights, Saturday afternoons and Sundays, Floors on Ground Coefficients and that a preheating period of six hours is Ventilated, wood on joists, air required, 40 per cent, must be added to the bricks on more than one side, total of 1,190 BThU per hr., making 1,666 bare boards .. :. 0-40 Floors in contact with earth, BThU to give a temperature rise of i deg. F. hardcore, etc.: concrete 0-20 Therefore the amount of heat required for a W ood block on concrete 0-15 30 deg. F. temperature rise is 1,666 X 30 or 50,000 BThU per hr. approximately. H e a t flow H e a t flow Intermediate Floors d o w n ­ up w ard s As 1 BThU per hr. = 0-000293 kW, w ard s the maximum demand is 14-65 kW, but the Wood on joists, plaster ceiling 0-22 0-29 average consumption required to keep the 6 in. concrete with 2 in. screed 0-35 0-43 temperature in the workshop at 30 deg. F. above the outside air is only about two- 2 per cent.; from 15 to 16 ft., 4 per cent.; thirds of this figure. from 17 to 18 ft., 6 per cent.; from 19 to 20 If tubular heaters are employed, con­ ft., 8 p e r cent. suming 60 W per ft. run, 244 ft. are required. Suppose it is required to heat a smalt These could be installed in four rows one single-storey workshop in a built-up area, above the other along the sides and ends of sheltered by other buildings in Southern the shop. Thermostatic control would England. The building is 30 iFt by 15 ft prevent the temperature becoming much too bv 13 ft. high with 9 in. solid brick walls high after the initial period of warming up plastered on "the inside and a flat roof com- and from varying according to outside p o sed o f 6 in. of concrete covered with conditions. a s p h a l t . The 30-ft. sides of the building In calculating the price per kWh at which 3 2 4 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945

the cost of electricity would compete with Electricity would therefore have to be avail­ that of coke for maintaining a constant able at 0-46d. per kWh. temperature under the specified conditions, Cost of electricity, however, is not the only the BThU needed can be taken as 35,700 matter to be taken into consideration. There per hr. (equivalent to 10-46 kWh). Coke are also such other items in its favour as of 12,500 BThU per lb. now costs in Southern absence of fumes and dirt (and consequent England about 61s. per ton. The thermal longer periods between painting), saving of efficiency of a hand-fired coke boiler with manpower in wartime, non-dependence on water radiators is about 50 per cent.; there­ human stokers, no coke delivery or storage or fore the coke required per hr. has to. contain ash disposal. On the other hand, although a 71,500 BThU, which can be obtained from coke-fired boiler involves expense in banking, it still warms the building and so a smaller T a b l e A— A dditional Power Required for Inter­ m ittent Heating percentage increase for intermittent heating is re q u ired , i.e. 15 instead of the 40 per cent, Period of Occupation (days per week) P re h ea tin g for electric heating. P e rio d 7 days 5^ days 1 day The importance of good thermal insulation as an economiser of power consumption p e r cent. p e r cent. p e r cent, should be emphasised. In the workshop 3 h o u r s .. 40 5 5 - n o t rec o m ­ m en d e d referred to above, the heat conducting 6 h o u rs 25 40 150 properties of the roof could be reduced by 24 h o u rs nil 20 90 over 60 per cent, by adding an additional layer of one inch of cork ; this would reduce These figures are for buildings of heayy construction. For buildings of light construction and consequent the power requirements by between 12 an d low thermal capacity half these values may be taken 13 per cent, thus effecting a saving of about for a top floor and three-quarters for other floors in £11 per annum with electricity at 0-46d. multi-storey buildings. per kWh. About £9 wouid also be saved on 5-71 lb. costing l- 86d. A part-time stoker’s the capital cost of tubular heaters. If the wage, say one-eighth of Is. 4d. per hr., cost of the cork insulation were £65, the saving would add 2d. Adding higher capital would pay for the insulation in five years. charges, maintenance costs, supervision, etc., With light structures the saving would be very the total cost would be about 4-8d. per hr. considerably increased.

“ Loudaphones ” at Leicester Facilitating Traffic Control

T Leicester Central station the L.N.E.R. used for each speech direction, a two-pair cable A has recently introduced a “ Loudaphone ” being used to connect the two locations, to system to effect co-operation between the book­ minimise “ anti-sidetone,” but it is possible to ing office staff and the ticket collectors at busy adapt the equipment for use on a single pair of intermediate stations. Two-way speaking (and, wires if required. The loud speaker is a conical if required, calling, which permits acknowledg­ ment and coding) is provided. When the ticket collector advises the booking clerk of a train position, he presses a “ speak ” switch and a microphone amplifies his voice yet eliminates surrounding “ unwanted ” noises. Similar working applies in the reverse direction, or, alternatively, two-way conversation can take place. As the booking clerk is thus able to receive advice from the barrier he can continue to issue tickets until just before the train starts. Both the booking clerk and the ticket collector can receive a message without having to leave their respective positions. As the booking clerk can be aware of the train position, he is often able (without additional effort) to set at ease agitated “ late arrivals.” The equipment consists of a fixed microphone transmitter and loud speaker fitted at both positions and fed from the mains through a rectifier and smoothing circuit. The microphone operates differentially through a split primary transformer at from 0-5 to 0-75 A. The primary diaphragm operated by a pair of coils and fitted current can be adjusted by a pre-set resistance, with an exponential metal horn. The gear is so that the apparatus is adaptable to different metal-clad throughout and no valve amplifier input voltages, or can be worked from an is used; it was supplied by Clifford & Snell, Ltd accumulator. A separate pair of conductors is o f S utton, Surrey. M a rc h 2, 1945 Electrical Review CONTROL

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MALLORY METALLURGICAL PRODUCTS LIMITED An Associate Company of Johnson, Matthey & Co. Ltd. 78 Hatton Garden, London, E.C.I. Telephone : HOLborn 5027 GD50 M arch 2, 1 9 4 5 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 3 2 5 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY Extensions at Plymouth. Irish Bill Passed.

Barrow-in-Furness.—Supply to Farms.— The Saltcoats (Ayrshire).— K itchen Equipment. Electricity Committee is to provide a supply —The Town Council favours the installation to a farm at Kendal Ground at a cost of £370, of electric cookers, refrigerators and wash subject to a £55 revenue guarantee for five years. boilers in all temporary houses. The supply to Greenmoor Farm, Pennington, Scarborough. — Loan for Cookers. — is to be improved at a cost of £205. Sanction has been received by the Town Council Brighton. — Revised Hire Charges. — A to borrow £500 for consumers’ electrical revised scale of rentals for domestic electrical apparatus (cookers). apparatus on hire to come into force on July 1st Stockton-on-Tees.— L o a n . —The Town Coun­ nest is recommended by Brighton Public cil has applied to the Electricity Commissioners Utilities Committee. for sanction to borrow £ 10,000 to cover miscel­ Cheltenham.— Jubilee in May. — T he Elec­ laneous expenditure in connection with low» tricity Committee is to make arrangements voltage mains. for jubilee celebrations in May, when the under­ Swansea.— B oiler Tests.— In connection with taking will have been in existence for fifty years. boiler tests under the terms of a contract with Eston (Yorkshire).—Equipment for Tem­ International Combustion, Ltd., the Electricity porary Houses. —The Urban District Council Committee has appointed Mr. G. Hilder to has approved a recommendation of the Housing act as neutral observer at a fee of fifty guineas. Committee to install electrical equipment in The services of University College students proposed prefabricated houses. are to be utilised as instrument observers, etc. Glasgow.—Pumping Equipment. —The hydro- pump, filter circulating pump, etc., at Maryhill O verseas and Springburn baths are to be changed from Eire. — E lectricity B ill Passed. — The steam to electrically driven units. Dail last week passed the Electricity (Supply) Glendale (Northumberland). — R u r a l S u p ­ (Amendment) Bill which authorises the Elec­ p l i e s . —The Rural Council has been informed tricity Supply Board to carry out post-war that the post-war plans of the North-Eastern projects involving a probable expenditure of Electric Supply Co., Ltd., include the supply of £40,000,000. electricity to the villages of Ingram. Old Bewick. France.— End of Rationing in Paris. — New Bewick, Wooperton, Roseden, Uderton, Normal electricity supply was restored in Paris South and North Middleton, Chatton, Chilling- last week, according to a Paris radio message ham, Humbledon, Akeld, Doddington and quoted by Reuter. The supply has been cut Nesbit. off during certain hours each day in the past, owing to the coal shortage. Middlesex. — Food Conveyors. — The County Health Committee is to purchase 44 electrically heated food conveyors for the West TRANSPORT Middlesex Hospital at an estimated cost of Glasgow. — Increase in Fares Vetoed. — £2,652. The Minister of War Transport has declined Nuneaton. — Installations in Temporary to sanction the proposal by the Transport H o u s e s .—The Council has submitted site and Department to increase the fares on municipal lay-out plans for 299 temporary houses in which trams and buses. The proposal was the subject the cookers and wash boilers are to be elec­ of a public inquiry' last year (Electrical Review, trically operated. December 29th, page 913). Penrith.— Lighting of Council Offices. — South Shields.— Trolley-bus Proposals. —- The U.D.C. recommends the installation of The Northern General Transport Co., Ltd., and electric lighting at the Council offices. the Economic Bus Co. have offered to withdraw Plymouth. — D istribution Extensions. — It their opposition to the Corporation's Bill before was recently reported to the Electricity and Parliament (which seeks powers, among other Street Lighting Committee that the conversion things, for running additional trolley-buses) if of houses into flats, a procedure which has been the Corporation will rescind its decision to run carried out to an increased extent because of trolley-buses on routes 16 and 17. The Cor­ the housing shortage, together with the erection poration has agreed to do this. of tem porary' houses and industrial require­ Sunderland. — Tram way Extension. — The ments, have resulted in an increased load, to Town Council has decided to re-submit to the meet which it is proposed to erect new sub­ Ministry of War Transport a plan which was stations and extend existing substations and rejected by the Ministry fifteen months ago for low-voltaee mains. The cost is estimated to be laying an additional tram track for a distance of £24,455. 440 yd. at a cost of £7,000 in Durham Road. Salford.— Cotton Industry Campaign.— Wolverhampton. — New' Trolley-Buses. — The Salford City Reporter states that the The purchase of twenty-two new trolley-buses, Light, H eat and Pow er C om m ittee has_ agreed at a cost of £70,000, for deliverv in 1946, has to participate in a co-operative advertisement been approved by the Town Council. .Alderman of electricity undertakings interested m supplies Alan Davies, chairman of the Transport to the cotton industry, which is to be displayed Committee, said the undertaking wanted thirty on a conspicuous site at the Manchester Royal vehicles a year for renewal of the present fleet, Exchange. half of which was obsolete. 3 2 6 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945 FIVAMIAI. SECTION Company News. Stock Exchange Activities.

The Midland Counties Electric Supply Co., Ltd., Reports and Dividends is paying a final dividend of 5 per cent., again Franco Signs, Ltd.—At an extrordinary m aking 8 per cent, for the year. The trading general meeting on February 22nd resolutions profits of the company and the operating were passed increasing the capital to £300,000 companies, after taxation, were £850,919 by the creation of 200,000 new shares of 10s. (against £854,041) of which £521,987 (against each. Explaining the reason for the increase, £528,072) is appropriated for the operating the chairman (Mr. J. F. Mallabar) said that companies’ depreciation and reserves. The since the war started the group had been company’s net revenue after meeting debenture engaged almost wholly on Government con­ and loan interest and tax, rose from £267,779 tracts. Additional working capital had been to £275,902. found by way of bank loans but the outlay on The North Eastern Electric Supply Co., Ltd., factories, plant and machinery had encroached is paying a final dividend of 4 } per cent., again upon funds which would normally represent making 7 per cent. The trading profit amounted the working capital of the group and the board to £2,237,240, compared with £2,031,510 in felt that additional capital should now be raised the previous year. The net profit was £261,152 to consolidate the liquid position. Their (£262,481), after providing for interest, taxation, increased manufacturing capacity would enable depreciation, debenture stock redemption, plant electrical apparatus and light engineering renewals, improvements and deferred repairs. products to be manufactured on a wider scale The carry-forward is increased from £232,595 than before the war. It was anticipated that to £234,409. there would be a large demand for the group’s ordinary sign production when normal con­ The County of London Electric Supply Co., Ltd., ditions returned. is maintaining its ordinary dividend for the It was proposed to offer forthwith 160.000 year at 8 per cent, by a final payment of 5 per new shares to present shareholders at 13s. per cent. Preliminary figures give the net profit share, in the proportion of two new shares for for 1944 as £534,923 against £520,968 for the ■ every five held. He (the chairman) had agreed previous year. to subscribe for any shares not taken up, at 13s. per share. Mr. Mallabar concluded by The South London Electric Supply Corporation, predicting that the results for the current year Ltd., announces a first and final dividend of would be at least as favourable as those of the 7 per cent., the same as last year, which is again previous year. to be paid in part by drawing from reserve. The net profit for 1944 was £22,965 (against The English Electric Co., Ltd., reports a £31,354). tracing profit, including dividend received from D. Napier & Son, Ltd., of £584,773 for 1944, The Notting Hill Electric Lighting Co., Ltd., against £570,582 for the preceding year. The is to pay the dividend on its 6 per cent, cumulative net profit, after paying debenture interest, preference shares for the 3-j years ended depreciation, etc., was £434,984, as compared December 31st, 1942. The net revenue for 1944 with £419,376. As already reported, the was £46,579, as against £36,713 in 1943. A ordinary dividend is maintained at 10 per cent, sum of £55,317 is carried forward. and the general reserve again receives £ 100,000. The Richmond (Surrey) Electric Light & Power The balance carried forward rises from £62,631 Co., Ltd., recommends a first and final dividend to £87,870. It is stated that the liquid assets o f 6 per cent. (same). The net profit for 1944 at December 31st last amounted to £3,003,183 was £9,313 (against (£8,574). (against £2,987,603). The City of London Electric Lighting Co., Ltd., Broom & Wade, Ltd., record a profit for the is raising its ordinary dividend from 53 to 6 year ended September 30th last amounting to per cent, for 1944. The net profit was £88,450 £256,685, as compared with £237,533 in the year contrasted with £55,623 for 1943. 1942-43. After providing for depreciation and taxation the net profit was £36,633 The British Power & Light Corporation, Ltd., (£55,455). The ordinary dividend is main­ from a net profit of £382,432 (against £335,483) tained at 22J per cent, and £32,333 (£33,718) is maintaining its dividend at 7 per cent, by a is carried forward. No contribution js made final payment of 5 per cent. to the general reserve, whereas in the previous The North Wales Power Co. is again paying year a sum of £17,692 was allocated. Applica­ a dividend of 5J per cent. tion has been made for permission to issue at a premium to shareholders a part of the 440,000 The Lancashire Electric Light & Power Co. ordinary shares of 5s. each created in 1942. announces a profit of £369,588 for 1944 (against £370,466) from which a final dividend of 5 Clarke, Chapman & Co., Ltd., report an per cent, (making 7 i per cent.) is again paid. increase in profit of £12,845 to £135,292 for the past year. A sum of £20,000 is again put to The Clyde Valley Electrical Power Co. is reserve and £20,000 (against £ 10,000) is trans­ again paying a final ordinary dividend of 5 per ferred to staff pensions reserve. The ordinary cent., making 8 per cent, for the year. dividend is again 12 J per cent, and the balance Electrical Distribution of Yorkshire, Ltd., carried forward is increased from £38,903 to announces a final dividend of 4J per cent., £41,415. making 9 per cent, for the year (same). M arch 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 327

The Northampton Electric Light & Power Co., Ltd., is to pay a dividend of 6 per cent., again Companies’ Returns making 10 per cent, for the year. The net Statements of Capital profit, after providing for all taxation, was Electricity Services, Ltd.—Capital, £5,000 in £62,365 (£66,421) and the carry-forward £98,290 (£95,738). £f shares. Return dated November 16th, 1944. 4,975 shares taken up. £4,915 paid. The Rushdcn & District Electric Supply Co., £60 considered as paid. Mortgages and charges: Ltd., proposes to pay a final dividend of 5 per Nil. cent., making 9 per cent, (same) for the year ended December 31st last. The net profit, Woodstock & District Electrical Distribution after taxation, amounted to £5,908 (£7,639), Co., Ltd.—Capital, £10,000 in 10,000 ordinary £13,799 (£12,941) being carried forward. shares of £1 each. Return dated June 21st (filed August 20th, 1944). 3,978 shares taken up. The Llanelly & District Electric Supply Co., £304 paid. £3,674 considered as paid. Mort­ Ltd., is paying a 6 per cent, dividend (same) for gages and charges: £5,000. the past year. The Farnham Gas & Electricity Co. proposes Increase of Capital to pay a final dividend of 3 ft per cent., making Stanley Cooper, Ltd.—The nominal capital 6J per cent, for the year (against 6 ft per cent.). has been increased by the addition of £ 1,000 in Crabtree Electrical Industries, Ltd., are main­ £1 ordinary shares beyond the registered capital taining their interim dividend at 5 per cent. o f £500. The Ransome & Maries Bearing Co., Ltd., is Mortgages and Charges again paying an interim dividend of 9 per cent. Electroflow Battery & Engineering Co., Ltd.— The Delhi Electric Supply & Traction Co., Ltd., Debenture dated January 29th to secure £750, has been notified of the Provincial Government’s charged on the company’s undertaking and intention to purchase the undertaking referred property, including uncalled capital. Holders: to in the “ Electric Licence” which is considered M. Pomeroy and Marcus Harris & Lewis, Ltd. to include the tramways. Taylor Tunnicliff (Electrical Industries), Ltd., Bankruptcies are maintaining their dividend at 10 per cent. K. G. Burfield, electrical contractor, Espere, Couchmore Avenue, Clayhall Avenue, Ilford, New Companies Essex.—The adjourned public examination of Tyne & Wear Electrical Co., Ltd.—Private this debtor was held recently at the Shire Hall, company. Registered February 15th. Capital, Chelmsford. It had been reported previously £15,000. Objects: To acquire the businesses that the statement of affairs showed a deficiency carried on at East Boldon as the Tyne & Wear of £300 on liabilities of £406. In January, 1944, Electrical Co., and at Sunderland as Cowper debtor commenced trading in partnership at Shaw & Co. Directors: A. N. Cowper, 44, Claybury Broadway, Ilford. Shortly after­ Dykelands Road, Sunderland ; and R. J. Morgan, wards the business was transferred to a limited 7, Natley Avenue, East Boldon. Registered company. In June, 1944, debtor’s co-director office: Station Approach, East Boldon, Durham. resigned, and his holding in the company was taken by debtor’s wife. The company’s business Hales & Co. (East Anglia), Ltd.— Private suffered through evacuation of customers, and company. Registered February 15th. Capital, in October last year a winding-up order was £500. Objects: To carry on the business of made. The goodwill and effects of the com­ manufacturers of, and dealers in, radio and pany’s business were sold for £360. H.e electrical apparatus and accessories, etc. First attributed his failure to inadequate remuneration directors: W. J. Hales and Joy M. Hales, from the company and his own ill-health. both of 162, Lowestoft Road, Gorleston, The examination was adjourned. which is the registered office. E. C. Mould, electrical retailer, 24, Westrow Headlands Refrigerator Parts, Ltd.—Private Gardens, Seven Kings, and lately 28, Clements company. Registered February 15th. Capital, Road, Ilford, and The Facade, High Road, £5,000. Objects: To carry on the business Goodmayes.—First and final dividend of of manufacturers of, and dealers in, refrigerators Is. 10Jd. in the £ payable March 7th at 42, and parts, electrical and general engineers, etc. Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. Directors: T. P. Headland, 50, Abbotswood P. W. Penty, electrical contractor, trading as Road, S.W.16; and L. T. P. Headland, 36a, the Sackville Electrical -Co., 38, Mannville Eaton Place, Brighton, both directors of Thos. Terrace, Bradford, Yorks. — Order made P. Headland, Ltd.; and W. Curtis, 72, Highbury February 15th rescinding the receiving order and New Park, N.5. Registered office: 164/8, dismissing the petition dated April 19th, 1928, Westminster Bridge Road, S.E.l. as debts have been paid in full. Lloyd-Metcalfe Designs, Ltd.—Private com­ pany. Registered February 14th. Capital, G. C. Pinney and A. E. Miller, wireless and £100. Objects: To carry on the business of electrical dealers, trading as Granby Service electrical, mechanical and general engineers, Co., 4, Granby Street, Littleport, Cambridge.— designers for engineers, manufacturers of, and Application for discharge to be heard on dealers in radio apparatus and cinema and March 21st at the Guildhall, Cambridge. theatre equipment-, etc. Directors: P. H. J. Gibbons, radio dealer, 176, Abbey Street I lovd 13 York Road, Leamington Spa; and and lately 240, Abbey Street, Derby.—Proofs F r, Metcalfe, 34, Chandos Street, Leamington for dividend by March 7th to the trustee, S e c r e t a r y : M. G. Haden. Registered Mr. A. J. Rogers, 22, Regent Street, Park o ffic e : 13 York Road, Leamington Spa. Row, Nottingham, Official Receiver. - 3 2 8 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2 , 1 9 4 5 STOCKS AND SHARES Matters of Moment T u e s d a y E v e n in g . The City of London Electric Lighting Co. HE outstanding feature in the Stock gave the market a pleasant surprise by T Exchange markets is the strength of raising to 6 per cent, the dividend on the securities of all kinds, more particularly ordinary shares. Last year’s dividend was those of the gilt-edged description and what 5£ per cent.—not fully earned on the year’s has come to be called the “ blue-chip ” class operations. The price of 40s. is thought of ordinary shares. Amongst the latter there likely to go better. Franco Signs has made are British Insulated, Callender’s, Henley’s, its new issue at 13s., and the shares are Tube Investments and various others in quoted at 2s. 3d. premium. Crabtree Elec­ companies which have achieved a financial trical Industries change hands on the basis position which entitles their shares to be of 44s. cum the usual interim dividend of considered front-rank industrials. The more 5 per cent, just declared. W atford Electrics speculative issues, such, for instance, as are a shade harder at 6s. 3d. those in the radio group, have rather fallen Indian buying is said to have caused the into the background for the time being. rally to 66s. 6d. in Calcutta Trams. Brazilian It is of passing interest to notice the Tractions rose a further $1; the increase in American “ Poor Man’s Boom,” as New earnings attracts attention. A number of York calls it. This has taken place in the final dividends for* 1944 have been declared Wall Street Stock Exchange, and where by Home electricity supply companies; most speculative shares of American railroads and of them are at the same rate as in the pre­ industrials have substantially improved in ceding year. price under the pressure of popular demand. There is, by the way, a proposal in America Notting Hill Electric to tax the profits made by speculators in After being out of the dividend list for property and in stocks and shares, the tax 3Jj years, the Notting Hill Electric Lighting to be levied on profits made by wartime Co. returns with a payment on its 6 per cent, speculation. The suggestion comes from the preference shares of 2 1 per cent, less tax. chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. The ordinary shares are all held by the Movements in Prices Metropolitan Electric Supply Co. Before The only recordable change in electrical the war, they used to receive good dividends. gilt-edged stocks is a rise of 1 to 107 in For the three years 1933 to 1935, the annual Central Electricity Board 4j per cent, of dividend was a little over 11 per cent. It 1951-73. Ordinary shares in the front-rank fell away to 8 per cent, for the two following class of manufacturing and equipment com­ years and for 1938, 5 per cent, was paid. panies are, however, mostly better. Callen­ For 1939 the ordinary received nothing. der’s, for example, tread close upon the heels The price of the 6 per cent, preference dropped o f £6. Midland Electric Manufacturing are to a nominal £8 per share, but so small was 2s. 6d. higher at 7f. De la Rue shares have the amount of business in them that the got into double figures: Tube Investments official quotation was removed. There has recovered to 5|. On the other hand, declines always been a limited market, and for some have made British Insulated 5 , Murex 5 k time past buyers have predominated. This and Westinghouse Brakes 76s. Revo went is the case at the present time, the £ 10 sh ares b ack 6d. to 43s. 6d. and there were falls of a being quoted at 12f, a rise of 45s. on the few pence in two or three other prices in this week. group. Shares of companies engaged in the heavy industries are attracting more support. N ew Issues Babcock & Wilcox at 54s. and Vickers at The Yorkshire Electric Power Co., requir­ 19s. 3d. are better. ing money to finance extensions now in The Electrical Distribution of Yorkshire, course of completion, has placed privately Ltd., has declared the usual dividend, making £412,300 3jr per cent, debenture stock at 99£. 9 per cent, for the year. A similar rate has The stock has been issued to institutional been paid for at least fifteen years and the investors and, the brokerage being $ p er profit has steadily increased since 1930. The cent., the company will receive 99}. There shares are quoted at 46s. Lancashire is already an amount of £ 1 ^ million of this Electrics are 6d. better on the week at 38s. stock quoted in the market at 100^, but the and Llanelly at 28s. have gained Is. Clyde new stock will not be dealt in for at least Valley at 2£ and Scottish Power at 41s. have six months. both advanced. The North Metropolitan Power Station Canadian Marconis reacted a trifle, to Co. has decided to redeem its outstanding 12s. 6d., after the recent sharp rise. Inter­ 5 per cent, second mortgage debenture stock national “ Tel. & Tel.” hold their advanced and at the same time to offer the conversion figure of 30. The Cable & Wireless market right into a new 3| per cent, stock. The is uninteresting, the 5^ per cent, preference amount of the latter required for the con­ being 10s. lower at 117£. version is £674,500, in addition to which, M arch 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 329 expenditure on the construction programme so much as prospects, and when these are will require another £825,500, bringing the favourable, Stock Exchange prices conform total issue up to £1,500,000. to a sentiment which carries with it more Radio Hopes optimism than logic. The market in radio shares is attracting B.T.H. Shares less attention than usual owing, it may be, to Holders of British Thomson-Houston 7 per other speculative departments being more cent, preference shares have now received interesting at the moment. There continues the formal offer of the Associated Electrical to be a fair turnover in the popular shares, of Industries 6 per cent, preference shares, which Cossor and Philço are representative particulars of which were published early in examples. The business is so evenly balanced the month. On the strength of this proposal, between buyers and sellers that the daily B.T.H. 7 per cent, preference rose Is. 6d. to fluctuations in prices are mostly on a narrow 36s., the price at which Associated Electrical scale. Cossors are 9d. higher at 32s. 9d. Industries will pay for fractions when these The disposition is to wait upon the course of come to be dealt with. All past experience events. Justification for the present high goes to show that some shareholders neglect prices is to be found, according to the to take advantage of their opportunity for supporters of this market, in the idea that converting, and this paragraph may serve as the post-war possibilities are as extensive as a reminder to B.T.H. preference shareholders they are vague. Speculation loves nothing that they should not fail to accept the offer.

\EW PATENTS Electrical Specifications Recently Published The numbers under which the specifications will be Duddy).—“ Electric storage batteries or accumu­ printed and abridged are given in parentheses. lators.” 2080. February, 8th, 1943. (567294.) Copies of any specification ( 1.9. each) may be “ Containers for electric storage batteries or obtained from the Patent Office, 25, Southampton accumulators.” 2081. February- 8th, 1943. Buildings, London, W .C .2. (567295.) Duratube & Wire, Ltd., and J. Veit.— KT.-GES. Brown Boveri & Cie.—“ Electric “ Electrical conductors and cables.” 6630. A switching devices.” 6908/43. May 6th, April 27th, 1943. (567317.) 1942. (567359.) Electric Transmission, Ltd., and E. C. Belling & Lee, Ltd., and C. W. Heath.— Gumbrell.—“ Electric switches and contact “ Spring-contact prongs for electrical connec­ arrangements therefor.” 12672. August 5th, tions.” 9874. June 18th, 1943. (567302.) 1943. (567329.) Belling & Lee, Ltd., and E. M. Lee.—“ Spring- Electroflo Meters Co., Ltd., and H. W. contact prongs for electrical connections.” Beara.—“ Indicating or controlling mdans or 9875. June 18th, 1943. (567303.) devices.” 7457. May 11th, 1943. (5673Q0.) Bendix Aviation Corpn.—“ Emergency trans­ Electrolux, Ltd.—“ Vacuum cleaners.” mitters.” 12757/43. July 10th, 1942. (567334.) 13786/43. July 24th, 1942. (Addition to H. E. Brain and Automatic Telegraph & 536850.) (567351.) Radio Transceiver Co., Ltd.—“ Electro­ General Electric Co., Ltd., and E. M. Hickin. mechanical switch.” 15626. September 23rd, —“ Concentric cables and wave guides.” 1943. (567277.) 1990. February 13th, 1942. (567287.) British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd.—■ R. P. H. Hinds.—“ Portable electric hand “ Method of making electric coils and coils lamps such as inspection lamps.” 18767. produced thereby.” 7938/43. May 19th, 1942. November 11th, 1943. (567314.) (567319.) “ Electric circuit overload protective Londex, Ltd., and W. H. Smith.—“ Devices apparatus, particularly for use in electric dis­ for detecting, measuring or controlling the tribution systems.” 12814/43. August 15th, electric conductivity of liquids.” 14003. August 1942. (567386.) 27th, 1943. (567275.) British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd. (General Mallory Metallurgical Products, Ltd.— Electric Co.).—“ Apparatus for testing by X-ray “ Welding electrode holders.” 12833/43. ionisation.” 17512. October 25th, 1943. August 7th, 1942. (567387.) (567280.) Philips Lamps, Ltd., and J. H. De Boer.— British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd., and “ Photographic flashlight lamps.” 420. C. J. E. Dixon.—“ Earthing of electrical net­ January 8th, 1943. (567363.) works.” 8208. May 24th, 1943. (567264.) Revo Electric Co., Ltd., and F. H. Reeves.— British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd., and “ Lighting fittings embodying a linear light G. T. Grapes.—“ Circuit arrangement for source.” 14603. September 7th, 1943. operating electric discharge lamps.” 5394. (567276.) April 5th, 1943. (567377.) Standard Telephones & Cables, Ltd.— British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd., J. G. “ Carrier wave circuit protection.” 13995/43 Weilings and B. Withers.—“ Operation of June 23rd, 1942. (567352.) electric fuses.” 12190. July 27th, 1943. J. Stone & Co., Ltd., and G. H. Kyte.— (¡67347.) „ T , .. „ “ Electric regulators of the carbon pile type ” Chloride Electrical Storage Co., Ltd. (J. C. 5080. March 30th, 1943. (567341.) 330 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945 CONTRACT INFORMATION Accepted Tenders and Prospective Electrical W ork

Gateshead.—Conversion of premises in Bens- Contracts Open ham Road, Saltwell Road, Victoria Road and Where “ Contracts Open ” are advertised in our Askew Road into fiats; borough engineer. “ Official Notices ” section the date of the issue Glasgow.—Substation, etc.; Scottish Farmers’ is given in parentheses. Dairy Co., Ltd. Belfast.—March 6th. Electricity Department. Kent.—School improvements, huts and equip­ Materials including feeder and section pillars, ment (£43,000); county architect. armourclad compound-filled 6,600-V switch- gear, meters and instrument transformers, l.v. Leicestershire.—School canteens (£8,288); fuse units, cut-outs, joint boxes, cables, lamps, county architect. switch tripping batteries and charging equip­ London.— C a t f o r d . —Mill extension and ments, etc. (February 9th.) transformer house, Loampit Vale; C. G. Eaglen. Leeds.—March 14th. Transport Depart­ Manchester.—Works additions for R. P. ment. 750-kW automatic mercury-arc rectifier Lawson, Ltd.; W. Thorpe & Son, Ltd., building equipment, complete with high- and low- contractors, Chester Road, Cornbrook, Man­ voltage DC switchgear. (See this issue.) chester, 16. Plym outh.— M arch 1.0th. E lectricity D ep art­ Middlesex.—Mortuary, West Middlesex Hos­ ment. Synchronous motor-driven time switches. pital (£2,350) and adaptation of Hampton Court (February 23rd.) House as institution; county architect. Southend-on-Sea.—March 31st. Electricity Newcastle - on - Tyne.—Additions for the Department. House service meters. (See this Woodbine Laundry; T. Hutchinson & Son, issue.) builders, Elswick Road. Northants.—Extensions to Wellingborough Orders Placed Grammar School; J. Perkins, county architect, County Hall, Northampton. Bedford.—Electricity Committee. Accepted for twelve months.. Cables.—Siemens Bros. North Riding.—Additional temporary accom­ Lamps.—Cryselco. modation at Clifton Without Junior and Infant School and Saltburn School (£2,700); county London. — F u l h a m . — Electricity Com­ architect, County Hall, Northallerton. mittee. Accepted. Low-pressure pipework. Stewarts & Lloyds. Turbo-alternator and Northwick Park.—New Charing Cross Hos­ condenser.—Metropolitan Vickers. pital; governors. Middlesbrough. — Corporation. Accepted. Pendleton.—Dining room and kitchen; Yar- Electric battery for refuse collecting vehicle wood’s, Ltd., building contractors, Moss Lane (£202).—Young Accumulator Co. Bridge, Altrincham, Cheshire. Peterhead.—Proposal to install plant for freezing fresh herrings at Peterhead and Fraser­ Contracts in Prospect burgh for Herring Industry Board; T. Buchan, Particulars of new works and building schemes for chairman of Peterhead Fishermen’s Committee. the use of electrical installation contractors' and Reddish.—School kitchen and dining room; traders. Publication in this section is no guarantee Henry Bardsley & Sons, Ltd., builders, Booth that electrical work is definitely included. Alleged Street, Stockport. inaccuracies should be reported to the Editors. Sharston.—Central kitchen for school meals; Alfreton.—Pithead baths, Pilsley Colliery; Mertees Construction Co., Ltd., building con­ Architects’ Department, Miners’ Welfare Com­ tractors, 25, Cross Street, Manchester, 2. mission, Ashley Court, Ashtead, Surrey. Warrington.—Works additions; Williams, Beeston.—Houses, Dovecot Lane (£4,400), for Tarr, Ltd., building contractors, Bewsey Road. U.D.C.; Briggs & Co., builders, Beechdale Mortuary, Isolation Hospital; J. Y. Hughes, Road, Nottingham. borough surveyor, Municipal Offices. Blackburn.—Buildings; W. Livesey & Sons, Warwickshire.—Additions, Rugby Technical Ltd., Nova Scotia Saw Mill. College (£2,000); county architect. Brighton.—Adaptation of Royal Sussex Hotel as training college extension; borough architect. Nikola Tesla Bristol.—Restoration of offices at Council House (£8,000); H. M. Webb, borough engineer, HE Commemorative Lecture on Nikola 7, College Fields, Clifton. T Tesla given by Dr. (now Sir Arthur) Bromsgrove.—Houses at Cobnall Lane, Cats- Fleming at the Institution of Electrical Engineers hill, Burcott Road and Rubery for U.D.C.; on November 25th, 1943, has now been published J. E. Seabright, architect, 1, Corbett Avenue, by the Yugoslav Government. In this edition, D roitw ich. which runs to twenty-four pages and includes eight plates illustrative of Tesla’s researches, the Cumberland. — Maternity Home, Penrith lecture is preceded by a short foreword relating (£13,360); Leslie & Sons, Ltd., builders, Coach to conditions in the Balkans, which at that time Road, Whitehaven. caused Tesla to leave his country for the United Darwen.—Central bus station (£50,000); E. States, and a map of the historical provinces of Marsden, borough surveyor, Town Hall. Yugoslavia. M arch 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w

8PECI^ ***** M*1

G Í l X H G p E S X USE**

B A K E R PLATINUM LTD., 52 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.I 50 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945

Specialists in the moulding of Poly­ styrene, Polythene and Cellulose Acetate as applied to the Electrical Industry. W e shall be very pleased to forward any information requested. INJECTION VISUAL TWO - D IM E N SIO N A L de­ MOULDERS lineation of any recurrent law. RELATIVE TIMING OF EVENTS and J 2 id . (Bureau I) other comparative measurements with extreme accuracy. Westmoreland Road, London, N.W .9 Telephone : COLindale 8868/9 PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING of transient phenomena. > SIMULTANEOUS INDICATION of two variables on a common time axis THE ■— Completely embracing all the above func­ tions, the unique Cossor DOUBLE BEAM SENIOR SERVICE” Cathode Ray Tube as embodied in Model 339 Oscillograph, is inherently applicable to all o f ------problems arising in the M anufacturing R E C O R D IN G INDICATING and Electrical and Light MONITORING of effects and events in Electrical engineer­ M e c h a n i c a l ing ; and in Mechanical engineering when the effects can be made available as a voltage. Engineering Recurrent traces are studied visually and transients may be photographically recorded with Model 427 Camera. • LABORATORY AND TEST A. C. COSSOR Ltd EQUIPMENT, Instruments Dept. INDUCTANCES OF ALL Cossor House, London, N.5 TYPES FOR TRANSMITTERS ’Phone : CANonbury 1234 (30 lines). ’Grams : Amplifiers Phone London. FOR HOME AND TROPICAL USE

Admiralty and Air Ministry, etc.

JOYCE ENGINEERING LTD. 25 Finchley Lane, Hendon, London, N.W.4 Phone: HENdon 7437-8-9 M arch 2, 19 4 5 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 51

m w m m

Equip your electrically driven machines with the “ right ” control gear — IGRANIC, which will give positive protection to motor and machine and keep them working to secure maximum production.

Illustration shows IGRANIC Contactor Panel for control of Travel motion of 6-ton Slab Charger for Steel Mill.

IGRANIC ELECTRIC C?LTP

B E D F O R D & L O N D O N 5 2 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w March 2, 1945

AUSTIN WALTERS I M I ™ MANUFACTURERS OF STORAGE EQUIPMENT

Bins and Shelving single and double-sided

Every machine passing S T O R A G E RACKS through Britain’s Premier for Electrical Repair Works is Small Parts tested for high voltage Removable Trays breakdown to earth — for

your satisfaction and ours !

F o r urgent work of

national importance you are

still invited to ring Southall TOOL CABINETS day or night — “ it’s never 35" x 18" x 15" too late to m end.” Lock and Key COLLINS Collins Electrical Ltd. Head Office 115 Clerkenwell Road London EC 1

22 St. Albane Place Upper St. Islington N I ,Canonbury 3227-8 i STEEL WORK BENCHES L 9 ¿c 11 Featherstone Rd. Southall . Southall 0168 8 0 ' X r 6" x 2 '8 ' Two Lockers with Padlock and Key AUSTIN WALTERS & SON LTD. Old Trafford, MANCHESTER 16 0.B.L.8 sazuell advertising M arch 2, 1945 Electrical Review S'! BRITANNIC CABLES

AN INDEPENDENT COMPANY, MAKERS OF E.H.T.

AND L.T. PAPER M AINS CABLES, VARNISHED CAMBRIC

C.T.S. M IN IN G TRAILING, •• IVERITE ” INSULATED CABLES

AND THiRM O l LASTIC CABLES (P.V.C.)

BRITANNIC ELECTRIC CABLE & CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD. IVER BUCKS Telephone: IVER 491 Telegrams “ BRITANNIC, IVER" For quick, safe and economical repair of commutator s and other electrical equipment Westminster Commu­ tator Cement offers a cheap, efficient, quick method of curing dam­ aged insulation without holding up the machine r for more than half an ^ESTMINSTEf hour. Th ere is no need to remove the armature t m W J T A T C or skim the commutator with a grinder. Dam ­ c e m e n t aged mica can be easily Don’t wait removed and gaps filled until trouble develops before ordering. With present delays in with Westminster Com­ \ f - mutator Cement on the delivery valuable time may be lost and the machine may remain idle spot, making a perm a­ s .1 <>.«**“; i£ä!v nent repair and saving for several days or weeks. considerable tim e, money Every user of electric motors should and labour. keep Westminster Commutator Cement Used by Electri cal Undertakings outfits handy in case of emergency. A Government Departments, Lon­ sound investment I Obtainable direct <>v]5 don Passenger Transport Board, from the manufacturers. National Physical Laboratory. A complete outfit -« " j ir \ Railway and Shipping Com- costs only “ I / /O panies, Collieries, Stores, etc. WESTMINSTER LABORATORIES LTD West Works, PENN, Bucks. 5 4 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945 “ MACINTYRE ” HIGH-GRADE ELECTRICAL PORCELAINS__

are competitive in price, but their superiority in quality, accuracy and efficiency ensure a very REAL REDUCTION in the cost of assembly, etc. BIRMHIGHRM 29 4TT The increasing demand for these PORCELAINS has neces­ sitated considerable alterations to premises and plant which will greatly facilitate production and service.

Enquiries solicited

JAMES MACINTYRE & GO. LTD. BURSLEM Pioneer Producers of Electrical ------Porcelains------

RE W I N D S AND REPAIRS

A.C. A N D D.C. ■ nV |T YO U R UNLIMITED H P 1 EnOUIRIES Manufacturers of MAGNETIC SEPARATORS nuTomnTic A N D GRABS COnTROL GEAR LIFTING MAGNETS up to 10 TON

O /te HEAVY MACHINE CAPACITY INTEGRITY cfST lirt (PCa^o HOUCHIN LTD. dev 6eTumćaYć TGARFORD ST., LO ND O N, E.I4 C H tł ^ l u r t / u c t i Phone : Crams : EAST 3768 & 3817 GARFORDIA, LO N DO N March 2, 1945 F. l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 55

The engineers responsible for equip­ have been functioning without pause p in g 500 of Britain’s Power Stations or hitch for over 30 y e a rs. Y o u sh o u ld pinned their faith to Tudor Accumu­ specify Tudor for im portant jobs. lators. This confidence was justified by the Tudor record of unsurpassed SAFETYLYTE ( Patent No. 313248 ), the Tudor Emergency Lighting efficiency and reliability. Many of S y ste m , is automatic and instan­ taneous in operation. It is installed the largest battery installations in the in thousands of schools, hospitals. country are Tudor, and some of these factories and other large buildings.

The Tudor Accumulator Co., Ltd., ACCUMULATORS 50, Grosvenor Gardens, London, S.W .i. S L O a n e : 0168/9

w t 3 5 b / 4 4

REPAIRS

Venners are now in a position to handle a limited amount of overhauling, cleaning and oiling of time switches of their manu­ facture and which five years of disuse probably makes desir­ able, if they are to renew their past satisfactory performance.

VE IM N E R fin N G S T 0 N BY-PASS ROAD NEW MALDEN • SURREY | TIME SWITCHES LTD. 56 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945

HERBERT MOTOR-DRIVEN CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS A robust, self-contained pump . for either A.C. or D.C. Will give long, trouble-free service. No. I No. 2 Height overall I6|in. 22in. Maximum immersion 4Jin. 5|in. Approximate weight 401b. 561b. Gallons per minute, suds 5 13 against a head of 6ft. I Oft. Gallons per minute, oil . 2 7 against a head of 6ft. 6in. I Oft.

CATALOGUE SHEET ON REQUEST ALFRED HERBERT LTD. N o . I P u m p COVENTRY

USED BY ADMIRALTY, M. of S., G.P.O., H.M. DOCKYARDS & LEADING ELECTRICAL FIRMS

FAN DISC LOCK WASHER VIBRATION PROOF

Overlapping teeth cannot be flattened. A s soon as conditions permit, our Teeth grip and cannot shake loose. full range of ‘Crescent’ port­ In «teel or phosphor bronze. Sizes from 10 B.A. Fo r all types of bolts and screw s. W able and inset fires will reappear. SEND FOR SAMPLES. F Just now we are helping to ‘turn on the heat ’ in other directions. k Distinguished Design FtAr^ Proved Efficiency MITCHELL -ELECTRIC LIM ITfD 88-90, TENNANT STREET, NORTH W OOD ST., ST. PAUL'S, BIRMINGHAM I Tel.: MIDland 3096 BIRMINGHAM 15 March 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 57

r 1 N INDUSTRY'S D D A Y

will start on the day that Victory is ours. For our PostWar products 58 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945

EEL CHAINS

Accurate manufacture from steel ensures rig life, reliability, smooth running ant) rength with low weight.

DELEVATORS

ATTACHMENTS FOR ALL DUTIES \ ° ^ A Thç Renofd and Coventry Chain Company Limited Manchester England

IMMERSION STERILIZER

Sm all Rivets a speciality QUICK BOILING. SEAMLESS BOILER, SIZE IN ALL SIZES FOR ALL PURPOSES 1 1 1 5 J x 4. FULL AUTOMATIC HEAT CONTROL 8 6 - 8 8 CONSTITUTION HILL BIRMINGHAM I 9 Phone: COLMORE 4010 SurcicalEquipmentSuppues l,d London Agent : E. J. Cookson, 10 Devonshire Chambers, WESTHEIDS ROAD, LONDON, W .3 146 Bishopsgate, E.C.2 Names cf ¿eeai ûerferf s */>/>//*{/ on revest March 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 5 9 Accuracy with Reliability These moving coil instruments are manufactured from the finest raw materials and assembled with great care to ensure many years of trouble-free and accurate measurement. All these instruments are supplied in black moulded insulated cases, and m irror scales and illuminated dials are available if required with models 400 and 500. Rectifier or Thermocouple type instruments can also be supplied in all the usual ranges. W e a Iso manufacture the following instruments M O D E L 200. 2" instrument with either round or square covers. M O D E L 250. 2£" instrument for flush or projecting m ounting.

Send your enquiries to your usual factor or direct to— TAYLOR ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS LTD. 419-424, Montrose Avenue, Slough, Bucks. Tel. : Slough 2 13 8 1 (4 lines). Crams Taylins, Slough ”

W om ans Work in W a r-T im e — The RAAEI. It's a grand job of work she’s doing. Making life more homely for the boys. When she runs a home of her own, she’ll deserve every­ thing that makes life easier— includ­ ing, of course, a B U R C O .

Boilers can be supplied for do­ mestic launder­ ing purposes against Board of Trade Licences.

BURCO LTD. ROSE GROVE BURNLEY

ELECTRIC WASH BOILERS 60 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945

This photograph shows a group of grey and high duty alloy iron castings produced in our foundry and includes a number we supply to well-known electrical gear manu­ Newman. Hender & Co. Ltd facturers. We have every modern facility for producing light precision castings for |w OODCHESTER.A)X c l OS. ENGLAND.! « a n w WQCOOOSTU. «6 & 67 HMUwGSTH the electrical trade, and shall be pleased to quote for your requirements on receipt of drawings and/or samples.

USE DU BOIS ‘Plus Quality’ RESIN CORED SOLDER. Manufactured with Flux continuity assured.no bare patches are existent Speedily makes Absolutely sound Me chanlcal and corrosive Electrical

A.I.D. APPROVED

Being used by the Principal British RADIO AND ELECTRICA L EQUIPMENT manufacturers en­ gaged on Air Ministry. Admiralty, Supplied on :— These approved and certified Conduits and Ministry of and Fittings are consistently reliable un­ Supply contracts. I-lb., 4-lb., 7-lb. and 10-lb. Reels der the most arduous conditions of service. You can specify none better. You are invited to send for details and samples of this special Solder with flux uniformly distributed HILDICK & HILDICK throughout the whole length. WALSALL TUBE WORKS T H E DU BOIS CO. LIMITED PLECK ROAD.WALSALL . WAH°.2f23. 15 B R IT A N N IA 8TREET, K IN G ’S CROSS, W.C.1 Telephone : Terminus 6624/5 London Stores:9 Howland Hews West, Howland St., W .l. Phone: Museum 6225 M arch 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 61

olitcm alk a t a m j p o u t UHttitkiA '.DETACHABLE FUSED E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945

s TRADE D U P A H MARK. SWITCHGEAR

SPECIALISTS IN FUSES. DISTRIBUTION FOR EVERY TYPE OF BOARDS, SWITCH FUSES, SWITCH POWER APPLICATION BOARDS. CONTROL PANELS. ETC.

DEW HURST & PARTNER Ltd INVERNESS WORKS • HOUNSLOW • MDDX Tel : Hounslow 0085 8 Groms : Dewhurst, Hounslow |ST. MICHAELS ST. C H ESTER.»:: 3 7 6 3 / 4 Scottish Office 26 Blyihswood Sq.. Glasgow C.2 LONDON OFFICE-ABFORD HOUSE, W ILTON RD„ S.W. I Telephone . Douglas 0097 Telephone : Victoria 5780

SPRING OPERATED ALARM BELLS A~p IRONCLAD WEATHERPROOF AND GAS- AND WATER-TIGHT CABLE TYPES FOR A.C. OR D.C. ALL VOLTAGES UP TO 250

ASSOCIATED FIRE ALARMS DRUMS LTD. SUTHERLAND WORKS, ST. ANDREW RD. W A L T H A M S T O W , L O N D O N . E.17

Natural In all Gradea and All sizes and types of self-winding Qualities, Stove Micas, Plates, «V Washers, Commutator Seg­ drums supplied for electrical cable MIGA ments, Condenser Films, etc. or pressure hose. Moulding, Commutator, Flex­ Our experience Is at your disposal. ible, Heat-resisting Qualities, Commutator Rings, Spools, Quotations promptly upon receipt MICANITE Tubes, etc. of particulars of your requirements. Mouldings of any shape or form, Tubes, Plates, W ashers, Sheets In all thicknesses, BAKELITE etc. The NEWEY ENGINEERING CO. LTD. 8EITD TO THE MARUFACTURERS BROOK ST., NOTTINGHAM The BIRMINGHAM MICA Co. Ltd. South Road, Hocklay, Birmingham Telegrams: “ Newbeck, Nottm.” Phone: 4 1045/6 Nottm. Telegrams i "Insulation, Phone, Birmingham." Phone i Northern 0118. March 2, 1945 StECTRtCAL Review 63 AT THE NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY

Five BritanniaBatteries are installed in the Photometry Building, of various capacities up to 500 ampere-hours— 660 cells in all. Britannia high-tension and low-tension batter­ ies are widely used by Supply Undertakings for m eter testing. Britannia Emergency lighting batteries are installed in a large number of Cinemas, Electricity Supply Stations and Sub­ stations, Factories, Large Stores, and other establishments.

STATIONARY BATTERIES

BRITANNIA BATTERIES LTD • REDDITCH • WORCS.

A26 /4 3

No matter whether you are planning a new product or redesigning an old—• if castings in non-ferrous metals are called for then Universal with a com­ departments so that your job is ready plete service from designing to for pattern or die making immediately finishing can help you. On post-war restrictions are lifted. For immediate products our T e c h n i c a l Staff will gladly essential work the whole of our service work with your design and engineering is at your disposal . . . NOW UNIVERSAL ENGINEERING COMPANY GRAVITY DIE CASTINGS, PRESSURE DIE CASTINGS, AND SAND CASTINGS, IN NON-FERROUS METALS USUI BOULEVARD • NOTTINGHAM and at CALLARD HOUSE, REGENT STREET, LONDON. W.l 64 E lectrical Review M arch 2, 1945 Switch-over

Tomorrow morning has notoriously proved too late for preparing tomorrow’s affairs — they depend for success on today. W hich is no doubt why you are m aking it your business to get a working knowledge of all the new features that may change the character and enlarge the pos­ sibilities of post-war British industry. Take into u p c t x /c ¿ a m p account the wartime development of aluminium alloys, which will play so important a part in LOCKS peacetime industry. How, and how much, No unauthorised person can remove aluminium can be made to help your affairs, we Mi % electric light bulbs when once they are fitted with Lox-AII Locks, which shall be glad to tell you — at once, if you like. prevent theft and reduce breakages . . . they can be used with all bayonet- type lamp holders and the first cost is the last cost. We can give you Z,em e/e*ev\ Lox-AII Locks are extensively used by Government Departments, Municipalities, Public Utility Com ­ panies and Industry generally. F A C T S about A l u m i n i u m

Sales Representative : PERCY PHILLIPSON, 169, Piccadilly, London, W .I. Telephone : Regent 1900. NORTHERN ALUMINIUM CO. LTD. Manufactured and Marketed by C E L E ST IO N LTD. BANBURY. OXON Makers of NORALproducts London Road, Kingston-on-Thames. Kingston 5656.

E m s a ,nmseuY2î,yng E ST 33 w g Unmw) P o r c e l a i n Accessories M l A**? LIST No. NC30/E.R. There’s no hot air about our claims for the BYLOCK A.M. f e ' f c ' f a # Manufacturers Blower. Wherever hot or cold airfor rapid drying or cleansing is required, BYLOCK provides it METWAY g g g g LTD. K M i H constantly, efficiently. Priority users only. Trade and technical details supplied on request.

BYLOCK ELECTRIC LTD Ponders End, Middlesex, Eng. M arch 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w w

~'~'\BATTERY, STORAGE BATTERY t FOR ALL OTHER F O R E L E C T R I C ^ T R A C T I O N PURPOSES 71______STORAGE BATTERIES are 2 )efimtelu ^re-eminent/

It may not be generally known that D.P. originally stood for “ Dujardin- Plante ’ ’—the name of the battery when it was first produced in this country in 1888. Nevertheless, the letters D.P. have a very definite significance in the minds of battery users everywhere. They stand for the greatest possible efficiency in battery Design and Performance. %’D.P BATTERY C? LT? BAKEWELL, DERBYSHIRE .... Phone: BAKEWELL 81-82 .148 _ London Office : 50 GROSVENOR GARDENS, S.W.I Phone : SLOANE 6255-6 — GODWIN PUMPS

TYPE O.E.P. AUTOMATIC WATEK SYSTEM For Estate and Farm W ater snpplies and Domestic and Industrial purpose«. Supplied In capacities from 575/4,240 Im p. G.P.R. for Maximum Suction Lifts up to 22'. Write for lists of complete range of GODWIN PUMP8 and AUTOMATIC WATER SYSTEMS for Deep and Shallow Wells, to SOLE MANUFACTURERS. H. J. GODWIN LTD. QUENINGTON .... G L O S . T e le p h o n e Telegrams : C oin S t. A ld w yn 86 (3 lines) Pumps, Queulngtoa 6 6 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945 CHARLES CLIFFORD HART P r o d u c t s INCLUDE Storage BRASS, COPPER & PHOSPHOR BRONZE and the undernoted SPECIALITIES B a t t e r i e s Tubes Copper Tubes for all purposes. Brass Tubes in FOR various alloys and specifications. Aluminium Brass Condenser Tubes “Al-dur-bra ” Pat. No. 308647. Phosphor Bronze Tubes, Electric Lighting and solid-draicn. Gun Metal Tubes, solid-draicn. Po w e r Installations Sh eet & S tr ip Brass and Copper Sheet and Strip to any specification and in suitable temper for requirements. Phosphor Bronze Sheets and Strip. C astings Chill-cast Phosphor Bronze and Gun Metal Bars. R ods Phosphor Bronze Rods (Draicn). Gun Metal Rods {Drawn). Zinc Battery Rods. W ire AU Wires for the Metallisation process of Metal Spraying. Zinc Wire. Phosphor Bronze Wire. Ingots Phosphor Copper. Phosphor Tin.

HART ACCUMULATOR CO. LTD. CHARLES CLIFFORD 4 SON LTD M A RSH G ATE LANE, STRATFORD. LONDON. E.15 WORKS AT: FAZELEY STREET MILLS, Telephone: MARy'and I36I/3 BIRMINGHAM 5 (HEAD OFFICE) & Branches at Birmingham, Bristol, Cork, Dublin, Glasgow, Manchester DOG POOL MILLS, BIRMINGHAM 30 Newcastle-on-Tyne • Nottingham and Westminster M-W.44

Good Stocks o f...

... R o m ic H .T . Terminals are avail­ able on cards for re-sale In one dozen boxes of 4 ... or In dozen or gross lots for workshop use.

Price list sent on cequest. Enquiries for bulk supplies are Invited. BAKELITE------H.T. Terminals» MOULDINGS AND Handy, quick - fitting type; size 7 m/m. ------ERINOID No baring of wire, no solder or tools required. t o a n y TURNINGS SPECIFICATION ROMAC INDUSTRIES LIMITED The Hyde, Hendon, London, N.W.9 FREDERICK W. EVANS LTD. PLASTIC WORKS LONG ACRE, BIRMINGHAM 7 TELEPHONE: EASt 1286 & 1287 M arch 2 , 1 9 4 5 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 6 7

The “ Front-Entry ” Rectangular patternJSurface Swttchplug has become increasingly popular. The “ B R IT M A C ” Range is very comprehensive, being available in 5-amp. and 15-amp. 'O pen.” “ Screened ” and Interlocking patterns. Single and Double Pole. We ELECTRICAL also supply 2-amp. which are only available in ■■ O pen” type. Single Pole. Flush M ounting ■■Front-Entry” Switchplugs are also avail­ A C C E S S 0 R I E S able. “ BRITMAC ” 3-pin Switchplugs are made to the only existing British Standard Specification, namely B.S.S. 546. FOR ALL WAR-TIME May we send you details of this Range of “ BRITMAC ” Front- Enlry Switchplugs r INSTALLATIONS POINTS O F PERFECTION

T eleph one: T eleg ra m s: ACOCKS GREEN H E C T O M A R 1642 5 L I N E S BIRMINGHAM 6 8 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945

MAKERS OF GOOOIAMK FOR OVER SO YEARS PHILIPS LAMPS LTD ■ CENTURY HOUSE • SHAFTESBURY AVE ■ W .C.2 March 2. 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w (,Supplem ent) 6 9

'PRANA* PRESSURE

BASIC METALS - 7 0 ( Supplement) E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1 9 4 5

FLUORESCENT LAMP 5 ft. 80 watt

The brilliant daylight effect of OSRAM Fluorescent lamps has done much to maintain and increase production in the war factories. There are situations, however, where a light of warmer tone than the existing “ Daylight colour ” is desired. For these situations the “ Warm-white ” Fluorescent Lamp has been introduced. With the exception of the change in colour, all other characteristics remain the same.

Low Surface Brightness reduces Cool Burning reduces discomfort due direct or reflected glare to heat Large area source means soft Quick starting, full light obtained shadows almost instantaneously High efficiency means economy in current consumption Suitable for existing installations

G.E.C. Research and skilled manufacture have thus made available pleasing alternatives for almost any industrial need — and opened up a vista of unlimited promise for attractive and efficient lighting in other directions after the war. An extensive range of G .E .C . Industrial fittings is available.

CONSULT THE G.E.C. ON FLUORESCENT LIGHTING AND ALL FORMS OF ILLUMINATION

Advt. o f The General Electric Co. Ltd., Magnet House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2. Electrical Review (Supplem ent) 71 -CLASSIFIED advertisements - M ENTS for Insertion in the following REPLIES TO advertisements published under a rnaav s issue are accepted up to First D o st o n Box Number if not to be delivered to any particular M onday, at Dorset House, Stafford Street, London firm or individual should be accompanied by instruc­ tions to this effect, addressed to the Manager of the CHARCR for advertisements in this section ELECTRICAL REVIEW. Letters of applicants in is 2/- per line (approx. 8 words) per insertion such cases cannot be returned to them. The name r r ^ n .V T u ,4''1 0r -{or disP'ay advertisements of an advertiser using a Box Number will not be 30/- per men, with a minimum of one inch. Where disclosed. All replies to Box Numbers should be the advertisement includes a Box Number there is addressed to the Box Number in the advertisement, an additional charge of 6d. for postage of replies c/o ELECTRICAL REVIEW, Dorset House, Stam­ SITUATIONS WANTED. - Three msert.ons ford Street, London, S.E.l. Cheques and Postal under this heading can be obtained for the price of Orders should be made payable to ELECTRICAL two if ordered and prepaid with the first insertion. REVIEW LTD. and crossed. Original testimonials should not be sent with applications for employment.

OFFICIAL NOTICES,^TENDERS, ETC. CITY OF GLOUCESTER CITY OF LEEDS Castle Meads Pow er Station

HE Transport Committee of the Leeds Corporation "p'NGINEER-in-Charge of Shift. Class G, Grade 8, re- T invites tenders for the supply and erection of 750-k\V quired for 40-MW Plant. Must be accustomed to Automatic Mercury Arc Rectifier Equipment, complete modern high-pressure and temperature equipment. State with H.T. and L.T.. D.C. Switchgear. full particulars of age, training, experience, etc.. and Specification, with conditions of contract and form of present employers’ attitude with regard to release. Copies tender, m ay be obtain ed upon application to th e u n d er­ of not more than three recent testimonials should be given. signed; each application to be accom panied by a deposit The appointment is subject to the passing of a medical of ONE GUINEA, which deposit will be refunded upon examination for superannuation purposes. receipt of a bona fide tender. The housing situation in the district is extremely acute, Sealed tenders, enclosed in a P L A IN E N V E L O P E , and the likelihood of finding married quarters is remote. endorsed on th e outside “ T R A N S P O R T —T E N D E R F O R Lodging allowance on Ministry of Labour scale is payable RECTIFIER.” to be delivered to the Town Clerk. Com­ for a limited period. mittee D epartm ent. Civic H all. Leeds. 1. n o t later th an Closing date for application is March 17th. 1945. 10 a.m. on Wednesday. 14th March. 1945. and must remain EMIL BRAATHEN. open for acceptance for six weeks thereafter. Chief Engineer and General Manager. The Corporation does not bind itself to accept the lowest Gloucester Corporation Electricity Department, or any tender. Commercial Road, W. VANE MORLAND. Gloucester. ______1521 M.I.Mech.E., M.I.A.E., M.Inst.T.. DEMOBILISATION F.R.S.A., General Manager and Chief Engineer. 1, Swinegate. ly/TEN of definitely outstanding ability seeking perma- T.CCds 1 nent and progressive positions upon demobilisation 24th February. 1945.______1494 from the armed Forces or from war industries are invited to record particulars of what they have to offer with a COUNTY BOROUGH OF SOUTHEND-ON-SEA large and important electro-mechanical manufacturing group engaged in the development and production of electrical materials, equipment, apparatus, valves, plas­ Electricity Department tics. wire and cable. The policy of the group is to make promotions from nHENDERS are invited for the supply and delivery over within, but a few appointments for demobilised men of ■*- a period of 18 months of 5.000 HOUSE SERVICE outstanding ability are available in the following fields: — METERS. Specification, etc.. from the undersigned. Tenders to be delivered to the Town Clerk. Municipal Research—electrical, mechanical, metallurgical. Buildings, Southend-on-Sea. n o t late r th a n M arch 31st. Efficiency, time and motion study. 1945. Production engineering—machine design, tool, jig and A. C. JOHNSON. fixture design—shop-trained engineer draughtsmen. Electricity Works, Engineer and Manager. Tool Room and Shop Supervision. London Rd., Southend-on-Sea.______1497 Factory and Plant Engineering. Inspection. s i t u a t i o n s V a c a n t Progress and Production Control. Costing. None of the vacancies for women advertised in these Employment and welfare of personnel. columns relates to a wom an betw een 18 and 41 unless such Superlative craftsmen, e.g.. toolmakers. woman (a) has living with her a child of hers under the Young men of character suited for further training.

A PPLICATIONS are invited for the position of Control SLONETRIC HOUSE Room Engineer. Applicants must have had a sound technical training and experience in th e control of E lectric EQUIRE the following staff and offer good prospects: Supply Systems and the Parallel Operation of large turbo­ R Male Clerical Assistant, with trade experience. alternators. Junior Female or Male Clerk, for general office routine. The salary will be in accordance with E.P.E.A. Schedule. Class J, Grade 9. at present amounting to £401 per annum. S L O A N E L E C T R IC A L CO. LTD. The successful candidate will be required to pass a Wholesale Electrical Distributors, medical examination and to contribute to the Company’s Albany Rd.. superannuation scheme. Leyton. E.10. Applications, stating age and full particulars of training LEY. 5015/6/7. and experience, to be addressed to : ______1396 S uperintending E n g iPeei*. . London Power Co. Ltd.. A PPLICATIONS invited for position of Works Manager Acton Lane. in transformer factory, North-West London. Appli­ Harlesden. N.W.10. 1500 cants should have experience in manufacture of trans­ formers of all types up to 500 kVA. Post becomes available CALF'S Rpnrp^pntiitive required for specialized range of upon lifting of the engagement order and will be permanent. S' r£ h w K ttte State age, experience and salary Full particulars, giving details of experience and salary required to ^ -B o x l S l l . 'c / o The E lectrical R eview . required, to—Box 1499, c/o The Electrical Review. 72 (Supplem ent) E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945

COUNTY BOROUGH OF BLACKPOOL XPERIMENTAL Physicist required, preferably with E experience in vacuum and gas discharge work. Excel­ Appointment of Borough Electrical Engineer lent post-war prospects. Salary according to qualifications. Write—Box E.F.7, 105. Judd St.. London. W.C.l. 1508 1VT ANAGER required for Electrical Department of large PPLICATIONS are invited from persons experienced L»-JL chemical and metallurgical works in London dis­ A in the management and administration of an elec­ trict. to superintend the installation and maintenance of tricity undertaking for appointment as Borough Electrical all electrical equipment, including H.T. and L.T. distri­ Engineer of the Council. bution networks, and to assist in planning layouts. Ex­ The salary will be: First year, £1,490 per annum: perience in administration and the control of labour second year, £1,620 per annum: third year and thereafter, essential. Technical qualifications to engineering degree £1,750 per annum, plus cost of living bonus. or A.M.I.E.E. standard. Applications, giving full details, The appointment will be subject (i) to the provisions of to—Box 1515. c/o The Electrical Review. the Local Government Superannuation Act, 1937, (ii) to EQUIRED for municipal power station in the West. the person appointed satisfactorily passing a medical R Boiler Fireman, rate 25.67d. per hour, D.J.I.C. con­ examination by a medical officer on behalf of the Council, ditions of employment. Permanent, pensionable post for and (iii) to the other terms and conditions relating to the suitable man. The successful applicant, if not more than appointment. forty-five years of age, will be required to pass a medical Application forms, together with terms and conditions examination for the purpose of contributing to the super­ of the appointment, may be obtained from this office, and annuation fund. Applicants must be used to modern H.P. must be returned to the undersigned, endorsed “ Borough boilers and chain-grate stokers. They should state clearly Electrical Engineer," not later than the 10th March, 1945. prospects of release as regards present employment. State Canvassing, directly or indirectly, will be deemed a dis­ age, whether married or single, and full address. The qualification. housing situation in the locality is extremely acute, and TREVOR T. JONES. it may be necessary for the successful applicant to live Municipal Offices, Town Clerk. either in lodgings or in hostel accommodation for a con­ Town Hall St.. Blackpool. siderable period. Provisional arrangements for the pay­ 21st February. 1945. 1514 ment of lodging allowances are in operation.—Box 1450. c/o The Electrical Review. ESEARCH Engineer required immediately to organise Associated Municipal Electrical Engineers R and control laboratory and experimental department (Great Britain and Ireland) and of progressive manufacturing company, situated in N.W. The Electrical Power Engineers’ Association London area. The Company is concerned with the pro­ duction and development of building and engineering specialities of high priority both at present and for post­ NOTICE war requirements. Applicants should have wide experi­ BLACKPOOL CORPORATION ence of mechanical and electrical engineering, knowledge of organic chemistry and metallurgy an advantage. An Appointment of Borough Electrical Engineer inventive ability would be an additional asset. Salary from £800 per annum according to qualifications. Ap­ N account of the terms of the Corporation’s advertise­ plicants should write, quoting C.2462XA, to the Ministry O ment of the above post, the Standing Joint Com­ of Labour and National Service, Appointments Dept. mittee hereby cancels its previous notice and members Central (T. and S.) Register, Room 5/17, Sardinia Street. are free to apply for the vacancy. Kingsway. London, W.C.2. for the necessary forms which W. ARTHUR JONES. A.M.I.E.E.. should be returned completed on or before 12th March. S ecretary, 1945. . 1437 Standing Joint Committee. OALES Manager for old-established firm in Midlands A.M.E.E.—E.P.E.A. 1502 ^ manufacturing and supplying arc welding electrodes, plant and accessories on a large scale. Applicants must be of good education, should possess sound technical /"THEMIST required for manufacture of and research into knowledge of arc welding materials and applications, and ^ fluorescent material. Experience in this field, or in must have considerable experience of indoor and outdoor inorganic analysis of traces, an advantage. Excellent post­ sales management in the engineering industry. Age 30 to war prospects. Salary according to qualifications. Write 40. Substantial salary with excellent present and post­ —Box E.L.3. 105, Judd Street. London. W.C.l. 1507 war prospects. Apply, giving full particulars of educa­ tion, training and experience, and stating age and salary T\OMESTIC Ironmongery, Hardware and Electrical required, to—Box 1483, c/o The Electrical Review. J -7 Buyer required. Applicants must be well versed in Q A LES Representative required for illuminating engineer- up-to-date household appliances and have a wide buying ing department of Thorn Electrical Industries Ltd. experience in the above departments. The position carries Experience in planning industrial lighting essential. Ex­ a substantial salary and prospects to a man who will be cellent post-war prospects. Write, with details of age. able to take advantage of post-war conditions. Apply— experience and salary required, to—Box E.L.2, c/o 105. General Managers, Arding & Hobbs Ltd.. Clapham Junc­ Judd Street. London, W.C.l. 1490 tion. S.W.ll. 1513 QENIOR Time Study Engineers (Ref. No. QS.119) re- T^XPERIENCED Electrical Engineer, with technical and ^ quired by large North London light electrical manu­ commercial training, required to deal with estimating facturers. Extensive experience of time study practice and and purchasing by firm of electrical engineers. Apply in modern manufacturing methods essential. Commencing confidence to—British Central Electrical Co. Ltd., 6/8, salary £500-£600 per annum, according to experience. Rosebery Avenue, London, E.C.l. 1487 Time Study and Rate Fixing Trainees (Ref. No. QS.118) VERSEAS Employment: Goverment of India. Urgent also required. Good education and some industrial ex­ O vacancies exist for 3 Supervisors (Production Engi­ perience necessary. Salary about £300 per annum, accord­ neers) for Telegraph Workshops at Calcutta, Jubbulpore ing to experience. All above posts are permanent, with and Bombay for manufacture of stores connected with sound post-war prospects. Applications, in writing (no telecommunication development. Qualifications: Degree interviews), stating date of birth, full details of qualifica­ or diploma in mechanical or electrical engineering, and tions and experience (including a list in chronological order preferably A.M.I.Mech.E. or A.M.I.E.E., 10 years’ work­ of posts held) and quoting the appropriate reference num­ shop experience, including 5 years in supervisory capacity. ber. should be addressed to the Ministry of Labour and Preference given to candidates with expert knowledge and National Service. Appointments Department (A. 3 A). experience in (a) Toolmaking, (b) die-sinking for plastic Sardinia Street, Kingsway. W.C.2. 1509 moulding, or (c) instrument designing. Age limit 50 ECHNICAL Copywriter with creative ability required years. Appointment for 2 years, subject to 6 months’ T on the staff of S. H. Benson Ltd., Kingsway Hall. probation, terminable by 3 months’ notice on either side. London. W.C.2. Applicants must be able to write Pay between Rs. 800—Rs. 1400 per mensem, according knowledgeably about electrical plant. Apply by letter to to qualifications (Rupee = Is. 6d. approximately). House Production Director, stating age. experience and salary rent and compensatory allowances admissible under certain required. • _ 1518 conditions. Free passage to and from India. Applicants should write, quoting C.2484A, to the Ministry of Labour APPOINTMENTS FILLED and National Service, Appointments Dept., Central (T. Dissatisfaction having been so often expressed that un­ and S.) Register, Room 5/17, Sardinia Street. Kingsway. successful applicants are left in ignorance of the fact that London. W.C.2,' for the necessary forms, which should be the position applied for has been filled, may we suggest returned completed on or before 17th March, 1945. 1480 that Advertisers notify’us to that effect when they have T > EPRESENTATIVES required by manufacturer to call arrived at a decision? We will then insert a notice free -I-*' upon export houses in London area, also upon manu­ of charge under this heading. facturers. mostly London area. State experience, age, full particulars of qualifications, remuneration desired.—Box ANARK County Council — Two Divisional Lighting 118, P a rrs. C raven H ouse, K ingsw ay, L ondon, W .C .2. 1510 L Superintendents. M arch 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w (Supplement) 73 s i t u a t i o n s w a n t e d FOR SA LE \ DVERTISER desires change, either immediate or i-». post-war : complete charge of Commercial Inside Sales Traders buying and selling hereunder must observe the Organisation. Advertiser is capable of controlling large Restriction ot Resale Order. S. R. & O. 1942 N o. 958. office, warehouse and despatch departments, and is pre­ pared to take up position in either London or provinces Replies giving fullest details as to position and salary CITY OF SALFORD offered.—Box 6769. c/o The Electrical Review. DVERTISER, gent (34), requires secretarial position, Electricity Department A varied experience electricity supply, diplomas. London or provinces.— Box 6795, c/o Thp Electrical Review. Time Switches lor Disposal DVERTISER specialising in the introduction of high- Q P FE R S are invited by first post 14th March. 1945. for A class insulation materials to electrical engineering the following time switches : — works and radio manufacturers would like to contact a progressive manufacturing concern who can use a live and 6 10-amp., 230-volt, electrically wound, suitable for well-connected gentleman in present and post-war activi­ A.C. and D.C. ties. Main item s are m ica and productions therefrom , 7 10-amp., 230-volt, hand wound (7-day). synthetic resin laminated boards, rods and tubes, etc. 6 Electrically driven. 110-volt. 50-cycle. 30-minute Write first to—I.N.S., Box 6775, c/o The Electrical Review. period, suitable for the operation of Maximum .M.I.E.E. requires post. 12 years mains assistant large Demand Attachments. A municipality. 6 years’ cable works experience, 1 year 8 as above, but 440 volts. in senior executive post, three years supervising cable- 2 .. .. 400 .. laying contracts. London p referred .— Box 6764. c /o The 1 .. .. 230 .. Electrical R eview . 6 .. .. hand wound (45-day). LECTRICAL Engineer, age 36. seeks change. 15 years’ E experience in design and operation high frequency The above may be inspected at any time during office furnaces, at present maintenance engineer at large factory. hours on application to the City Electrical Engineer. Elec­ London or South preferred. Salary £700.—Box 6793. c/o tricity Department. Frederick Road. Salford. 6. The Electrical R eview . W. W. TOMSON. Town Clerk. ______1516 TT'LECTRICAL Engineer, age 36. travelled widely, seeks -tJ position with engineering firm with view to establish­ “ G-POWER-U N ITS " ing agency abroad.—Box 6759. c/o The Electrical Review. LECTRICAL Engineer (28) desires post-war position E with w id e scope and good prospects. Twelve years' practical experience in all types of breakdown work, in­ We can supply at short notice: cluding maintenance and installation, also first-class arma­ ture winder.—Box 6747. c/o The Electrical Review. (a) METER-TESTING UNITS. ■pLECTRICAL Engineer (35), Inst.B.E., A.S.E.E., 21 (b) -1-^ years’ experience installation, maintenance, etc.. ELECTRIC-MAGNET-TEST UNITS. Quotations, design, development of factory plant and equip­ FREQUENCY CHANGERS. ment. desires change. Control staff 40 (mixed). Executive (c) post w ith p.w. prospects. Salary commensurate with (d) MOTOR GENERATING SETS. responsibility.—Box 6773. c j o The Electrical Review. LECTRICAL Engineer (36) seeks permanent progressive (e) COMBINED ENGINE-DRIVEN SETS. E post, F.H.P. motors, motor-driven equipment, sound experience, inspection, test, winding, assembly.—Box 6790. (f) SPECIAL VOLT GENERATORS AND MOTORS. c/o The Electrical Review. LECTRICAL Engineer (41), specialist in time study, (g) VARIABLE-SPEED EQUIPMENT. E bonus systems, methods, layout and equipment, de­ (h) sires post with progressive firm endeavouring to modernise SPECIAL STARTING AND SWITCHGEAR factory methods and plant.—Box 6780. c/o The Elec­ trical Review. ( i) COMPLETE SWITCHBOARDS.

T^LECTRICAL Installation and Maintenance Engineer, ( j ) SPECIAL RATIO TRANSFORMERS. 20 years’ sound practical experience, desires change, progressive post, home or colonies, (37), keen, competent. The Specialists for Unusual Plant. Can take charge.—Box 6786. c/o The Electrical Review. 'C'LECTRICAL Manager controlling large staff engaged T H E ELECTROPLANT E L E C T R O PL A N T CO. on design, development and manufacture of small (Estab. 1912). electrical equipment requires change to similar post, or WEMBLEY. MIDDX. 1503 position as Works or Technical Manager.—Box 6772, c/o The Electrical Review. ’C'LECTRICAL Wholesalers’ Storekeeper or Manager. 35 GEORGE COHEN, SONS & CO. LTD. years’ experience, extensive knowledge all branches, material, office, correspondence, etc., desires change, with for well-known firm, for fair wage. Not afraid of work or responsibility. South or South-West preferred. Please GUARANTEED ELECTRICAL state approx. wages offered. Replies to—Box 6789. c/o PLANT. The Electrical R eview . PX-R.E.M .E. officer (31), Grad. I.E.E., seeks executive post in London district, thorough apprenticeship and MOTORS. GENERATORS. experience in complicated circuit designs, switchgear, F.H.P. and larger motors, preparation of technical reports, SWITCHGEAR. good organiser with initiative. Not less than £600 p.a. Box 6762, c /o The E lectrical R eview . etc. (TECHNICAL Sales Engineer (50) wishes to r e p r e s e n t electrical manufacturer in London and Southern WOOD LANE. LONDON. W.12. Counties. Connection am ongst G overnm ent depts., supply Telephone: Shepherds Bush 2070 authorities and trade.— Box 6765. c/o The Electrical Review. and T e l e p h o n e and Telegraph Engineer, married, ex- STANNINGLEY. NEAR LEEDS. -*- officer (49), wide experience home, abroad, survey, Telephone: Pudsey 2241. constn.. mtc.. public and railway networks, installation, Established 1834. operating, mtc., internal plant, auto. C.B., railway t 27 traffic control system s, ad m in istratio n above stan s. . | appointment, home, abroad, railways or British ™mmun cation company.—Box 1417. c/o The Electrical Eeview. .C. Motors, 400/3/50, slip-ring, squir. cage, R.O.. with 1st class A starters, h.p. 12. 10, 7£. 5. and one tot. enc. induct. COUNG Electrical Engineer. Grad. I.E.E., 3-h.p. Polishing Machine, just left work. Tufnol Panels, new. 1 doz., h" and 3/32".—F. Rushton. 19. Hay Lane. ffig “ t Ä 6 « % « Electrical Review. Kingsbury, N.WT.9. 6787 74 (Supplement) E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2 , 194 5

REBUILT MOTORS AND GENERATORS ELECTRIC MOTORS AND DYNAMOS

ONG deliveries can often be avoided by purchasing E hold one of the largest stocks of New and Second­ L rebuilt secondhand plant. We can redesign or replace W hand Motors. Secondhand machines are thoroughly surplus plant of any size. overhauled. Inspection and tests **an be made at our W orks. SEND US YOUR ENQUIRIES. For Sale or Hire. Send your enquiries to :— OVER 1.000 RATINGS ACTUALLY IN STOCK HERE BRITANNIA MANUFACTURING CO. LTD.. .22-26, BRITANNIA WALK, DYNAMO & MOTOR REPAIRS LTD., CITY ROAD, LONDON. N.I. Wembley Park, Middlesex. Telephone : 5512-3 Clerkenwell. 13 Telephone: Wembley 3121 (4 lines).

Also at Phoenix Works, Belgrave Terrace, Soho Road. ECONOMISERS IN STOCK Handsworth, Birmingham. Telephone: Northern 0898. TWO Green’s Economisers, 208 tubes. 250 lbs. W.P. 2 ? Guaranteed re-insurable and first-class condition only, low prices.* Quotations per return. Installations delivered fri"|/~k-cu. ft. ROBEY vertical twin-cylinder, two-stage. and erected complete. water-cooled Air Compressor. 100 lbs. pressure, direct coupled to 100-h.p. BRUCE PEEBLES S.R. Motor. B U R F O R D , T A Y L O R & CO. LTD., 400 volts. 3-phase. 50 cycles. 360 r.p.m.. with starter, 7. Commercial Street, Middlesbrough. Telephone 2622. complete with auto unloader, intercooler and receiver. ______65 350-cu. ft. REAVELL Quadruples 4-cylinder, water- cooled Air Compressor. 120 lbs. pressure, belt drive, com MAN POWER IS MULTIPLIED plete with auto unloader, air filter and receiver. 230-cu. ft. ENGERSOLL-RAND horizontal, single by the installation of cylinder, double acting Air Compressor, 100 lbs. pressure, MORGAN ELECTRIC LIFTING BLOCKS. complete with auto unloader, air receiver, belt drive 210-cu. ft. HOLLAND/SLM rotary two-stage, water- All capacities A.C. and D.C. Supply. cooled Air Compressor. 100 lbs. pressure, complete with Delivery from 2-3 days. auto unloader, air receiver, bedplate and couplings for motor drive. 210-cu. ft. HOLLAND/SLM rotary, single-stage, water- MORGAN LIFTWAYS & P0WERWAYS, cooled Compressor as above. 60 lbs. working pressure. 50. WILKIN STREET. N.W.5. 5-cu. ft. vertical, single-cylinder Air Compressor, for Gul. 1147. 47 engine starting. 300 lbs. working pressure, driven by 3- h.p. CROMPTON PARKINSON motor, 400 volts, 3-phase. large stock of Winches of our self-sustaining types, 50 cycles- A also Searchlights (sale or hire), Mirrors, Lenses. A.I.D. NEWMAN INDUSTRIES LIMITED, YATE, BRISTOL Turnbuckles. etc., also surplus Carbon Rods. Ebonite and 1447 Fibre. Hundreds of thousands supplied during the last 40 years to Government departments, corporations and in­ numerable traders.—London Electric Firm, Croydon. 42 WATER TUBE BOILERS IN STOCK number of self-cont. Petrol Lighting Sets, 3 kW, A.C. A or D.C., any voltage, semi-portable, like new. from Two 25.000 lbs. evaporation, 175 lbs. W.P. stock.—The Electroplant Co.. Wembley. 1504 Three 20.000 lbs. .. 175 lbs. .. .C. and D.C. House Service Meters, all sizes, quarterly One 12.000 lbs. .. 200 lbs. .. A and prepayment, reconditioned, guaranteed one year. One 12.000, lbs. .. 160 lbs. ., Repairs and recalibrations.—The Victa Electrical Co.. 47. One 9/10.000 lbs. .. 200 lbs. .. Battersea High Street. S.W .ll. Tel. Battersea 0780. 19 .C. and D.C. Motors, all sizes, large stocks, fully We install complete, including brickwork. Economisers. A guaranteed.—Milo Engineering Works, Milo Road. Pumps. Piping Valves, Generating Sets and Motors in East Dulwich. S.E.22 (Forest Hill 4422). 6781 stock. Please send us your enquiries; we can give .C. Motors. l/50th h.p. to 10 h.p.. from stock. Also immediate delivery. A D.C.—The Johnson Engineering Co., 86. Great Port­ land Street. London, W.l. Tel.: Museum 6373. 57 B U R F O R D . T A Y L O R & CO. LTD.. ERIAL Cables. all sizes quoted for; good deliveries Boiler Specialists. Middlesbrough. A against Government contract numbers.—Edwardes Telephone : Middlesbrough 2622. Bros., 20. Blackfriars Road. London. S.E.l. 6796 lte r n a to r . 500 kVA. 3-p.. 50 c.. 400/440 v.. 750 A revs., direct coupled exciter, 2 brgs., on bedplate. —Stewart Thomson & Sons. Fort Road. Seaforth. Liver­ AC. SLIP-RING MOTORS FOR DISPOSAL pool. 21. 5» A LTERNATOR, 600 kVA. 400/3/50. 300 r.p.m., with Wound for 400/440-volts, 3-phase, 50-cycle Supply exciter, for coupling. Like new, bargain. — The Electroplant Co.. Wembley. 1505 ELT Grinders or Sanders. 4" wide belt. £5 5s.: 6" wide NE 140-h.p., 980-r.p.m. ball-bearing machine by belt. £10 10s.—John E. R. Steel. Clyde Mills. Bingley. LAURENCE SCOTT, with oil starting gear. B O P hone 1066. 52 One 145-h.p.. 485-r.p.m. three-bearing machine for bell EST English Cables. 1/.044 up to 127/.103. deliveries drive by CROMPTON, with Ellison oil switchgear. B against M.O.S. requirements.—Edwardes Bros.. 20z One 530-h.p.. 600-r.p.m.. 6.600-volts. 3-phase. 50-cycles Blackfriars Road. London. S.E.l. 6797 auto-synchronous Motor by CROMPTON, with switch /CARBONS, large stocks assorted sizes, solid and cored.— gear. ^ Edwardes Bros., 20. Blackfriars Road. London. S.E.l. NEWMAN INDUSTRIES LIMITED, YATE. BRISTOL 6798 1468 ENTRIFUGAL Pumps. 100/110 v. A.C. or D.C.. for C industrial operation. £12 10s. each.—Universal Elec­ ARC WELDING MACHINES FROM STOCK trical. 221, City Road. E.C.l. 1482 LECTRIC House Meters. A.C. or D.C., 200/240 v., E 3. 5 and 10 amps., 17s. 6d. each.—Universal Elec­ E offer our latest type No. 2 Max-Arc Welder for trical. 221. City Road. E.C.l. 1481 W immediate delivery, 15/250 amperes. Operates off LECTRICAL Accessories, Switches. Holders. Plugs, any A.C. supply voltage. Send for details. E etc. Small quantity, new. best make.—Phone. Hol- born 5864/5. 6794 MAX-ARC WELDERS LTD., ILING Cabinets. Steel Cupboards. Shelving. Safes, 190. THORNTON ROAD. CROYDON. F Card Index Cabinets. Oak Desks, Chairs. Lino. etc.— THOrnton Heath 4276-8. Office Furniture Co., 184. Vauxhall Bridge Rd., London. S.W.l. Tel. : Victoria 9770 and 8685. 46 March 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w (,Supplement) 7 5

I7XHAUST Fans, new, 14", 1-phase. 200/250 v., 1,900 a 1-kW Turbo-Generating Set. 110 volt D.C.. £40 — ™ £11 15s.—Southern Ignition Co. Ltd.. Stewart Thomson & Sons. Fort Road, Seaforth. 190. Thornton Road. Croydon. 75 Liverpool. 21. 55 OUR identical 150-kW “ Weir Sulzer/E.C.C.” 7 -1'kW Steam-driven Generating Set, Ashworth Parker F Diesel-driven Generating Sets. 220 volt D.C.—Stewart vertical engine coupled to L.D.M. compound wound Thomson & Sons. Fort Rd.. Seaforth. L'pool, 21. 74 230-volt generator, £120.—Stewart Thomson & Sons. Fort EAVY duty Arc Welding Plants. 200 amps. Price Road. Seaforth, Liverpool. 21. 54 H £31 10s. complete. Also Spot Welders. £36 15s.— 1 f ) h.p. Electric Motor. B.T.H., 440 volts D.C.. 800 John E. R. Steel. Clyde Mills, Bingley. Phone 1066. 50 r.p.m., 8" pulley, complete with starter switch, all NSU-Glass covered Plain or Enamelled Instrument in good condition. Best offer.—Beards (Millers) Ltd.. I Wires. No. 18 s.w.g.. No. 40 s.w.g.. stock deliveries. Worksop. 1520 —Saxonia. Roan Works. Greenwich. S.E.10. 29 f^Q-kW , 220-v., 770-revs. C.I. three-bearing Generator. EAD-covered and Armoured Cables. P.I. and V.I.R.. ?• Hall, with switchboard.—Greenhalgh Bros.. L various special lines at low prices.— E dw ardes B t o s .. Burtons Field Mill. Atherton, Manchester. 1479 20. Blackfriars Road. London. S.E.l. 6799 Q(T-kW , 440/3/50. 750-r.p.m. Brush Alternator, with EAD-covered and V.I.R. Cables, several tons, new y y switchboard: 170-kW. 400/3/50. 428-r.p.m. Wright L condition.—Box 6788, c/o The Electrical Review. Alternator, with switchboard: 112-kW, 400/3/50. 500- ESLIE Dixon & Co. for Dynamos. Motors. Switchgear. r.p.m. Greenwood & Batley Alternator, with switchboard: L Chargers and Telephones.—214, Queenstown Road. David Brown Reduction Gear. 270/310 h.p.. 185/428 Battersea. S.W.8. Telephone, MACaulay 2159. Nearest r.p.m.—R. F. Winder Ltd., Belgrave Electrical Works. Rly. S t a .: Q ueen’s R o ad . B attersea (S.R .). 18 Leeds. 2. 1435 "VfONOMARK. Permanent London address. Letters re- 1 OO'k-P-. 400/3/50, S.R., 730-revs., Louvre Vent., directed. 5s. p.a. Write—BM/M0N053. W.C.l. 68 77 B.T.H. (ball bearings), with Ellison O.I. gear.— TITOTOR Generator Sets and Convertors, all sizes and Greenhalgh Bros., Burtons Field Mill. Atherton. M /cr. 1478 ILL voltages from i kW up to 500 kW in stock.— I 1 O v Battery, 300-Ah capacity, together with Britannia Manufacturing Co. Ltd.. 22/26, Britannia Walk, r - Dynamo and Switchboard, available shortly. Can City Road, London, N.I. Telephone. Clerkenwell 5512. be seen in use by appointment.—Jas. Edwards & Sons 5513 & 5514. 28 (Inkpen) Ltd., Inkpen. Newbury, Berks. 1489 TfOTORISED i " B'ench Drilling Machine, 13 speeds. 2 ^ 0 'kVA A1ternator, 400 volts. 3-phase, 50 cycles. 750 iv-L £12 2s. 6d.—John E. R. Steel, Clyde Mills. Bingley. revs., with direct coupled exciter.—Midland Coun­ ties Electrical Engineering Co. Ltd., Grice Street, Spon Phone 1066. 51 Lane. West Bromwich. 36 l^AM E Plates for Electrical Engineers. Neatly engraved. Q O O Holophane AE, 200-watt Reflector Fittings. Send wording for full size sketch and list (enclose 3d. Write—Box 1443, c/o The Electrical Review. stamps).—Maile & Son Ltd.. Engravers. 367. Euston zlAiY/450-b.h.p. maximum, vertical, four - cylinder. Road. London. N.W.l. 24 totally enclosed, air injection Heavy Oil Engine, 'W'AMEPLATES, Engraving. Diesinking. Stencils, Steel by Mirrlees. Bickerton & Day, speed 200 r.p.m., electric Punches.—Stil well & Sons Ltd.. 152, Far Gosford light type flywheel and arranged for direct coupling. Can Street. Coventry. 14 be seen running in Yorkshire: in good condition.—George EW Steel Tank in three-eighths inch plate, in two Cohen. Sons & Co. Ltd.. Stanningley, nr. Leeds. 1405 N sections divided longitudinally, depth 6 ft., width £ * 0 0 Electric Motors. Dynamos, Transformers, Con- 6 ft., length 16 ft., without bolts, capacity 3.600 gallons. verters. etc., etc.. at low prices.—S. C. Bilsby, Offers required, to —Chief E ngineer. T rafford Pow er S tation. A.M.I.C.E., A.M.I.E.E.. Crosswells Road, Langley, near Trafford Park. Manchester. 17. 1486 Birmingham. Phone. Broadwell 1359. 21 NE New 25-h.p. squirrel cage, protected type. Howell’s 1 O O iY kW Turbo-Alternator Set. made by Metro- O “ Sovereign ” Motor, with slide rails and star delta politan-Vickers in 1920, 3-phase, 50-period, starter. 400 volts. 3-phase. 50 cycles. 1.000 r.p.m. For 400 volts, steam pressure 200 lbs., jet condenser. Apply— further particulars and price apply to—Electricals Ltd.. Patons & Baldwins Ltd., Halifax, Yorkshire. 1484 14. Claremont Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 2. 1511 HONE 98 Staines. 35-kW Crude Oil Set. 220 vo.; ARTICLES WANTED______P 35-kW Browett Steam Set. 220 vo.; 50-kW Hindley Steam Set. 440/220 vo.; 75-h.p. National Twin Diesel: COUNTY BOROUGH OF SOUTHEND-ON-SEA Three-throw Ramp Pump. 3i" x 6", 700 lbs. w.p.— Harry H. Gardam & Co. Ltd.. Staines. 60 Electricity Department ORCELAIN Cleats. 2 and 3 groove, various sizes ex P stock, price list.—Edwardes Bros.. 20. Blackfriars fTIHE Corporation require 700 D.C. HOUSE SERVICE Road. London. S.E.l. 6800 METERS, ranging in size between 5 and 40 amperes ORCELAIN Insulators, various sizes in stock, galv. at 230 volts, and would consider offers of secondhand P spindles.—Edwardes Bros., 20. Blackfriars Road. meters in good condition. London. S.E.l. 6801 A. C. JO H N SO N . ORTABLE Engine-driven Welding Sets, output 75/ Electricity Works, Engineer and Manager. P 350 amps., brand new. Government licence to pur­ London Rd.. Southend-on-Sea.______1496 chase. delivery sto ck .—G lad iato r W elder S ets L td .. 18. Leicester Road. Sale. Manchester. 49 CCUMULATOR Plates (old) and lead Peroxide: as OTARY Converters in stock, all sizes: enquiries A actual smelters we pay top price. Also old storage R invited.—Universal Electrical, 221, City Road. batteries, transformers and whole installations purchased. London. E .C .l. 16 —Elton. Levy & Co. Ltd., 18, St. Thomas Street. S.E.l. QELF-Priming Electric Pumps. 300 g.p.h., £12.—John Hop 2825-6. 39 ►D E. R. Steel. Clyde Mills. Bingley. Phone 1066. 53 T'lOIL Winding Machines wanted for essential work.— SEVERAL Telescopic Tower Ladders ready for essential V-' Box 63. c/o The Electrical Review. ^ work. Extensions. Trestles and Steps to order.— NAMELLED Copper Wire wanted. Please state quan­ Shaftesbury Ladders Ltd.. 453, Katherine Road. E.7. E tity, make, gauge and price. — Box 61. c/o The Grangewood 3363. 15 Electrical Review. ÜPECIAL line. Bell and Telephone Wires, also screened NGINEERING Technical Books (new or secondhand) ^ wires, large quantity, cheap.—Edwardes Bros.. 20. E wanted in any quantity. Attractive cash offers. Call Blackfriars R oad. L ondon. S .E .l. 6802 —Third floor. 356, Oxford Street, W .l, or “ Stoneleigh.” QTAFF Time Checking and Job Costing Time Recorders St. George's Avenue. Weybridge. 62 ^ (all makes) for quick cash sale. Exceptional con­ li/TERCURY (Quicksilver) wanted. Write for packing dition. Write — Box 528. Smiths,. 100. Fleet Street. I tX instructions. Gold. Silver and Platinum also pur­ TonHnn. E.C.4. 31 chased.—Collingridge & Co. Ltd.. Riverside Works. River­ QWITCH and Fuse Units, Conduits, and fittings, works side Road. Watford (Tel. 5963). 20 ^ requirements stocked.—Edwardes Bros., 20, Black- NE compound wound D.C. Generator, 3-beanng type, friars Road. L ondon. S .E .l. 6803 O 230 volts. 120 kW. speed 500-750. One 4-wire. 400- .R.S. Cables and Flexibles. Welding Cables, supplied volts. 3-phase. 50-cycles Alternator, with direct coupled T to M.O.S. requirements.—Edwardes Bros.. 20. Black­ exciter, 3-bearing machine, 200 kVA, speed 500-600-750. • friars Road. London. S.E.l- 6804 if possible complete with control switchboard.—Box 67. TRANSFORMER L e a d -in Wire 7/38 and 14/38 s.w.g., c/o The Electrical Review. 1 Insu-Glass finished, various colours, stock.—Saxoma. TTRGENTLY required. Spark Test Unit. 10.000 kV: also 80-lbs. pressure Steam Vertical Boiler. 200 lbs. o eS 3 hTf:nrfn°rmers ■ 1 45-kVA Siemens (2819); 1 50- per hour, and a Whetstone Bridge for copper resistance 3 í v ° * Phillips <15383); 1 50-kVA Hack- testing. All for Essential Works.—Box 1440, c/o The k r i J Brush (15086): 1 100-kVA Brush Electrical Review. (17653);07« ^ ( 1 150-kVA -irs’riackhridge H ack 15Q1 (211); c/Qalso Ta h equantity EIectrica] of TTRGENTLY wanted. Autom. Kohler Sets, 800 and ^ 1.500 watts. 110 volt, any cond. Full details to— D C. Dynamos for saie- The Electroplant Co., Wembley. Middx. 1506 Review. 76 (.Supplement) E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M a rch 2 , 1 9 4 5

\i7A N TED , Rotary Converters, any size.—Universal, GENCIES required. South of England, including the 221, City Road, London, E.C.l. 22 A London area: (a) Cables; (b) Small Switchgear; (c) TXTANTED, i-h.p. or §-h.p. Electric Motors, 240 v. Transformers; or any lines suitable for distribution for A.C., new or s/hand, with double-ended spindles.— wholesalers’ business.—Box 40. c/o The Electrical Review. Photoweigh, Exhibition Gdns., Wembley. Middsx. 6770 S a reputed firm of Elec. and Mech. Engineers enjoying A licences, we invite sole agencies for motors, dynamos. WORK WANTED AND OFFERED A.C. diesel and turbine sets, transformers, engines, control gear, bulbs, wires, conduits, welding rods, measuring' MOTOR REPAIRS testing instruments, etc.—The British Engineering Co.. 105, Apollo Street. Fort, Bombay. 1495 EWINDING and Repairs. Electric Tools and Motors X^LECTRICAL Manufacturers of safety lamps and R of all types rewound and repaired by firm having long torches, transformers, contacts and soldering irons experience in this work. Guaranteed work and prompt require agents for Newcastle. Manchester and Birmingham service. Large assortment of Motors available from stock. districts.—Box 1498, c/o The Electrical Review. "C'LECTRICAL Representative with established connec- S O U T H E R N IG N IT IO N CO. LTD., tion, opening warehouse in Manchester, desires agency 190, THORNTON ROAD. for domestic appliances, electric lighting fittings and fires. C R O Y D O N . Fullest details, please.—Box 6748. c/o The Electrical THOrnton Heath 4276-7-8. 37 R eview . X^RANCE. British resident, shortly returning, is desirous /CAPACITY available for all types of Electrical and Radio contacting manufacturers interested in this market. Assembly, all types of Coil and Transformer Winding Write—Box 732, e/o Dixons. 43, Gt. Marlborough Street. with vacuum impregnation to approved Ministry super London, W.l. 1488 tropical standards.—S. Green, 44/45, Tamworth Road. ]\/f ANUFACI'URERS’ Agents, covering the whole of Croydon. Telephone Number. Croydon 8025. 6746 Great Britain and Colonies, are desirous of contact­ fTAPACITY available for Winding, Armatures, Stators ing manufacturers with a view to sole selling rights (either and Coils. Quantities preferred.—Kingsland Electric commission or buying), post-war arrangements considered. Service, Havelock Works, 75a, Well Street, London, E.9. —B'ox 23. c/o The Electrical Review. Amherst 4166. 6619 ~Y/TANUFACTURERS of Electrical Appliances, including ONSULT us for all types of A.C./D.C. Windings. We L“-*- Convectors., are prepared to receive applications from C are the trade rewinders of both repair and repetition first-class wholesalers for distribution rights in several areas armature and stator windings, etc.—Hodson (Electrcial of the British Isles.—Box 1512. c/o The Electrical Review. Engineers). 75a, George St., Croydon. Phone, Croydon QCOTLAND. Agent with established connection amongst 1568. 6741 ^ wholesalers, elect, contractors, radio dealers, large "IV/rACHINING Work, for Centre Lathes up to 6£ in. stores throughout Scotland, wishes to represent reliable centres and medium-sized milling (good grade work manufacturers of elect, appliances, lampshades, accessories, preferred).—The London Electric Firm, Croydon. Up­ radio products. Buying agencies also considered. Address lands 4871. 56 —“ 1922,” Wm. Porteous & Co., Glasgow. 6791 EPAIRS: Clocks, Electric Clocks, Clockwork Con­ R trollers for public lighting, control and time switches, BUSINESSES FOR SALE exposure meters and every kind of clockwork appliance T^NGINEERING business, contracting and manufactur- repaired and overhauled. Inquiries welcomed.—J. W. & ing, long record of progress and expanding profits, R. E. Hughes (Clockwork Engineers), 58, Victoria Street. sound financial position, extensive connection in wide range London. S.W.l. Phone, Victoria 0134. 66 of industries, valuable goodwill including trade marks and PRING Manufacturers with modern automatic precision patents, excellent post-war prospects: Principals only. S plant have capacity available for light wire springs. Apply in first instance to—Box 1466, c/o The Electrical Highest grade work and prompt delivery guaranteed.— R eview . Mortimer Springs, 123, Willesden Lane, London, N.W.6. Maida Vale 7643. 6687 PARTNERSHIPS rpRANSFORMERS, single and three-phase. All types large manufacturing company with a wide range of -*- up to 10 kVA.—Woden Transformer Co. (Phone. A products desires to acquire part or whole interest in Bilston 41959), Moxley Road, Bilston, Staffs. 11 established firm manufacturing small electrical machinery. The existing activities cover specialised fields of engineer­ AGENCIES ing and a large output of motors and generators can be GENCIES required for London, South of England, for absorbed. Replies will be treated with strict confidence. A the following: (1) Domestic electrical appliances; W rite to—Box 196, 8 Serle St., Lincoln’s Inn. W.C.2. 1517 (2) Brass electrical accessories, switch plugs, etc.; (3) Con­ duit. Advertisers have clientele with every wholesaler in The fact that goods made of raw materials In short the territory mentioned. Immediate turnover can be supply owing to war conditions are advertised in this guaranteed. Either commission or buying basis. Post­ Journal should not be taken as an indication that war arrangements considered. — Box 64, c/o The Elec­ trical Review. they are necessarily available for export The TEMCO SWITCH COMPLIES FULLY WITH B.S. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS (B.S.816-1938) Surface, Semi-recessed and Flush types OUTSTANDING VALUE

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Telephone : Temple Bar 0055 (3 lines) BRITANNIA HOUSE, 233 SHAFTESBURY AVENUE Telegrams’: ” Arwelidite, Westcent, London ” LONDON, W.C.2 March 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w 0Supplement) 77 MISCELLANEOUS DON’T With Your Plans. Produce blue prints a s and black line copies, etc.. in your own office with­ out glass frame, privately and economically. “ Arcoflex " Copiers from 28 shillings. As supplied to.H.M. Govern­ ment.— W E Boughton. 53. Kenley Road. Merton. London, S.W.19. ¿A ■pHOTOGEAPHY. A photograph says more than a thousand words. Realistic photographs for catalogues brochures and general reproduction purposes for present and after-the-war uses. Records made of present work premises, etc.—Miles & Kaye Ltd.. Industrial Photo­ graphers, 100, Southampton Row, London, W.C 1 Tele­ phone, HOLborn 6858. Established over 50 years 1491 EDUCATIONAL NOTICES

LATEST A.M.I.E.E. RESULTS

N the recent Examinations held by the Institution of He is the man who has to use the tools you I Electrical Engineers 477 Candidates sat who had taken B.I.E.T. courses. Of these 457 were successful in provide and he knows their merits. There is passing the examinations. We believe this record of 457 a Flextol machine for every job, — Filing, successes out of 477 entrants has never before been Grinding, Scurfing, Polishing,. Flexible Disc approached by any oral or correspondence tutorial Grinding, Screw Driving, Nut Setting, etc. organisation, and indicates the very high efficiency of the modern system of Technical Training which we have Send for Catalogue No. F 22. laid down. The B.I.E.T. tutorial organisation is waiting to assist you either with a short specialist course or complete training for a recognised examination. We have available a large full-time staff of instructors, while the efficiency of our extensive organisation is a byword among engineers. POWER - DRIVEN HAND TOOLS WE GUARANTEE— “ NO PASS— NO FEE ” Hegd Trade Mart May we send a copy of " ENGINEERING OPPOR­ TUNITIES"? Containing a great deal of useful advice and detailed information on over 200 Home-Study Courses ' More Power to your elbow * and examinations, this handbook is of very real value to the ambitious engineer. Sole Manufacturers and Patentees : Our highly informative handbook will be sent FREE FLEXTOL ENGINEERING CO. LTD and without obligation on request. THE GREEN, EALING, LONDON, W.S BRITISH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING 'Phones: EALing 6444/5/6. 'Gr»ms: “ Dominating ”, Ealux, London. TECHNOLOGY. Established 1927—over 200,000 students. 95-13A 12, Shakespeare House, 17, 18 & 19, Stratford Place. ______Oxford Street, London, W.l.______33

Great Possibilities for HOPKINSON MOTORS & ELECTRIC TECHNICALLY QUALIFIED ENGINEERS CO. LTD. Key Men In War-Time and Afterwards in common with most other engineers rPHE finest posts and the great majority of posts in are wholly employed on production Great Britain in this war are technical. The same for furthering the total war effort. will be the case when the war is over. The vast increase in mechanisation now being applied to war purposes will On the termination of hostilities they then be suitably utilised in reconstruction, and in trade will be in the position to supply: and commerce. Take a recognised Engineering Quali­ fication through home-study with the T.I.G.B.. whose ELECTRIC MOTORS Students h ave gained 35 FIRST PLACES in the A.M.Inst.C.E.. A.M.I.E.E.. A.M.I.Mech.E.. A.F.R.Ae.S.. etc.. examinations. Write to-day for " The Engineer’s Fractional horse-power motors Guide to Success." containing the world’s widest choice Industrial motors up to over 100 h.p. of engineering Courses—over 200—covering all branches : Electrical. Aeronautical. Mechanical. Wireless, etc. THE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF ALTERNATORS • CONTROL GEAR GT. BRITAIN, & ______35. Temple Bar House. London. E.C.4. 77 OTHER ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT and will welcome enquiries for the Equipment TRANSFORMERS post-war period of Q U A L IT Y HOPKINSON MOTORS up to 2-5 k V A & ELECTRIC CO • LTD (A.I.D. APPROVED) Grangeway • Kilbum • London NW6 THE TRANSFORMER Telephone: Maida Vale 9306/8 & ELECTRICAL CO. LTD. A m em ber o f the Ashford Works, Ashford Road__ South Woodford, London, E.18

Prices on request 78 (Supplement) E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945

This multi-cored jute-braided cable for under-water service is but one

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LEEDS M arch 2 , 194 5 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w (Supplement) 79

The Solder Wire with 3 Cores of Non-corrosive Flux. 0 Avoids Dry Joints. #Speedily makes Sound Joints on Dirty or Oxydised Surfaces % Always Correct Pro­ portions of Flux and S o ld er. % No additional Flux re q u ire d . # A p p ro v ed by Air Ministry and G.P.O. FREE “ Technical Notes on Soldering ‘ and samples M.S.M. are specialist manu­ sent free on request facturers of tilting type mercury to 6rms engaged on Government Contracts. switches suitable for instrument MULTIC ORE work, domestic and industrial ap­ SOLDERS, LTD. paratus and power control gear. Commonwealth House, London, W .C.l. THE MERCURY SWITCH MANUFACTURING Tel. : Chancery 5171/2. CO. LTD. WEST DRAYTON, MIDDLESEX

U T H O L IT E INSULATORS & ST ALBA N S MOULDINGS LTD On AIR MINISTRY List Made by The London Platinum Screw Mfg. Co. Ltd. SOLE SALES AGENTS WATFORD ELCORDIA LIMITED • 'PHONE : W A T F O R D 4494 2 Caxton St., Westminster, London, S.W.1 Telephone: A B B E Y 4266 80 (Supplem ent) E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2 , 1 9 4 5

PAGE Earthing Clip Co ...... 80 Index to Advertisers Elcordia Ltd ...... 79 PAGE Electric Depot Ltd ...... 84 Aerialite L td...... 2 Ellison, George, Ltd ...... C o v e r i Associated Fire Alarms Ltd ...... 62 English Electric Co. Ltd ...... 15 Baker Platinum Ltd ...... 49 Evans, jSfdlard & Co. Ltd ...... 82 Berry’s Electric Ltd ...... 29 Evans, F. W., Ltd ...... 66 Bill Switchgear »Ltd...... 3 Falk, Stadelmann & Co. Ltd ...... 34 Birmingham Mica Co. Ltd ...... 62 Fan Disc Ltd.. ..: ...... 56 Britannia Batteries Ltd ...... 63 Ferguson, Pailin Ltd ...... 43 Britannic Electric Cable & Construction Co. Ltd 53 Ferranti Ltd ...... 11 British Central Electrical Co. Ltd ...... 81 Flextol Engineering Co. Ltd ...... 77 British Insulated Cables Ltd ...... 61 Fry’s Metal Foundries Ltd ...... 8 British Klockner Switchgear Ltd ...... 84 General Electric Co. Ltd ...... 9, 70 & Cover iv British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd ...... 5 Godwin, H. J., Ltd ...... 65 Brook Motors Ltd ...... 27 Hampton W orks (Stampings) Ltd ...... 69 B ro w n in g ’s E lectric C o . L td ...... C o v e r iii Hannah, S. H., Ltd ...... 54 Bruce Peebles & Co. Ltd ...... 2 Hart Accumulator Co. Ltd ...... 66 Brush Electrical Engineering Co. Ltd ...... 39 H e d in L td ...... 64 Bull M otors ...... 1 Henley’s, W. T., Telegraph W orks Co. Ltd ...... 13 Bullers Ltd ...... C o v e r ii Herbert, Alfred, Ltd ...... 56 B u rco L td ...... 59 Hildick & Hildick ...... 60 BX Plastics Ltd ...... 32 Hoffmann Manufacturing Co. Ltd ...... 51 Bylock Electric Ltd ...... 64 Hopkinson M otors & Electric Co. Ltd ...... 77 Cambridge Instrument Co. Ltd ...... 46 Houchin Ltd ...... 54 Canning, W., & Co. Ltd ...... 20 Igranie Electric Co. Ltd ...... 51 Celestion Ltd ...... 64 Injection Moulders Ltd ...... 50 Clifford, Charles, & Son Ltd ...... 66 International Electrolytic Plant Co. Ltd ...... 28 Collins Electrical Ltd ...... 52 Jackson Electric Stove Co. Ltd ...... 19 Consolidated Pneumatic Tool Co. Ltd ...... 7 Johnson & Phillips Ltd ...... 37 Cossor, A. C., Ltd ...... 50 Joyce Engineering Ltd ...... 50 Crabtree, J. A., & Co. Ltd ...... 23 Kerry’s (Great Britain) Ltd ...... 82 Cressall Manufacturing Co. Ltd ...... 69 Key Engineering Co. Ltd — . . .. 84 Crompton Parkinson Lid ...... 6, 18 & 35 Litholite Insulators & St. Albans Mouldings Ltd.... 79 D a rw in s L td ...... 36 L o n d e x L td ...... 84 D a v is & T im m in s L td ...... 84 M. & C. Switchgear Ltd ...... 31 Dennis, G. P., Ltd ...... 62 Macintyre, J., & Co ...... 54 Dewhurst & Partner Ltd ...... 62 Mallory Metallurgical Products Ltd ...... 48 Donovan Electrical Co. Ltd ...... 45 & 82 M arconi’s Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd ...... 34 D .P . B a tte ry C o . L td ...... 65 Martindale Electric Co. Ltd ...... 47 D u B o is C o . L td ...... 60 D uratube & Wire Ltd ...... 66 (Continued on page 82)

REPTON TECOL EARTHING CLIPS ENGINEERIN FOR CIVIL AND INDUSTRIAL USE BRASS WIRING SADDLES COMPANY J FOR SHIP WORK V B O N D IN G B A R S , etc. TEN N A N T STREET. BIRMINGHAM, 15. THE EARTHING CLIP CO. TECOL WORKS POWNALL SQUARE L I V E R P O O L 3. Telephone: Central 8537 TELEPHONE: MID. 1792/3 TELECRAMS TON STILE

Ci ßfiitUk ßiade O b ta in a b le from all Tool Dealers without a ^vLi/clL Made by JAMES NEILL & CO. (Sheffield) LTD., SHEFFIELD, 11. M arch 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w (Supplement) 81

Velectrically-driven pumping sets^I T m im c ^ 0HETER Mark CENTRIFUGAL pum ps for high temperature L H jU lD o in High Pressure Heating Circuits, Process Work in connection with Thermal Storage Tanks, Hot Oils for Refineries The “ Pulsometer ” JB Pump covers a wide range of duties and will withstand high temperature stresses and pressures.

List 27 29 Pulsometer engineering C .°. I i! r e a d i n g PORTABLE TOOLS

DETECTS A FAULTY EARTH LEAD at once by passing a 15 20 amp. testing current' through the earth wire. The importance of LIGHTING STANDARDS regular testing is officially stressed. W rite for pamphlet A 58. Fend for Catalogue E R '220 BRITISH CENTRAL ELECTRICAL CO. LTD. □ nice I TO issus» «î-Eso.ireto« rOLES L- BIRMINGHAM 24 6-8 Rosebery Avenue, London, E.C.I. TERminus 2525

o 'V t0°| The Spiral Tube and Components Co. Ltd. Technical Department OSMASTON PARK ROAD, DERBY tv^*tfSfOR%RS Head Office - Honey pot Lane. Stanmore. Middlesex Telephone, - <6067-8 Ensure <6SS-9 Tetegrams-Splrai Derby <6067: Splrstucom Phone London 8 2 (Supplem ent) E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945 Index to Advertisers (

TE 5T 0 5 C0 REL

pure

»or C tE A N IN C Indispensable to Radio Service filter ond DRYINC Engineers. Makes 20 tests. TRANSFORMER Interesting Booklet on request. OIL paper From all wholesalers or direct. Writ® for Samples and Prices to i ¿ ¿ L S E N D FOR LEAFLET Q4. EVANS, ADLARD & Co. Ltd. POSTLIP MILLS. WINCHCOMBE. CHELTENHAM RUNBAKEN’MANCHESTER'! 1 *3, M arch 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w (Supplement) 83

FLAMEPROOF FUSEGEAR

Tested and certified by the Mines Dept. for use in Groups I, II and III P gases.

A complete range of switches and fuse-switches, the latter Incorporating Aeroflex high breaking capacity, re- wirable cartridge fuses, is available in 30-amp., 60-amp., 100-amp. and Write for the 150-amp. sizes. Aeroflex flameproof fusegear list.

•ARMITER, HOPE & SUGDEN LTD. ongsight, Manchester 12. London: 34 Victoria St., S.W .I 84 (Supplem ent) E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 2, 1945

STUDDING # We are now able to supply Brass or Steel Studding from stock in the following sizes : 0—8 BA s '—i " Whitworth Supplied in 12 inch lengths in gross bundles. Special lengths supplied to order. • We are manufacturers of Screws, Small Turned AVIS & TIMMINS L- Parts and Inserts. Head Office: BILLET ROAD • W ALTHAMSTOW • LONDON • E.I7 Enquiries Invited. Telephone: Larkswood 2244 and 4441

U FIBRE KEY CONDUIT Large Stocks now avail­ able at Manchester

KEY ENGINEERING CO. LTD. 4 QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON AND MANCHESTER. ELECTRIC DEPOT LTD., 114 PRITCHETT ST., B’HAM

SNAP-ACTION REMOTE A4AINS. LIMIT SWITCH C O N T R O L O F S T R E E T 4JGHTX.'. T Y P E A K F R LIGHTING

OTHER PRODUCTS : T h is sim p le a rra n g e ­ AUTOMATIC STARTERS ment in wide use ROTARY SWITCHES Ask for leaflet CONTACTORS 104/ER OVERLOADS British Klockner Switchgear Ltd. L 0 N D E X • LTD MANUFACTURERS OF RELAYS Chertsey, Surrey. Phone : Chertiey 2221/2 ‘ w EoR^ Y 207 ANERIEY ROAD - LONDON S E-20 Sr 0lZZ2fl,~ >

Printed in Great Britain at T h e C h a p e l R i v e r P r e s s , Andover, Hants, and published by E l e c t r ic a l R e v i e w , L i m it e d , at Dorset House, Stamford Street, London, S.E.l. March 2, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w iii

Official Repairers to Councils and the leading REPAIRS Insurance Companies. For All Classes of Manufacturen of ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC SEPARATORS, MAGNETIC PULLEYS, MECHANICAL REPAIRS TKANSpORMER C^LS AMD SWITCHES, ELECTRIC SOLDERING IRONS C o n su lt BROWNINGS ELECTRIC Co. Ltd BOLEYN CASTLE. GREEN STREET, UPTON PARK, LONDON. E.I3 Telephone : GRAngewood 4004/5 Established 1919

In these days of tremendous war effort where high quality in materials is o f paramount importance “ Sistoflex” remains unsurpassed

SPICERS LIMITED

19 N E W B R ID G E ST., L O N D O N , E.C.4. Telephone : CENTRAL 4211

SECOMAK * 1 Regd, Trade Mark HIGH-SPEED • MORE POWERFUL • MORE RELIABLE PORTABLE • EASIER TO USE This blower with a 212- BLOWER m ile -a n-h ou r blast o f d r y a ir dislodges all foreign matter from windings of electric motors and other inaccess­ ible places. Send for leaflet S 7/100. Telephone: Wembley 0194/5 corny power «no is tne airect cause of rapid depreciation. SERVICE ELECTRIC CO. LTD., Abbey Estate. Mount Pleasant, Alperton, Middx. w-«”'

A wartime development which has come to stay

5 to 2 0 k W IN THIS TYPE Numerous works and factories have been comfortably, conveniently and economically heated with these units. They need no floor space, no boiler house, no fuel, no labour. In relation to heat output they are of the smallest size and use the The 2\ kW UNIT least metal. just as simple to install, easily Lowest capital cost. adjustable for direction of warm Low operating costs. air flow. Runs almost noise­ Each unit can be worked inde­ lessly. Size approx. 9" x I l f " . pendently with or without Finished metallic bronze cellulose. thermostatic control.

Advt. oj The General Electric Co. Ltd.. Head Office, Magnet House, Kingsway, London. W.C.2