World Bank Document
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Invisible Labor, Invisible Play: Online Gold Farming and the Boundary Between Jobs and Games
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law Volume 18 Issue 3 Issue 3 - Spring 2016 Article 2 2015 Invisible Labor, Invisible Play: Online Gold Farming and the Boundary Between Jobs and Games Julian Dibbell Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw Part of the Internet Law Commons, and the Labor and Employment Law Commons Recommended Citation Julian Dibbell, Invisible Labor, Invisible Play: Online Gold Farming and the Boundary Between Jobs and Games, 18 Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law 419 (2021) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw/vol18/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF ENTERTAINMENT & TECHNOLOGY LAW VOLUME 18 SPRING 2016 NUMBER 3 Invisible Labor, Invisible Play: Online Gold Farming and the Boundary Between Jobs and Games Julian Dibbell ABSTRACT When does work become play and play become work? Courts have considered the question in a variety of economic contexts, from student athletes seeking recognition as employees to professional blackjack players seeking to be treated by casinos just like casual players. Here, this question is applied to a relatively novel context: that of online gold farming, a gray-market industry in which wage-earning workers, largely based in China, are paid to play fantasy massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) that reward them with virtual items that their employers sell for profit to the same games' casual players. -
The Play's the Thing: a Theory of Taxing Virtual Worlds, 59 Hastings L.J
Hastings Law Journal Volume 59 | Issue 1 Article 1 1-2007 The lP ay's the Thing: A Theory of Taxing Virtual Worlds Bryan T. Camp Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Bryan T. Camp, The Play's the Thing: A Theory of Taxing Virtual Worlds, 59 Hastings L.J. 1 (2007). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol59/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Articles The Play's the Thing: A Theory of Taxing Virtual Worlds BRYAN T. CAMP* INTRODU CTION .............................................................................................. 2 I. THE VIRTUAL WORLDS OF MASSIVELY MULTIPLAYER ONLINE ROLE- PLAYING GAMES (MMORPGs) ...................................................... 3 A. STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED MMORPGs .......................... 4 i. Structured Gam es ....................................................................... 4 2. UnstructuredGam es .................................................................. 7 B. INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES ................................................... 8 i. In- World Transactions (IWT)................................................... 9 2. Real Money Trades (RMT)..................................................... -
Alltime Boys Top 10 Lc, to 15 Sep 2010
Alltime Australian Boys Top 10 long course 11/u to 18 yr - at 15th September 2010 email any errors or omissions to [email protected] Australian Age Points - (APP) are set for 50 = 10th Alltime Aus Age Time and 40 = 2011 Australian Age QT Points are only allocated to Australian Age Championship events with lowest age at 13/u Note that the lowest points in these rankings is 44 points For more information on the AAP, email [email protected] AAP Male 11 & Under 50 Free 1 26.94 LF Te Haumi Maxwell 11 NSW 12/06/2006 School Sport Australia Champ. 2 27.49 LF Kyle Chalmers 11 SA 6/06/2010 School Sport Australia Swimming Championships 3 27.53 LF Oliver Moody 11 NSW 6/06/2010 School Sport Australia Swimming Championships 4 27.93 LF Nicholas Groenewald 11 NUN 15/03/2009 The Last Blast 09' 5 27.97 LF Bailey Lawson 11 PBC 13/03/2009 2009 Swimming Gold Coast Championships 6*P 28.01 L Nicholas Capomolia 11 VIC 13/09/2009 School Sport Australia Swimming Championships 6*F 28.01 L Cody Simpson 11 QLD 1/12/2008 Pacific School Games 2008 Swimming 8 28.04 LF Anthony Truong 11 NSW 28/11/2005 Melbourne - Pacific School Games 9 28.23 LF Michael Buchanan 11 QLD 14/05/2001 Canberra - Aus Primary Schools 10 28.26 LF Samuel Ritchens 11 LCOV 16/01/2010 2010 NSW State 10/U-12 Years Age Championship Male 11 & Under 100 Free 1 59.49 LF Peter Fisher 11 NSW 8/05/1991 ? Tri Series 2 59.95 LF Oliver Moody 11 NSW 6/06/2010 School Sport Australia Swimming Championships 3 59.98 LF John Walz 11 QLD 11/01/1999 Brisbane - Jan 1999 4 1:00.39 LF Te Haumi Maxwell 11 NSW 12/06/2006 School Sport Australia Champ. -
The Legacy of the Games of the New Emerging Forces' and Indonesia's
The International Journal of the History of Sport ISSN: 0952-3367 (Print) 1743-9035 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fhsp20 The Legacy of the Games of the New Emerging Forces and Indonesia’s Relationship with the International Olympic Committee Friederike Trotier To cite this article: Friederike Trotier (2017): The Legacy of the Games of the New Emerging Forces and Indonesia’s Relationship with the International Olympic Committee, The International Journal of the History of Sport, DOI: 10.1080/09523367.2017.1281801 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2017.1281801 Published online: 22 Feb 2017. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fhsp20 Download by: [93.198.244.140] Date: 22 February 2017, At: 10:11 THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF SPORT, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2017.1281801 The Legacy of the Games of the New Emerging Forces and Indonesia’s Relationship with the International Olympic Committee Friederike Trotier Department of Southeast Asian Studies, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany ABSTRACT KEYWORDS The Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) often serve as Indonesia; GANEFO; Asian an example of the entanglement of sport, Cold War politics and the games; Southeast Asian Non-Aligned Movement in the 1960s. Indonesia as the initiator plays games; International a salient role in the research on this challenge for the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Olympic Committee (IOC). The legacy of GANEFO and Indonesia’s further relationship with the IOC, however, has not yet drawn proper academic attention. -
Multi-Sport Competitions
APES 1(2011) 2:225-227 Šiljak, V and Boškan, V. : MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS ... MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS UDC: 796.09 (100) (091) (Professional peper ) Violeta Šiljak and Vesna Boškan Alfa University, Faculty of Management in Sport, Belgrade, Serbia Abstract Apart from the Olympic games, world championships, the university students games – The Universiade, there are many other regional sport movements organized as well. The World Games, the Asian Games, the Panamerican Games, the Commonwealth Games, the Balkan Games and so on, are some of multi-sport competitions all having the mutual features of competitions in numerous sports which last for several days. Some sports which are not a part of the Olympic Games programme are included into these world/regional games. These games are organized with the intention of impro- ving international sport/competitions. Keywords: Olympic games, World Games, students games, regional sports Introduction Games Association under the patronage of the Multi-sports competitions are organized sports International Olympic Committee. Some of the events that last several days and include competi- sports that were in the program of the World tion in great number of sports/events. The Olympic Games have become the Olympic disciplines (such Games as the first modern multi-sport event serve as triathlon), while some of them used to Olympic as a model for organizing all other major multi- sports in the past, but not any more (such as rope sports competitions. These several-day events are pulling). The selection of sports at the last World held in a host city, where the winners are awarded Games was done based on the criterion adopted by medals and competitions are mostly organized the IOC on August 12, 2004. -
Protecting Children in Virtual Worlds Without Undermining Their Economic, Educational, and Social Benefits
Protecting Children in Virtual Worlds Without Undermining Their Economic, Educational, and Social Benefits Robert Bloomfield* Benjamin Duranske** Abstract Advances in virtual world technology pose risks for the safety and welfare of children. Those advances also alter the interpretations of key terms in applicable laws. For example, in the Miller test for obscenity, virtual worlds constitute places, rather than "works," and may even constitute local communities from which standards are drawn. Additionally, technological advances promise to make virtual worlds places of such significant social benefit that regulators must take care to protect them, even as they protect children who engage with them. Table of Contents I. Introduction ................................................................................ 1177 II. Developing Features of Virtual Worlds ...................................... 1178 A. Realism in Physical and Visual Modeling. .......................... 1179 B. User-Generated Content ...................................................... 1180 C. Social Interaction ................................................................. 1180 D. Environmental Integration ................................................... 1181 E. Physical Integration ............................................................. 1182 F. Economic Integration ........................................................... 1183 * Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University. This Article had its roots in Robert Bloomfield’s presentation at -
Globalization and Shanghai Model: a Retrospective and Prospective Analysis
Journal of International and Global Studies Volume 4 Number 1 Article 5 11-1-2012 Globalization and Shanghai Model: A Retrospective and Prospective Analysis Linsun Cheng Ph.D. University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu/jigs Part of the Anthropology Commons, Critical and Cultural Studies Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Cheng, Linsun Ph.D. (2012) "Globalization and Shanghai Model: A Retrospective and Prospective Analysis," Journal of International and Global Studies: Vol. 4 : No. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu/jigs/vol4/iss1/5 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Digital Commons@Lindenwood University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of International and Global Studies by an authorized editor of Digital Commons@Lindenwood University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Globalization and Shanghai Model: A Retrospective and Prospective Analysis Linsun Cheng University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth [email protected] AAbstractbstractAbstract Intended to shed light on the debate on the results of globalization and provide better understanding of the influences of globalization upon China as well as the world, this article traces the history of Shanghai’s economic globalization over the past 170 years since 1843 and demonstrates the benefits and problems Shanghai received from (or connected to) its -
Exploring Security Risks in Virtual Economies
SOTICS 2011 : The First International Conference on Social Eco-Informatics Exploring Security Risks in Virtual Economies Caroline Kiondo, Stewart Kowalsk, Louise Yngström DSV SecLab, Stockholm University/Royal Institute of Technology SE-16440 Kista, Sweden [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract —A most recent, phenomenon within new socio-eco- 2008, the Real Money Trade (RMT) for virtual items was systems is the so called Virtual Economies. This paper estimated at about $2 billion [3]. A variety of security risks, presents an exploratory study of information security risks threats and attacks have emerged in Virtual Economies that are inherent with the Virtural Economies. A Dynamic because of this. Since virtual items and currencies are only Network Analysis Tools (DNAT) was used to perform a risk representation of code within a virtual system, there is a real analysis in the Second life virtual world. The analysis indicates world motivation to manipulate the system in order to obtain that the currency and user account are the most important real profit. assets. User accounts provide access to virtual trading and are Virtual Economies are rapidly gaining popularity not critical to the flow of currency within the virtual economy. only in virtual games such as MMORPGS but also in Social The removal of both of these from the system will affect the Networking communities. More and more people chose to dynamics of the system and defeat the whole purpose of the spend their free time in Virtual Worlds as compared to other system. The analysis further identified selling and creation of forms of entertainment. -
Farkındalık Ekonomisi- Ekonomik Farkındalık, Bireyselleşmiş Ekonomi * M
Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Yenidoğan Dergisi No. 2018/2 Yorum M. A. Akşit Koleksiyonundan 6 Farkındalık Ekonomisi- Ekonomik Farkındalık, Bireyselleşmiş Ekonomi * M. Arif Akşit**, Eda Sayar ***, Mustafa Uçkaç**** *Eskişehir Acıbadem Hastanesinde Ekonomi Üzerine bir söyleşiden alınmıştır. **Prof. Dr. Pediatri, Neonatoloji ve Ped. Genetik Uzmanı, Acıbadem Hast., Eskişehir ***Uluslararası Hasta Hizmetleri, İngilizce İktisat Uzmanı, Acıbadem Hastanesi., Eskişehir ****Serbest Muhasebeci, Mali Müşavir, Mali Müşavir, İşletme Bilim Uzmanı, Eskişehir Yaşamak için yemek ile yemek için yaşamak ikilem olmamalı, ekonomi boyutunda irdelenmelidir, iki farklı boyut, birey temelinde, onun arzu ve isteğinin ötesinde, sağlığı boyutunda, bütünleştirilmeli ve anlamlandırılmalıdır. Yiyeceğin, yeterli ve etkin olması onun beğeni boyutunu kaldırmaz, onu diyet/ilaç boyutuna aldırmamalı, bireye özgün bir yapılanma yapılmalıdır. Ekonominin 3 temel “E” ilkesi; Effectiveness: etkinlik, Efficiency: verimlilik ve Eligibility: olabilirlik/bulunabilirlik olarak ele alındığında, sizin sahip olduğunuz varlık değil, sizin değer yarattığınız öne çıkmaktadır. Bir kişiye verdiğiniz gül sizin için gereksiz ve anlamsız bir harcama olabilir ama eğer karşısında olumlu etki yaratıyorsa, mutluluk oluşturuyorsa, para ile elde edilemeyen bir değer, ekonomik boyutu da olmaktadır. Sorunlu, kusurlu ve engelli olan bireylere harcama yapmaktansa sağlıklı olan kişilere yapılacak harcama daha ekonomik anlamda görülebilir, gelişmeye ancak sağlıklı olanların katkıda bulunabileceği -
Taxation of Virtual World Economies: an Empirical Review
Taxation of Virtual World Economies: an empirical review Dr. Jamie S. Switzer Colorado State University United States of America [email protected] Dr. Ralph V. Switzer Jr., J.D., C.P.A. Colorado State University United States of America [email protected] Abstract Experts are divided as to the feasibility of taxation of virtual economies. We argue that virtual transactions are already subject to taxation under current U.S. law as well as possibly the tax laws of other countries, whether taking place in game worlds or unscripted worlds. This would include virtual-to-virtual transactions as well as virtual-to-real transactions, at any point in time that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) should decide to enforce the current law. There is no need for new legislation amending the current U.S. tax code in order for the IRS to begin enforcement; in fact, given the strategic approach employed in the current U.S. tax code, amendments relating specifically to virtual transactions might actually weaken the application of the law as now written. This is because the strategic approach within the tax code is that taxation of income is an ‘all inclusive net’ unless that type of income is specifically exempted. This strategy eliminates the difficulty inherent in trying to identify all methods of commerce capable of generating income, now or in the future. As more and more people buy and sell virtual goods and services in exchange for real currency, the issue of income earned in virtual worlds will only become more critical. One possible consequence of taxation would be for virtual worlds to move to a peer-to-peer network or another country to avoid detection and identification by a government. -
KNOWLEDGE MAP of the VIRTUAL ECONOMY Knowledge Map of the Virtual Economy
+ CONNECT SERIES KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE MAP MAP OF THE VIRTUAL ECONOMY OF THE VIRTUAL CONVERTING THE VIRTUAL ECONOMY INTO ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL THE WORLD BANK www.infoDev.org www.infoDev.org converting the virtuAl economy into Development potentiAl KNOWLEDGE MAP OF THE VIRTUAL ECONOMY An infoDev publicAtion written by: Dr. Vili Lehdonvirta & Dr. Mirko Ernkvist April 2011 Information for Development Program www.infoDev.org ©2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are entirely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of infoDev, the Donors of infoDev, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. rights and permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. -
The Embodiment of Sexualized Virtual Selves: the Proteus Effect and Experiences of Self-Objectification Via Avatars ⇑ Jesse Fox , Jeremy N
Author's personal copy Computers in Human Behavior 29 (2013) 930–938 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Computers in Human Behavior journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/comphumbeh The embodiment of sexualized virtual selves: The Proteus effect and experiences of self-objectification via avatars ⇑ Jesse Fox , Jeremy N. Bailenson 1, Liz Tricase 2 Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94040, USA article info abstract Article history: Research has indicated that many video games and virtual worlds are populated by unrealistic, hypersex- ualized representations of women, but the effects of embodying these representations remains under- studied. The Proteus effect proposed by Yee and Bailenson (2007) suggests that embodiment may lead Keywords: to shifts in self-perception both online and offline based on the avatar’s features or behaviors. A 2 Â 2 Avatars experiment, the first of its kind, examined how self-perception and attitudes changed after women Video games (N = 86) entered a fully immersive virtual environment and embodied sexualized or nonsexualized ava- Virtual environments tars which featured either the participant’s face or the face of an unknown other. Findings supported the Proteus effect Proteus effect. Participants who wore sexualized avatars internalized the avatar’s appearance and self- Sex role stereotypes Objectification objectified, reporting more body-related thoughts than those wearing nonsexualized avatars. Participants who saw their own faces, particularly on sexualized avatars, expressed more rape myth acceptance than those in other conditions. Implications for both online and offline consequences of using sexualized ava- tars are discussed. Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Agents and avatars in these spaces often take the form of virtual humans with realistic features that mimic the human form.