Psychology and Its History
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What Is a Polycentric History of Psychology?1
CLIO-PSYCHÉ What is a polycentric history of psychology?1 O que é uma história policêntrica da psicologia? ¿Qué es una historia policéntrica de la psicologia? Adrian C. Brock* Independent Scholar ABSTRACT The term, “polycentric history of psychology” was originally used by Kurt Danziger and it has since been adopted by other historians of psychology. The article provides an introduction to this approach. The trend towards the internationalisation of psychology has led to the history of American psychology being supplemented by other local histories. Polycentric history is contrasted this approach. It is concerned with the interrelationships between centres and not individual centres considered in isolation. The article concludes with some examples of history that has been written from a polycentric perspective. Keywords: polycentric, history, Danziger, internationalisation, interrelationships. RESUMO O conceito "história policêntrica da psicologia" foi originalmente utilizado por Kurt Danziger e, desde então, tem sido adotado por outros historiadores da psicologia. O artigo faz uma introdução a esta perspectiva. A tendência à internacionalização da psicologia implicou que a história da psicologia norte- americana pudesse ser complementada com outras histórias locais. A história policêntrica contrasta com esta abordagem, pois se preocupa com as inter-relações entre os centros, e não pelos centros considerados isoladamente. O artigo finaliza com alguns exemplos de história que tem sido escritos a partir de uma perspectiva policêntrica. Palavras-chave: policêntrica história, Danziger, internacionalização, Inter- relações. RESUMEN El concepto “historia policéntrica de la psicología” fue originariamente utilizado por Kurt Danziger y, desde entonces, ha sido adoptado por otros historiadores de la psicología. El trabajo brinda una introducción a este enfoque. -
"Danziger, Kurt" In: the Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural
1 Danziger, Kurt century. This may be typical of psychological concepts and categories in general but there are Adrian C. Brock some exceptions to the rule and, in his next University College Dublin , Ireland book, Marking the Mind: A History of Memory (2008), he examined the history of one of the Kurt Danziger (b. 1926) is Professor Emeritus oldest psychological concepts in existence. of Psychology at York University in Toronto, Danziger was born in Germany and Canada. He is a Fellow of the Canadian emigrated to South Africa at the age of 11. Psychological Association (CPA) and the Royal He continued his education in Cape Town up Society of Canada. He received the CPA to the masters level and then completed a Education and Training Award in 1994, having doctorate in experimental psychology at the played a major role in establishing the graduate University of Oxford in England. His first program in history and theory of psychology at teaching position was at the University of York University. Melbourne in Australia. He subsequently spent Danziger began his career in comparative eight years at two South African universities, a psychology but he became skeptical of the period that was interrupted by a two-year stay value of much of this research and began to do at Gadjah Mada University in Indonesia. His Piagetian-style research with children. A long- active opposition to the apartheid system in lasting engagement with social psychological South Africa led to threats and reprisals on the topics produced two books, a widely used part of what was becoming a repressive police textbook on socialization, which was translated state. -
The Positivist Repudiation of Wundt Kurt Danziger
Jouml of the History ofthe Behuvioral Sciences 15 (1979): 205-230. THE POSITIVIST REPUDIATION OF WUNDT KURT DANZIGER Near the turn of the century, younger psychologists like KUlpe, Titchener, and Eb- binghaus began to base their definition of psychology on the positivist philosophy of science represented by Mach and Avenarius, a development that was strongly op- posed by Wundt. Psychology was redefined as a natural science concerned with phenomena in their dependence on a physical organism. Wundt’s central concepts of voluntarism, value, and psychic causality were rejected as metaphysical, For psy- chological theory this resulted in a turn away from Wundt’s emphasis on the dynamic and central nature of psychological processes toward sensationalism and processes anchored in the observable peripher of the organism. Behaviorism represents a logical development of this point orview. I. PSYCHOLOGYAS SCIENCE What makes the early years in the history of experimental psychology of more than antiquarian interest are the fundamental disagreements that quickly separated its prac- titioners. These disagreements frequently concerned issues that are not entirely dead even today because they involve basic commitments about the nature of the discipline which had to be repeated by successive generations, either explicitly, or, with increasing fre- quency, implicitly. In the long run it is those historical divisions which involve fundamental questions about the nature of psychology as a scientific discipline that are most likely to prove il- luminating. Such questions acquired great urgency during the last decade of the nineteenth and the first few years of the present century, for it was during this period that psychologists began to claim the status of a separate scientific discipline for their subject. -
Models of Human Motivation in Sociology
Models of human motivation in sociology “…social scientists as a whole have paid little attention to the foundations of human nature, and they have had almost no interest in its deep ori- gins.” Edward O. Wilson, Consilience p. 184 Paper (work in progress) for the 5th annual konference of IACR Debating Realism(s) August 2001 Jacob Alsted Poula Helth Rådgivning E-mail: [email protected] & Department of Social Sciences Roskilde University, Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 How does human nature look? ...................................................................... 2 1.2 Refining the agent-structure analysis ............................................................ 4 1.3 The divisions of micro, meso and macro....................................................... 7 2 A model of motivation - towards a better grounding of macro and meso level theory ............................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 The structural model of the self..................................................................... 9 2.2 Is it still relevant? ........................................................................................ 10 2.3 Dynamics: compromise formation .............................................................. 12 2.4 Defence: Individuals’ ability to relate ......................................................... 14 2.5 Psychological -
Possessive, Sacrificial and Divine Love in Till We Have Faces Andrew Neel Taylor University
Inklings Forever Volume 6 A Collection of Essays Presented at the Sixth Frances White Ewbank Colloquium on C.S. Lewis & Article 16 Friends 5-29-2008 The Three Loves: Possessive, Sacrificial and Divine Love in Till We Have Faces Andrew Neel Taylor University Follow this and additional works at: https://pillars.taylor.edu/inklings_forever Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Neel, Andrew (2008) "The Three Loves: Possessive, Sacrificial and Divine Love in Till We Have Faces," Inklings Forever: Vol. 6 , Article 16. Available at: https://pillars.taylor.edu/inklings_forever/vol6/iss1/16 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for the Study of C.S. Lewis & Friends at Pillars at Taylor University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Inklings Forever by an authorized editor of Pillars at Taylor University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Three Loves: Possessive, Sacrificial and Divine Love in Till We Have Faces Cover Page Footnote Undergraduate Student Essay This essay is available in Inklings Forever: https://pillars.taylor.edu/inklings_forever/vol6/iss1/16 The Three Loves: Possessive, Sacrificial and Divine Love in Till We Have Faces AndrewNeel In Till We Have Faces, C.S. Lewis presents a bold of her own feelings. [ .. ] As others notice reinterpretation of an ancient myth and creates a story Psyche, praise her, do obeisance to her, Orual which questions the true nature of love. This essay may even at this point be protesting against will show how Lewis represented possessive love and sharing Psyche with others, against Psyche's sacrificial love in Till We Have Faces. -
Getting the Most and Giving the Most
Presented By Author George Dubie Psychologist and CEO Presentations: WEEKEND RETREATS covering all five sections of George’s recent book, Getting The Most and Giving The Most. Getting The Most ONE DAY WORKSHOPS that cover the first half of Getting The Most and Giving and The Most ...and Giving The Most ONE HOUR PRESENTATIONS about 'real motivation’ --not the new year resolutions kind. Why Self-Help Books Don't Work George has recently published a book that conveys his deepest expression of what he has learned from 30 years of counseling about real, genuine motivation that creates lasting change. As the subtitle suggests, his own quest in life has been to find what true motivation is. (You do not have to buy the book to enjoy the workshops :) This is not the typical kind of workshop with There are five main sections: the ABC’s of how to ‘go to your happy place,’ ‘believe to achieve’ slogans, or the worn out SECTION 1. Childhood: (Yes! It still matters!)...Where the ‘just have a positive mental attitude and First Spark of Human Motivation Is Lit. everything will be wonderful.’ If the human SECTION 2. Relationships That Nurture the Human Heart. experience were only that simple we’d have SECTION 3. Ideals that Inspire the Human Heart... Virtue in a Virtual World many more healthier and happier people on Seldom Heard In a Sunday School (On Spirituality) this planet. Purpose Gives Rise to Passion SECTION 4. Health That Energizes The Human Heart. SECTION 5. And finally...Giving To Other Hearts What the Workshops are: As the title of the book says, they are about ‘Getting The Most’ out of your personal life first; and then finding the joy there is in ‘Giving The Most’ back to those who need you. -
Comer Ir Ch03.Qxp
CHAPTER:3 Models of Abnormality TOPIC OVERVIEW The Biological Model How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior? Biological Treatments The Psychodynamic Model How Did Freud Explain Normal and Abnormal Functioning? How Do Other Psychodynamic Explanations Differ from Freud’s? Psychodynamic Therapies The Behavioral Model How Do Behaviorists Explain Abnormal Functioning? Behavioral Therapies The Cognitive Model How Do Cognitive Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning? Cognitive Therapies The Humanistic-Existential Model Rogers’s Humanistic Theory and Treatment Gestalt Theory and Therapy Spiritual Views and Interventions Existential Theories and Therapy The Sociocultural Model:The Family-Social and Multicultural Perspectives How Do Family-Social Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning? Family-Social Treatments How Do Multicultural Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning? Multicultural Treatments Putting It Together: Integration of the Models 25 26 CHAPTER 3 LECTURE OUTLINE I. MODELS OF ABNORMALITY A. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as models or paradigms 1. Each spells out basic assumptions, gives order to the field under study, and sets guidelines for investigation 2. They influence what investigators observe, the questions they ask, the information they seek, and how they interpret this information B. Historically, clinical scientists of a given time and place tended to agree on a single model of abnormality—a model greatly influenced by the beliefs of their culture C. Today, several models are used to explain and treat abnormal functioning 1. Each model focuses on one aspect of human functioning and no single model can ex- plain all aspects of abnormality II. THE BIOLOGICAL MODEL A. This model adopts a medical perspective B. The main focus is that psychological abnormality is an illness brought about by malfunc- tioning parts of the organism—typically focused on the BRAIN C. -
Toward an Integral Ecopsychology: in Service of Earth, Psyche, and Spirit
Toward an Integral Ecopsychology: In Service of Earth, Psyche, and Spirit Adrian Villasenor-Galarza1 Abstract: In this paper, I advance a proposal for an integral ecopsychology, defining it as the study of the multileveled connection between humans and Earth. The initial section expounds the critical moment we as a species find ourselves at and, touching on different ecological schools, focuses on ecopsychology as a less divisive lens from which to assess our planetary moment. In the next section, I explore three avenues in which the project of ecopsychology enters into dialogue with spiritual and religious wisdom, thus expanding the project’s scope while spelling out the particular lineage of integral philosophy followed. The next section addresses the value of integral ecopsychology in facing the ecological crisis, highlighting the importance of seeing such a crisis as a crisis of human consciousness. At the level of consciousness, religious and spiritual wisdom have much to offer, in particular the anthropocosmic or “cosmic human” perspective introduced in the next section. The relevance of the anthropocosmic perspective to cultivate ecologically sound behaviors and ecopsychological health is explored and presented as a main means to bringing ecopsychology in direct contact with religious and spiritual teachings. This contact is necessary for the study of the multileveled connection between humans and Earth. Finally, I propose an expanded definition of integral ecopsychology while offering three tenets deemed essential for its advancement. Keywords: anthropocosmos, ecological crisis, health, integral ecopsychology, sacred. The connection between humans and the Earth, in most industrialized societies, lacks the necessary depth and quality to appropriately address the ecological challenges of our times. -
Wundt's Psychological Experiment in the Light of His Philosophy of Science
Psychol. Res. 42, 109-122 (1980) Psychological (Wundt Centennial Issue) Research © by Springer-Veflag• 1980 Wundt's Psychological Experiment in the Light of His Philosophy of Science Kurt Danziger York University, Ontario, Canada Summary. Wundt initiated the first systematic psychological research pro- gramme. This achievement occurred at the same time as his elaboration of a philosophy of science which was anti-inductivist and stressed the priority of explanatory motives. Specifically psychological explanations depended on concepts of psychological causality as manifested in apperceptive or volitional processes. The major differences between the Wundtian and other models of psychological experimentation can be understood in the light of this general approach. Thus experimenters and subjects had to be enlightened collabora- tors and the role of introspection was more significant in an explanatory than in a purely observational context. Wundt's special requirements for the psy- chological experiment led him to reject other early models as exemplified by the hypnotic experiment in which the experimenter-subject relationship was closer to what was to become the norm in the twentieth century. Introduction What earned Wundt a special place in the history of psychology was his laboratory, his experimental approach. His crucial contribution seems to fall in the area of meth- odology rather than in the area of substantive theoretical concepts or specific empiri- cal discoveries. But the exact nature of Wundt's major methodological contribution is not immedi- ately obvious. On the level of technique, whether in terms of hardware or in terms of procedure, he was associated with developments and improvements rather than with any original breakthrough. -
Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology
Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology Edited by Claude E. Buxton Department of Psychology Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 1985 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers) Orlando San Diego New York London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo Passages from the following are reprinted by permission of the publishers: Newell, Α., Duncker on Thinking, in S. Koch & D. Leary (Eds.), A Century of Psychology as Science. Copyright 1985 by McGraw-Hill. Neisser, U., Cognitive Psychology. © 1967 by Prentice-Hall. COPYRIGHT © 1985 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Orlando, Florida 32887 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Main entry under title: Points of view in the modern history of psychology. Includes indexes. 1. Psychology— History. I. Buxton, Claude E. BF81.P57 1985 150\9 85-4010 ISBN 0-12-148510-2 (alk. paper) PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 85 86 87 88 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. Mitchell G. Ash (295), Department of History, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 William Bevan (259), John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, Illinois 60603 Arthur L. Blumenthal (19, 51), Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125 Claude E. -
Neuropsychology, Psychopathology, and Neuroscience: the Death of Dualism Inés Monguió Phd
Neuropsychology, psychopathology, and neuroscience: The Death of Dualism Inés Monguió PhD American College of Forensic Psychology San Diego, 2016 Neuropsychology, psychopathology, and neuroscience: The Death of Dualism Jurors, judges, you and I when asked to form an opinion regarding a criminal act, likely will contemplate the following: • “Was it him, or was it his circumstances? Was it him, or was it his brain? But what most people do not understand, despite the fact that naturalisOc philosophers and scienOsts have been saying it for centuries, is that there is no ‘him’ independent of these other things. Neuropsychology, psychopathology, and neuroscience: The Death of Dualism (Or, to be a bit more accommodang to the supernaturally inclined, there is no ‘him’ independent of these things that shows any sign of affecOng anything in the physical world, including his behavior.)” “Dualism fits naturally with libertarianism [i.e., belief in free will] because a mind disOnct from the body is precisely the sort of non-physical source of free will that libertarianism requires. “ (Greene and Cohen, 2004) Neuropsychology, psychopathology, and neuroscience: The Death of Dualism Explaining the Mind-Body Issue • Dualism: The belief that there are two separate and disOnct substances that make up a human being: mind and body. – Plato – ChrisOan doctrine & much of Western Civilizaon – Descartes res extensa (measurable) and res cogitans (non-physical, non-dimensional) Neuropsychology, psychopathology, and neuroscience: The Death of Dualism • Res cogitans was the “soul” of pre- Enlightenment thinkers. So it was for Descartes. • In the 20th Century the stuff of res cogitans someOmes is referred to as “consciousness”. -
Ecopsychology Revisited
Humboldt State University Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University Trade & Scholarly Monographs Humboldt State University Press 2019 Ecopsychology Revisited Jorge Conesa-Sevilla Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/monographs Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons, and the Other Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Conesa-Sevilla, Jorge. Ecopsychology Revisited. Humboldt State University Press, 2019. https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/monographs/7. This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Humboldt State University Press at Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Trade & Scholarly Monographs by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Ecopsychology Revisited is a Eco critique of and deconstructive approach to several trends termed “ecopsychology.” This work attempts psychology to bring light to some of the psychology Eco misconceptions that have hardened as “ecopsychology,” as these ideas have Revisited been reinterpreted and sometimes For Whom Do The “Nature” Bells Toll? oversimplified by the general public and some professionals outside mainstream psychology. Part of the confusion arose when “ecopsychology” became inadequately amalgamated with other ideas. Nevertheless, within the social Revisited and behavioral sciences, at least, there is great value in devising and applying evidence-based strategies that track the normative ramifications