A Publication of The American Physiological Society The New APS URL http://www.The-APS.orgPhysiologist

Integrating Volume 43, Number 5 October 2000 the Life Sciences from Molecule to Science and Technology Policy: Past and Prologue Organism A Companion to Science and Engineering Indicators—2000 I. Introduction II. A Record of Discovery in Science Every two years, the National Science Board and Technology produces Science and Engineering Indicators, a “Even economics, in this age of a booming econ- quantitative overview of the US science and tech- omy, cannot rival the appeal of science and tech- nology (S&T) enterprise. Publication of Science nology as the driving force of history.” and Engineering Indicators-2000 coincides with Gertrude Himmelfarb 2 the 50th anniversary of the creation of the Inside National Science Foundation (NSF) in 1950. As NSF and the National Science Board prepare to A record of research discoveries in science and Council Meets embark on their second half-century, the Board engineering stands as a legacy of Federal contri- in Castine believes it is useful to reflect on the conditions butions to the life, health, security, and enlight- p. 381 that characterized US science and engineering 50 enment of the US citizenry. The innovations driv- years ago, on accomplishments and changes, and ing our economic prosperity have emerged, often on directions for the future of the enterprise. unpredictably, from a bedrock of national invest- 2000 APS In taking stock of the impacts of science and ments in fundamental research made in years Committee Reports technology, the Board is moved to comment on past. The Council on Competitiveness, the US p. 393 the role of policy in S&T—how it is shaped by Chamber of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve data, information, and analysis. The process of Board last year all cited S&T research as good making choices constitutes the heart of policy- for business.3 Evidence mounts that research is a EB 2001 making—determining priorities and investment major contributor to US productivity. Symposia Preview levels, nurturing long-standing programs, and In 1971, the first commercial microprocessor p. 414 responding appropriately to emerging research was manufactured. Fourteen years later, opportunities. Any retelling of US achievements Indicators highlighted instrumentation for in science and engineering must include policy as advancing knowledge in science and engineering Scientists Urged to “organizing principles” and the arrangements for —spectroscopy, lasers, superconductivity, and Comment on USDA pursuing them. Together they create the monoclonal antibodies.4 Since then, discoveries, Pain & Distress prospects for discovery and application. techniques, and refinements abound: materials Regulations Inevitably, S&T are among the factors tied to such as synthetic polymers are used in products p. 449 choices made in the strategic allocation of scarce ranging from clothing to cars; tools such as the resources. 1 Hubbell and Gemini telescopes explore even beyond our solar system; particle beams probe NIH Seeks the structure of matter at distance scales 100 bil- Comments on This article has been reprinted from its original lion times smaller than the size of an atom; and Grant Form format with the permission of the mathematical modeling helps us predict the prob- Revisions National Science Board. ability of earthquakes and long-term weather p. 450 This paper is also accessible at the NSB web phenomena such as El Nino, test ideas of the site at http://www.nsf.gov/nsb/documents. nature of matter, study traffic patterns and brain (continued on page 383)

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 379 Published bimonthly and distributed by The American The Physiological Society 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3991 Physiologist ISSN 0031-9376 Gerald F. DiBona Volume 43 Number 5 October 2000 President Walter F. Boron Past President John E. Hall Contents President-Elect Martin Frank Editor and Executive Director Science and Technology Policy: APS Objects to Rats, Mice, Councillors Past and Prologue and Birds Negotiations 449 Hannah V. Carey, William W. Chin, A companion to Science and Paper Trails Protect Pets 450 Douglas C. Eaton, Steven C. Hebert, Engineering Indicators—2000 379 NIH Seeks Comments on Phyllis M. Wise, Jo Rae Wright Grant Form Revisions 450 Ex Officio APS News Dale J. Benos, Council Meets in Castine 381 Web News Mordecai P. Blaustein, New Web Site, New URL 451 Barbara E. Goodman, Membership Judith A. Neubauer, Celia D. Sladek New Regular Members 389 Books Received 451 Publications Committee: Chairman: New Affiliate Members 391 Dale J. Benos; Members:David H. Deceased Members 391 Positions Available 452 Alpers, R. Davis Manning, Jr., New Student Members 392 Richard A. Murphy, James A. Schafer. Director of Publications: Margaret People & Places 457 Reich. Design and Copy Editor: APS Committee Reports 393 Biophysical Society Elects Joelle R. Grossnickle. New Council 457 Subscriptions: Distributed to mem- Experimental Biology 2001 bers as part of their membership. Distinguished Lectureships 412 News From Senior Nonmembers in the USA: individuals Symposia Preview 414 $42.00; institutions $62.00. Physiologists 460 Nonmembers elsewhere: individuals Featured-Topics 430 $52.00; institutions $73.00. Single Physiology and EB 2000 432 Announcements copies and back issues when available, $10.00 each; single copies and back Chapter News Sandler Program for Asthma issues of Abstracts issues when avail- Research 462 able, $20.00. Subscribers to The Iowa Physiological Society Holds Online Service to Showcase Tools Physiologist also receive abstracts of Fifth Annual Meeting 433 for Science and Discovery 462 the Conferences of the American Nebraska Physiological Society Wellcome Visiting Professorships Physiological Society. Holds Third Annual Meeting 434 in the Basic Medical Sciences 462 The American Physiological Society assumes no responsibility for the NIH Minority Mentoring statements and opinions advanced by Career Report Program 462 contributors to The Physiologist. Women Make Significant Gains in Summer Programs in Japan, Deadline for submission of material Science and Engineering Fields 436 Korea, and Taiwan 463 for publication: Jan. 1, February issue; March 1, April issue; May 1, June Fifth Biennial International issue; July 1, August issue; Sept. 1, Awards Association of Medical Science October issue; Nov. 1, December Society Awards 438 Educators 463 issue. Section Awards 441 Nobel Centennial Exhibit Seeks Please notify the central office as Materials 463 soon as possible if you change your Public Affairs Gift Planning Opportunities 464 address or telephone number. 2000 AAAS Mass Media IUPS Travel Award Information 464 Headquarters phone: 301-530-7164. Fellowship Reports 446 Fax: 301-571-8305. Scientists Urged to Comment Scientific Meetings http://www.the-aps.org Printed in the USA on USDA Pain and Distress and Congresses 465 Regulations 449 380 The Physiologist APS News

Council Meets in Castine

The APS summer Council meeting attention included the travel award pro- was held in Castine, Maine, at the grams for the IUPS 2001 meeting in Maine Maritime Academy at the invita- New Zealand. Although there is already tion of President Gerald F. DiBona on a Travel Award Program for US physi- July 9-11, 2000. The summer meeting is ologists, foreign members were not eli- highlighted by the Council meeting gible for those grants. Therefore with a majority of the committee chairs, Council approved a Travel Award receiving reports on the committees’ Program for non-US members to attend accomplishments during the past year, the IUPS 2001 meeting in New Zealand and listening to their plans for the com- (details on the APS Web site: ing year. These committee reports are http://www.the-aps.org) and another published in this issue of The program to allow for physiologists from Physiologist (see page 393). under-developed countries to attend a Among the membership issues acted Teaching Workshop to be held just on by Council was the acceptance of the before the IUPS meeting. The Membership Committee’s proposal to Postdoctoral Fellowship in Physiologi- no longer be responsible for vetting cal Genomics, which Council agreed every membership application. Those had been very successful in attracting applications for which there are no APS President, Gerald DiBona, prepares many high-quality applications, will issues will be recommended for for a lobster feast! now be expanded such that three awards Council approval on a monthly basis by will be given in 2001. In addition, APS staff. All others will be referred to tists, there was no longer a need for the Council approved the Summer the Committee. This will allow the Honorary Membership category. Undergraduate Research Fellow Membership Committee more time to Council agreed and disbanded the Program for another year with the avail- focus on member recruitment and reten- Committee but retained the member- ability of another 12 fellowships for tion efforts. In addition, the Honorary ship category, as there are many summer 2001. Council also agreed to Membership Committee reported to Honorary Members who have been change the Research Career Council that, with the opening of elected by the Society over the years. Enhancement Award deadlines to corre- Regular Membership to foreign scien- Award programs to receive Council spond with those of the Teaching Career Enhancement Award (April 15 and October 15). With regard to the sections, Council approved their request to double the amount of funding given to each section to facilitate interactions between their Distinguished Lecturers and students at the EB meeting. In addition, APS will cover the cost of registration, at the advance registration level, for the sec- tions’Young Investigator Awardees. On the international front, the International Physiology Committee has been given the responsibility of coordinating a Latin American Initiative Back row: John Hall, Steve Hebert, Barb Goodman, Hector Rasgado- to encourage the scientists in the Latin Flores, Thomas Peterson, Mordecai Blaustein, Linda Allen, J.R. Haywood, American countries by supporting Jo Rae Wright, Martha O’Donnell. Middle row: Alice Ra’anan, Hannah courses, symposia, and workshops Carey, Celia Sladek, Gerald DiBona, Doug Eaton, Walter Boron, Judith being held in those countries at which Neubauer, Phyllis Wise. Front row: Terry Hawk, Bill Chin, Martin Frank, US scientists will present research Margaret Reich, Melinda Lowy, Bob Price. Not pictured: Pamela Gunter- along with the Latin American physiol- Smith, Ed Zambraski, and Marsha Lakes-Matyas.

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 381 APS News ogists. The International Physiology and Groups, the Committee was also asked to coordinate Physiological the review of all requests for joint sci- Genomics Task entific meetings with foreign societies. Force, and the The Committee is working to develop Translational guidelines for the submission of Research Task requests and acceptance of invitations. Force. These groups Council also approved a bylaw will begin gathering change that would allow the Chair of data and holding the Section Advisory Committee, cur- conference calls to rently an ex officio member of Council determine the needs without vote, to become an ex officio of the Society and member with vote. The general mem- to develop action bership will be asked to vote on this plans as called for bylaw change at the APS Business in the 2000 APS Meeting in Orlando in April. Strategic Plan. Celia Sladek, Alice Ra’anan, Phyllis Wise, Hector Rasgado-Flores, Judy Neubauer, Hannah Carey, Terry Opgenorth, J.R. Haywood, In addition, Council heard of plans Additional details Molly Green, and Jo Rae Wright enjoy the sights and sounds of a for the Publications Pricing Task Force of the Council’s Harbor Cruise. that will be impaneled this fall and actions during the made plans for the establishment of the July meeting will be communicated to the committee reports included in this Public Information/Communi-cations the membership at the next APS issue of The Physiologist. ❖ Task Force, the Task Force on Sections Business Meeting and can be found in

The Lost-Luggage Quartet

The APS staff set off for the summer noon, Sunday night or Monday morn- nights. By Monday morning, the afflict- Council meeting in Castine, Maine, on a ing. It seems all the flights into Castine ed staff were not in the mood to enjoy beautiful Saturday morning with hopes are the same size and all were full so no the sights and sounds of Maine, feeling for a wonderful trip—but US Airways extra luggage could fit onboard. Not to the effects of only 2 changes of clothes. had a different idea. After a plane mention that US Airways was never At 11 am, the welcome news came that change in Boston to an aircraft that sure just where the bags were, despite luggage had been sighted in Bangor and looked like a cigar on steroids, the four frequent telephone inquiries by the was supposedly enroute to Castine. It travelers arrived in Bangor, ME, only to affected parties. However, Council was with joyous anticipation that the discover that their luggage did not make members, committee chairs, spouses four staff entered their hotel and were the transfer because of weight limits for and other staff chipped in and supplied told that the rumors were true. After fes- that particular plane. The indomitable other clothing for those cool and rainy tive reunions and donning of clean gar- spirits of the APS staff would ments, it was noted that at least not be dampened. Upon arrival the top layer of articles in each in Castine, they discovered suitcase was wet from the lug- that other Council members gage being left on the tarmac and committee chairs had suf- for who knows how long. The fered the same fate and their kind host of the Pentagoet Inn luggage arrived with only a threw a welcome home party short delay. So, the four for the luggage and provided trouped off for the ultimate welcome libations after the bonding experience: necessity experience for all involved. shopping at Wal-Mart, which Everyone celebrated at the lob- included the purchase of the ster feast that night. Needless chic Maine t-shirts. After all, to say, for the trip home, the luggage was to arrive everyone who could keep their Sunday morning. NOT! Nor Melinda Lowy, Bob Price, Margaret Reich, Martin Frank— luggage as carry-on, did so! did it arrive by Sunday after- The Lost-Luggage Quartet.

382 The Physiologist Science and Technology Policy: Past and Prologue

(continued from page 379) understand the implications of new in the Watson-Crick discovery in 1953 function, and assess economic and knowledge, this requires more plain talk of a double helical structure of the DNA health risks. about risks as well as benefits and better molecule, and the first recombinant A human resource base developed in explanations of why the latest break- DNA techniques (or gene splicing) pio- our institutions of higher learning and through matters.8 Before citizens will neered by Hamilton Smith and Daniel employed in all regions and sectors of embrace yet another marvel intended to Nathans in the 1970s. A quarter-century the US has grown the capacity of the ease, remedy, or otherwise improve life, later, Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell Nation’s research workforce. Since they deserve information that will cloned a sheep from adult cells.11 1973, the number of science and engi- inform their thinking. Today, the research environment neering researchers receiving support includes a host of normative (“should from at least one Federal agency nearly III. Opportunities for the Ages we do it?”) questions that surround doubled (97 percent).5 Add to these fed- “The coming century will impose technical capability (“we can do it”) erally funded researchers the contribu- greater demands and responsibilities on with public controversy.12 For all the tions scientists and engineers make as all who have a stake in the discovery inevitable apprehension about the educators, administrators, managers, and use of knowledge.” unknown, a newer age of life-enhancing and public servants, and the investment National Science Board 9 innovations is not far off—biomonitor- in people yields handsomely. Demand ing devices that provide accurate read- for such workers, at all degree levels, is outs of our health and sensory prosthet- projected to increase well beyond the The quest to understand the nature of ics that synthesize speech, computerize rate for other occupations.6 the atom in the early twentieth century vision, and feed electronic waves direct- The 21st century will be known for led to a scientific revolution. In over- ly into the brain.13 the melding of our human and science- turning conventional thinking, quantum A separate stream of inquiry in infor- based infrastructure. The infusion of mechanics was discovered. To test this mation technology has borne remark- information technology in our economy theory, microscopes were devised to able fruit. The US Department of is revolutionizing communication as study phenomena at scales of atomic Defense’s Advanced Research Projects embodied in the Internet and “e-com- size and smaller—much smaller than Agency created ARPAnet, the precursor merce,” shrinking the world, creating what is readily observable.10 to the Internet, to facilitate communica- wealth, and transforming daily routines. In this age of S&T, the challenge to tion among researchers. The National Such impressive research-based capa- scientists, engineers, and policymakers Science Foundation provided the criti- bilities are juxtaposed against a trou- alike is to generate new ideas and tools cal sustenance that delivered this tool to bling reality: For more than two that harness research-based knowledge university researchers. Subsequently, decades, surveys have shown that in the fight against human disease and the World Wide Web was created to pro- American adults have a high level of disability, preserve the natural environ- mote rapid data sharing among large interest in scientific discoveries, new ment, enhance the quality of life, and collaborations of high energy physi- inventions, and technologies.7 Three of assure a robust public investment in sci- cists, a development that both simpli- four perceive the benefits of scientific ence and technology. As fields of sci- fied and popularized navigation on the research to outweigh its potential harm. ence, mathematics, and engineering Net. “The idea that anyone in the world But no more than one in five Americans continue to specialize, overarching can publish information and have it either comprehend or appreciate the research themes cross disciplines and, instantly available to anyone else in the value and process of scientific inquiry. moreover, captivate the public as issues world created a revolution that will rank While the public’s confidence in sci- of health, environment, energy, and with Gutenberg’s . . . 14 ence is high, for many it is a blind trust. space. The need to store, share, and interpret Americans are deeply divided over the Areas such as genetics/biotechnology vast amounts of data15 has engendered development and impact of several and information technology/telecom- whole new subfields, such as bioinfor- important technologies, some of which munications hold special promise. They matics, which is dedicated to applying are discussed below. are ripe for exploitation because of sci- information technology (IT) to the The progress of S&T demands more entific discoveries made in past cen- understanding of biological systems. To of each of us. One peril is that technical turies and 20th century tools that enable explore the interdependencies among virtuosity distances what most can discovery and advance knowledge. For the elements of specific environmental observe from what a few specially example, the Human Genome Project, systems will require the development of equipped and trained can see and launched in 1990 as a distributed “big software, human-computer interaction manipulate. Even if we are motivated to science” initiative, has historical roots (continued on page 384)

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 383 Science and Technology Policy: Past and Prologue

(continued from page 383) highlighted. Knowledge may appear to Education Act of 1958, which accelerat- and information management, and high- unfold in a “natural” course, but spon- ed a rising national consciousness about end computing. Companies use infor- sorship, and increasingly stewardship, S&T careers and science education and mation technology to compete in have played a key role in the 20th cen- ratcheted up the Federal R&D budget. today’s global marketplace by tailoring tury. Revisiting the Origins. As the 20th their products and services to the needs With the passage of time, early century came to a close, the United of individual customers, forging closer visions of science for society have come States faced the novel challenge of relationships with their suppliers, and to embody a set of national values and redefining its goals and priorities in the delivering just-in-time training to their objectives that provide a framework for post-Cold War era. While the impor- employees. If we are to understand and policy development. 17 Two key policy tance of science and engineering to the deal with the socioeconomic, ethical, documents are virtually synonymous Nation was unquestioned, a clear and legal, and workforce implications of with these values: Vannevar Bush’s uncomplicated rationale rivaling these systems, we will need to support a “Report to the President on a Program “national security” was lacking. When research agenda that crosses disciplines, for Postwar Scientific Research” (sub- the “balanced budget” became an over- languages, and cultures. sequently known as Science—the riding priority by 1995, competition for Highlighting technologies that are Endless Frontier, July 1945), and scarce resources grew fierce among likely to blossom in the 21st century Science and Public Policy (the claimants to the “discretionary” budget. recalls yesterday’s basic research. “Steelman Report,” August 1947). Each Long-term investments such as R&D History instructs that we cannot predict report emphasized the bipartisan nature were decidedly vulnerable. which discoveries or technologies will of Federal funding for science and By the mid-1990s, two major Federal change the lives of future generations. established a core principle that remains policy reports sought to reexamine sci- Rather, fundamental science and engi- among the strengths of the US research ence policy in a changing economic, neering research presents long-term system: a strong commitment to part- political and social context. Both opportunities—a high-risk investment nerships, especially those rooted in the emphasized science in service to socie- with high payoffs. exchange of Federal support of research ty while reaffirming a commitment to in universities for the production of university-based research and improved IV. The Role of Policy knowledge, innovation, and trained per- science and mathematics education. “. . . each new branch of science can sonnel for the Nation’s workforce. The 1994 Clinton-Gore blueprint, open wondrous new opportunities while The Bush Report was not a science Science in the National Interest, reiter- posing societal challenges that will policy blueprint. However, it contained ated the core values that have enabled require vigilance and insightful man- the seeds of ideas that have come to be the Nation to achieve so much through agement.” known as “policy-for-science”—issues fundamental science—the strength of Floyd Bloom16 focused on funding levels, sources, investigator-initiated research and merit incentives, and priorities for research, review by expert peers. The report sug- and the development and utilization of gested a framework for national science The future of science and technology human resources for science and engi- policy organized around five goals will require more wise policy decisions neering. In contrast, the Steelman deemed essential for the US scientific about how to use the Nation’s resources Report encompassed “science-for-poli- and engineering enterprise: leadership to the greatest benefit. Policy is a man- cy” issues concerned with the uses of across the frontiers of scientific knowl- agement tool for nurturing, distributing, scientific knowledge and capabilities edge; connections between fundamental and harvesting the creativity of S&T. In for governance and in the service of the research and national goals; partner- choices made daily by decisionmakers larger society. ships that promote investments in fun- in the public and private sectors, The first summary volume of Science damental science and engineering and Federal policy clasps the invisible hand and Public Policy employed 10-year effective use of physical, human and of the market. The result is an evolving projections to support recommenda- financial resources; the finest scientists research economy in science and engi- tions about the resources required to and engineers for the twenty-first centu- neering that continues to spur intellec- assist the US science and engineering ry; and scientific and technological lit- tual endeavor, increase participation by enterprise in addressing national objec- eracy of all Americans.19 those talented and trained, and capture tives. Significantly, one projection A congressional perspective came in innovations for the public good. called for a doubling of national R&D the form of a special study in 1998 by Origins. The progress of science and expenditures during the succeeding 10 the House Committee on Science led by technology appears so inevitable that years.18 This was before the launch of Congressman Vernon Ehlers. Unlock- the role of policy choices is not often Sputnik and the National Defense ing Our Future: Toward a New National

384 The Physiologist Science and Technology Policy: Past and Prologue

Science Policy noted that the scientific cy of values. The mingling of curiosity strategies. enterprise needed to “ensure that the and opportunity, largely undirected and While individual serendipity—an well of scientific discovery does not run fostered in a climate of open exchange, aspect of organized science for over 300 dry . . . ,” that “discoveries from this has produced an unparalleled national years—and collaborations among sci- well must be drawn continually and record of performance and progress in entists and engineers (virtually if not applied to the development of new knowledge and innovation. physically) grow, the S&T enterprise products or processes . . . ,” adding that This legacy has also yielded an irony must adapt to the exigencies imposed “education . . . [produces] the diverse —times may change, but policy issues by scale, resources, and organizational array of people who draw from and remain much the same. Questions per- complexity. Planning and coordination replenish the well of discovery . . .” and sist about the appropriate Federal role among partners within a framework that amplifies “the lines of communication in funding the enterprise: How much is is explicitly global must promote col- between scientists and engineers and enough? What constitutes a strategic laboration without diminishing the sys- the American people.” 20 balance among problems, disciplines, tem’s competitive energy. An overarch- Both reports employed a participato- and levels of funding? As private R&D ing goal is developing strategies to ry process, increasing the credibility of funding accounts for two-thirds of total enhance global scientific communica- subsequent decisionmaking and assert- national R&D, are investments being tion, international exchanges of stu- ing a continuity of organizing principles skewed toward the short-term, industri- dents and technical personnel, and data- tempered by new economic realities: al end of the research continuum? bases to sustain research and discovery university-based research in a global Over 50 years ago, the Bush and the in the international arena.22 context; partnerships across disciplines, Steelman reports identified fundamen- A sequence of sage decisions made organizations, and sectors; and public tal policy values: ample human over an expansive period of science and accountability. Each report also resources for science and engineering, a technology has brought us to this point. acknowledged the indispensability of vigorous science and engineering infra- That is the resounding message of the Federal research investments in a 21st structure for research, a robust govern- Federal science policy reports of the last century S&T enterprise shaped by ment-university partnership to advance half-century. The current generation of information technology and attuned to knowledge in conjunction with educa- stewards must apply the same ingenuity societal needs. Predicting that a broad tion and training, and a symbiosis to endow our social structures with the bipartisan consensus would likely con- between fundamental research and wisdom of experience and the tools of tinue, the reports warned of funding national goals. These values endure. analysis. This legacy guides the constraints and the need to establish pri- A Changing Federal Role? What, National Science Board in promoting orities for Federal support and demon- then, should be the Federal role in a and anticipating the needs of S&T as an strate contributions to attaining societal global context—one in which multina- institution.23 goals. tional corporations influence significant Science and Engineering Indicators- Finally, like Bush and Steelman, both parts of the Nation’s research agenda? 2000, like the volumes that have pre- reports assigned a high priority to How should challenges facing society ceded it, can be an anchor for policy- human resources as an integral element inform methodologies for priority set- makers awash in information and con- of science policy. Cultivating an ting in research? What mechanisms tradictory claims. Just as we accumulate increasingly diverse student body to effectively build broad public and scien- systematic knowledge about the enter- renew the workforce of a global econo- tific support for, and involvement in, the prise, Indicators should illuminate sign- my requires quality science education at priority setting process? Who is moni- posts to its future. By definition, indica- the K-12 level. Our education system toring the incremental growth of the tors are retrospective and heuristic, not could serve more students far better knowledge base and opportunities explanatory. In combination, they may than it does, especially those in urban emerging at the interstices of disci- reveal patterns or suggest relationships and rural areas born into disadvantage. plines? And what education and train- that call for more intensive analysis. We High standards, expectations, and ing are appropriate for producing versa- offer some examples below. accountability alone cannot rescue tile workers who face a growing diver- Investments and Returns. While the schools lacking the resources to support sity of employment prospects and system of national support of S&T has mathematics and science learning to careers? Whatever the responses— flourished, Federal funding across dis- prepare students for the 21st century policies, programs, and initiatives - the ciplines has shifted. “The life sciences workforce. This demands well-trained, - Federal portfolio must be diverse, flexi- now account for more than 50 percent equipped, and -rewarded teachers.21 ble, and opportunistic, drawing on the of the US Federal investment in basic Visionary Federal documents issued a creative strengths of many fields and research . . . . Today’s strong Federal half-century apart attest to a consisten- employing a range of organizational (continued on page 386)

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 385 Science and Technology Policy: Past and Prologue

(continued from page 385) research remains elusive. Yet universities accounted for over 88 per- support for the life sciences is warrant- Indicators-2000 helps make sense of a cent of all the patents awarded to aca- ed because biomedical research is on complex enterprise.28 Trends in knowl- demic performers.32 Research universi- the cusp of a revolution in preventative edge production and the Federal stew- ties have become not only incubators of medicine and treatment. Nevertheless, ardship role illustrate two classes of innovation, but also partners in develop- today’s overall research budget is indicator. ing and commercializing products that increasingly out of balance.”24 Trends in the Globalization of generate income and hold value for When is the Federal R&D portfolio— Research. Multiple authorship of the other sectors of the Nation’s economy. interagency initiatives as well as agency S&T literature, citation patterns by field Payoffs of Federal Stewardship. mission-based programs—diversified and country, and patents awarded pro- The Nobel Prize is the most widely-rec- too little or too much? How can we tell vide a thumbnail sketch of the global ognized honor conferred for scientific when basic research seems constricted knowledge system. Since 1986, multi- achievement.33 For the period 1950-95, relative to applied investments? How do ple and international coauthorships are US citizen and foreign scientists located management, regulation, and accounta- on the rise.29 In 1997, the proportion of in American institutions dominate the bility foster inquiry without unduly fet- the world S&T literature published in roster of Nobel laureates. Indicators- tering it? major international journals accounted 2000 includes an appendix table that What has worked in the past could for by three countries—the US, Japan, lists all Nobel laureates awarded the shackle the future. Concern for imbal- and the UK—represented one-half the Prize 1950-99. Data from other agen- ance among fields and research prob- total. But the US proportion of the cies are not available, but information lems is a challenge to policymakers, as world S&T literature cited from 1990 to on whether the recipients received NSF is priority setting, especially when 1997 is down in all fields, though we funding during their career, pre- and funding lags the pace of discovery and lead the world’s research production in post-Nobel, suggests the role played by application. R&D, after all, is one health and psychology. Declines in the Federal support in the careers of national investment among many. US share are marked in mathematics, extraordinary 20th century scientists.34 Until recently, the so-called produc- biology, and engineering.30 The findings are striking. The Federal tivity paradox, captured by the maxim In sum, the world is catching up. But Government has a remarkable record of “computers are everywhere except the one wonders whether a falling US share supporting US Nobel laureates before productivity statistics,” dogged invest- of citations in a field should be regard- bestowal of the Prize. Roughly one of ments. Today, the value of information ed as a problem: the US share of world three laureates in Physics and technology is no longer in doubt.25 GDP has declined significantly, much Chemistry, and two of five in Experts argue that, in an $8.8 trillion to our Nation’s advantage. There are Economics, successfully competed for knowledge-based economy, more than more participants in the world publica- NSF research grants. In the aggregate 2.8 percent of the Nation’s GDP should tion market and the leaders’ share is careers of all laureates since 1950, over be devoted to R&D. In addition, given eroding, while collaboration with 40 percent have benefited from NSF the extraordinary contributions of fun- researchers around the globe is becom- support. damental research to long-term eco- ing a routine option. So while the Nobel Prize is often dis- nomic growth, an investment greater The proportion of citations on US counted as a measure of where sci- than the 22 percent of the total Federal patents to the US S&T literature ence—paradigm-breaking science at R&D budget that currently goes to decreased from 1987-98 in physics, that—has been, as opposed to where it “basic research” seems more than justi- chemistry, and engineering/technology. is going, the Federal distribution of fied.26 Unsettling to many is the declin- Only in biomedicine did citations to US scarce resources to researchers has ing Federal share of national R&D as literature increase significantly in patent repaid the investment in their work industry fuels technology—the promis- applications.31 An institutional perspec- many times over. ing technologies profiled above and an tive on patenting signals a growth trend. Taken together, these data reflect a array of other interdisciplinary special- But academic patents still represent national commitment to science and ties.27 only 5 percent, or more than 3000 annu- engineering research. This grand public Clearly, we are more adept at measur- ally, of all new US-origin patent awards. experiment engendered fields of knowl- ing dollar inputs than outcomes such as This is a five-fold increase from 1985, edge not easily visualized a half-centu- peer-reviewed publications, citations, when 111 US academic institutions ry ago. Such government stewardship patents, and honorific awards. were awarded patents. In 1998, the indicates an oft-overlooked US achieve- Capturing the full public return on number grew to a total of 173 different ment in science—underwriting risk-tak- investments in science and engineering universities, and the top 100 patenting ing research programs and investigators

386 The Physiologist Science and Technology Policy: Past and Prologue

long before their promise was recog- EHR Subcommittee on Science & Engineering, 1994 (Arlington, VA: National nized by the S&T community and Engineering Indicators Science Foundation, February, NSB 94-24), hailed by the world. p. 4. Claudia I. Mitchell-Kernan, Chair; John 10. Achenbach, J. Ingenuity. Washington Post, Dec. 31, 1999, p. M12. A. Armstrong, Robert M. Solow, V. Conclusions 11. “Pathways of Discovery,” Science, vol. “We should also remember that, like Richard A. Tapia, John A. White Bob H. 287, Jan. 14, 2000, p. 231. In the view of the Internet, super-computers and so Suzuki, Chair, EHR Committee (ex some, “DNA is likely to be the discovery many other scientific advances, our officio) Daryl E. Chubin, Staff to the made in the 20th century that will be the abilityto read our genetic alphabet grew Subcommittee most important to the 21st.” See Walter from decades of research that began Isaacson, “Who Mattered and Why: The with government funding. Every References Century of Science and Technology, Time, Dec. 31, 1999, p. 54. American . . . should be proud of their 1. National Science Board. Government Funding of Scientific Research, 1997 12. Even before the cloning of “Dolly,” investment in this and other frontiers of (Arlington, VA: National Science questions were raised about who will own science.” Foundation, NSB 97-186). the map of the human genome, what are the President William J. Clinton35 2. Himmelfarb, G. Heroes and Antiheroes limits to privacy in gene therapy, and what is Survive the Millennium’s Dawn. The the safety-profitability tradeoff in genetical- Chronicle of Higher Education, A64. ly-modified foods. All illustrate the “slip- Today we have the ability to manipu- January 21, 2000. pery slope” that policy must confront. For late individual atoms and molecules on 3. Specifically, the 2 percent per annum example, an executive order now prohibits the scale of one billionth of a meter. growth in productivity observed in the last Federal agencies from using genetic testing in any employment decision. Remarks by This poses myriad possibilities in the three years doubled the pace of growth from 1973 to 1995. See Council on the President on Genetic Discrimination, way most everything, from medicines to Competitiveness. Going Global: The New American Association for the Advancement automobile tires, is designed and Shape of American Innovation (Washington, of Science, Washington. D.C., February 8, made.36 By increasing the wonder of DC, September 1998); Progressive Policy 2000. science and engineering—a computer Institute. The New Economy Index: 13. Smith, D. The Millennium Baby. chip millions of times as fast as today’s Understanding America’s Economic Washington Post, Jan. 1, 2000, pp. A10-A11. Pentium 3 or new methods of removing Transformation (Washington, DC, 14. Isaacson, op.cit., note 11, p. 57, notes the smallest contaminants from water November 1998); Committee for Economic that “Just as the flow of ideas wrought by and air—we increase hope. Development. Basic Research: Prosperity Gutenberg led to the rise of individual rights, so too did the unfetterable flow of Communicating how things work and through Discovery (New York, NY: CED, 1998); Lester Thurow, Building Wealth, The ideas wrought by telephones, faxes, televi- why they matter is a continuing chal- Atlantic Monthly, June 1999, pp. 57-69; and sion and the Internet serve as the surest foe lenge. S&T cannot flourish without the President Clinton’s Remarks on Science and of totalitarianism in this century.” But con- visionary use of policy to communicate Technology Investments, California Institute cern continues to grow in the US over the the joy, fascination, and utility of sci- of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Jan. 21, 2000. “digital divide”—the gap between those ence and engineering. Indicators can 4. National Science Board. Science who have access, at home and in school, to tell us where we have been and suggest Indicators-The 1985 Report (NSB 85-1), ch. 8. IT hardware and software and those who do where we might be going. 5. National Science Board. Science and not. Chapters 8 and 9 of Indicators-2000 As we celebrate the 50th anniversary Engineering Indicators-2000, 2000 explore evidence of this gap. 15. See NSB Statement on the Sharing of of an institution called the National (Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, NSB 00-1), Appendix Table 6- Research Data, NSB 99-24, Feb. 18, 1999. Science Foundation, and reflect on the 32. Hereafter, this source is abbreviated as 16. Bloom, F. E. The Endless Pathways of creative S&T enterprise of which it is a Indicators-2000. Discovery. Science, vol. 287:229, January part, we welcome the still-endless fron- 6. Indicators-2000, ch. 3. 14, 2000. tier that the 21st century holds. We are 7. College graduates and citizens attentive 17. The following discussion is indebted to especially proud to assist, through to science and technology policy hold the Chapter 1 of Indicators-2000, Science and Indicators, policymakers and govern- most positive views. Chapter 8 of Technology in Times of Transition: The ment leaders whose decisions will Indicators-2000, Science and Technology: 1940s and 1990s. affect the ability of science and engi- Public Attitudes and Public Understanding, 18. Steelman, J. R. Science and Public Policy, vol. I (New York: Arno Press, neering to benefit society. That would elaborates on these themes. 8. For example, see NSF GPRA Strategic reprinted from 1947), pp. 13, 26. be a noble achievement beyond this Plan, FY 2000-2005, February 19. Clinton, W. J. and Gore, A. Science in jubilee year. 2000 Draft, NSB 00-16. the National Interest, Executive Office of the 9. National Science Board. Toward the Next President, August 1993, p. 7. *** Century: The State of US Science and 20. Committee on Science, US House of

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 387 Science and Technology Policy: Past and Prologue

Representatives. Unlocking Our Future: three are mutually exclusive. Lower inter- 31. Indicators-2000, Appendix Table 6-65. Toward a New National Science Policy, est rates from increased savings can encour- However, articles resulting from “public 105th Congress, Committee Print 105-B:12, age innovation. So can lower tax rates.” research”—that performed in academic, September 1998. Michael J. Mandel, “How Most Economists nonprofit, and government research organi- 21. These and related human resource issues Missed the Boat,” Business Week, Nov. 15, zations, and funded primarily by Federal are discussed in the Board’s report, 1999, pp. 106. sources—are increasingly cited in US patent Preparing Our Children: Math and Science 26. Note that the US investment, which applications. See National Science Board Education in the National Interest, NSB 99- includes both military and civilian expendi- Working Paper, Industry Trends in Research 31, March 1999. tures, is second in percentage terms only to Support and Links to Public Research 22. An NSB Symposium on International Japan (whose R&D investment is all civil- (Arlington, VA: NSF, 1998, NSB 98-99). Models for S&T Budget Coordination and ian). For national funding data, see the 32. Indicators-2000, pp. 6-84 to 6-87 and Priority Setting, in November 1999, exam- AAAS R&D Budget and Policy Program Appendix Table 6-67. ined decision making models in industrial- website, www.aaas.org/spp/dspp/rd/rdww 33. Of course, the Nobel Prize is given for ized, centralized, and developing nations. wpg.htm. only a subset of scientific fields. Omissions Also see Committee on Science, 27. Congress has extended the Research and include fields such as information science Engineering, and Public Policy. Capitalizing Experimentation tax credit for an unprece- and technology that did not exist at the time on Investments in Science and Technology dented five-year period. See President when the Nobel was established. For all (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Clinton Highlights Progress toward fields in which the Nobel Prize is awarded, 1999); and Lewis M. Branscomb and Building a High-Tech, High-Wage US-based scientists represent two-thirds of James H. Keller, eds., Investing in Economy, White House Press Release, Dec. the laureates, ranging from 54 percent in Innovation: Creating a Research and 3, 1999. But the President’s Information Chemistry to 77 percent in Economics. Innovation Policy That Works (Cambridge, Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC), These tabulations are derived from the MA: MIT Press, 1998). Interim Report to the President (Arlington, “Nationality or Citizenship Index” in 23. National Science Board. National VA: National Coordination Office for Bernard S. Schlessinger and June H. Science Foundation. Science at the Computing, Information, and Schlessinger, eds., The Who’s Who of Nobel Bicentennial: A Report from the Research Communications, August 1998), has Prize Winners 1901-1995 (Oryz Press, Community (Washington, DC: US GPO, warned that the Federal investment in IT is 1996), pp. 243-244. Apr. 30, 1976), ch. 1. The Board is current- inadequate and “threatens to interrupt the 34. Indicators-2000, Appendix Table 1-1. ly grappling with methodologies for coordi- flow of ideas that has driven the information The prize was adopted as the unit of analy- nation and priority-setting in the Federal economy in this decade” (p. 3). sis, with multiple winners increasing the science and engineering research budget. 28. Also see National Research Council, likelihood that at least one will have had See Charge to the Ad Hoc Committee on Measuring the Science and Engineering NSF support. Laureates from foreign coun- Strategic Science and Engineering Policy Enterprise (Washington, DC: National tries, of course, would be less likely to apply Issues, Mar. 23, 1999, NSB 99-56. Academy Press, 2000). for US funds. 24. Smith, P. M. Life Sciences’ Stewardship 29. Indicators-2000, Appendix Table 6-60. 35. Remarks by President Clinton at the of Science. Science, 286:2448 December 24, If coauthors from different countries are National Medal of Science Award 1999. considered, the US proportion grows 9.8 Ceremony, Mar. 14, 2000. 25. In the view of Business Week’s econom- percent, Japan 7.1 percent, and the UK 12.6 36. See President Clinton Fact Sheet on ics editor, “In the 1990s, at least, it seems percent. National Nanotechnology Initiative, Jan. 21, that technology is more powerful than either 30. Indicators-2000, Appendix Tables 6-56 2000. taxes or deficits. No one is saying that the and 6-63.

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388 The Physiologist Membership

New Regular Members

Christian Aalkjar Robert Munson Carey Mineko Fujimiya Aarhus University University of Virginia Shiga University Edmund Osvaldo Acevedo Albert Dewey Copeland Sarah S. Garber University of Mississippi Dodge County Hospital Finch University-Chicago Med. Sch. Jose Antonio Adams H. Samuel Case Jose Joaquin Garcia Mt Sinai Medical Center Western Maryland College University of Zaragoza Ehud Ahissar Michael Anthony Ceddia Mary Garrett The Weizmann Institute IAMS Company University of California-Davis Jameel Ahmed Sheng-Song Chen Timothy P. Gavin Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Vanderbilt University East Carolina University Gias Uddin Ahmmed Zhijie Cheng Raymond Joseph Geor University of Cincinnati Mayo Clinic and Foundation Kentucky Equine Research, Inc. Abu Bakr Al-Mehdi Shiow-Chyn Chung J. Peter Gierow University of Pennsylvania Chung Yuan Christian University University of Kalmar Hagsan Amlal Anthony Henry Cincotta Charles Douglas Gilbert University of Cincinnati Rhode Island Clinical Res. Center The Rockefeller University Steven Sung-Chur An James Forrest Collins Ignacio Gimenez Harvard School of Public Health Univ. of Alabama Health Sci. Ctr. Yale University William Jeffrey Armstrong Wilson S. Colucci Icko Krste Gjorgoski Eastern Michigan University Boston University Medical Center Institute of Biology Nelly E. Avissar Jurandir Joad Dalle Lucca Emile Rene Godaux University of Rochester University of Louisville Med School University of Mons-Hainaut John Leal Azevedo, Jr. Roger A. Dampney Monika Gooz California State University University of Sydney Medical University of South Carolina Govindasamy Blaksekaran Leslie A. Danielson Olaf Grisk Nanyang Tech University University of New Mexico University of Greifswald Olafur Baldvrsson Francesco J. DeMayo Irina I. Grichtchenko University of Iowa Baylor College of Medicine Yale University Nir Barzilai Darrin Lee DeMoss Donna L. Gruol Albert Einstein College of Medicine Morehead State University Scripps Research Institute Ananda Basu Sumi Dinda Divina Santos Gryder Mayo Clinic Oakland University NIH/NINDS Lance B. Becker Minou Djawdan Benoit P.H. Guery University of Chicago San Diego City College CH Dron David George Binion Robert Mitchell Douglas Dale Buchanan Hales Medical College of Wisconsin Yale University School of Medicine University of Illinois-Chicago Anthony T. Blikslager Jonathan A. Dranoff Kenneth Raymond Hallows North Carolina State University Yale University University of Pennsylvania Samuel Boateng Jane M. Eason Amy Halseth University of Illinois Louisana State Univ Hlth Sci Ctr Searle Pharmacia Corp George Russell Bousfield Jinping Fan Muhidin Hamamdzic Wichita State University Loyola University of Chicago University of Sarajevo Sylvie Breton Marc D. Feldman Marc T. Hamilton Massachusetts General Hospital University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr University of Missouri Esther Marie Brooks-Asplund Adrienne M. Fleckman Leah Wendy Hammer Cato Research, Ltd Beth Israel Medical Center Univ. of Mississippi Medical Center Thomas James Burkholder Rodney Joseph Folz Kimberly Anne Hammond Georgia Institute of Technology Duke University Medical Center University of California-Riverside Maureen Bernadette Burton Alison Elizabeth Fox-Robichaud Dong Cheol Han University of South Dakota McMaster University Soon Chun Hyang University

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 389 Membership

Anker Jon Hansen Mayumi Kajimura Mingyu Liang Novo Nordisk A/S Keio University School of Medicine Mayo Clinic Foundation Michael K. Hansen Yutaka Kano Liming Ling University of Colorado University of Electro-Com Harvard Medical School Travis Winton Hein Gary J. Kargacin Lewis A. Lipsitz Texas A & M University University of Calgary Hebrew Rehab. Center for Aged Goran Hellekant Sergey Kasparov Shu Q. Liu University of Wisconsin University of Bristol Sch Med Scis Northwestern University Mark R. Hellmich Ito Katsuaki Juan Llopis Univ of Texas Med. Branch Miyazaki University Universidad De Castilla La Mancha Hantz C. Hercule Paul Scott Katz Emilio Edgard Lozano Texas Southern Univ. Coll Pharm Georgia State University University of Wisconsin Steven B. Heymsfield Toru Kawada Hazel Lum Obesity Research Center National Cardiovascular Ctr Res Inst Rush Presbyterian St Luke’s Med Ctr Tetsuya Hirano George A. Keesler Pauline Kay Lund Hirano Clinic Hoechst Marion Roussel Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill Markus Horning Joyce Keifer Jennifer Ann Lundmark Texas A&M University University of South Dakota Sch Med California State Univ, Sacramento Eiji Hoshi Rebecca Sue Keller Vladimir V. Lupashin Tohoku Univ. School of Medicine Mygen, Inc Univ of Arkansas for Med Sciences Sandra Lynn Hrometz David E. Kelley Xiuying Ma Mayo Foundation University of Pittsburgh University of Iowa Lufei Hu Christopher G. Kevil Gordon Gregor MacGregor Cornell University University of Alabama-Birmingham Yale University Yan Hu Syed Jalal Khundmiri Sherdia O. Mack University of Pennsylvania University of Louisville Howard University Jeremy Hughes Peter Daane King Jane M. Macpherson University of Edinburgh Med School Francis Marion University Oregon Health Science University Victor W. Hurst Ohagriya Kitiyakara Khalid S. Mahran NASA-Johnson Space Center Georgetown Univ. Medical Center SUNY-Buffalo Pung Pung Hwang Gregory Thomas Knipp Adhip P. Nandi Majumdar Academia Sinica Rutgers University Wayne State University Fahmeed Hyder Anne Apperly Knowlton Antonio Malgaroli Yale University Baylor College of Medicine Scientific Institute S Raffaele Deborah P. Hyink William E. Kraus Micheline Lisa Markey Mt Sinai School of Medicine Duke University Medical Center University of California, Santa Cruz Fumito Ichinose Dhandapani Kuppuswamy Holger Martens Massachusetts General Hospital Medical University of South Carolina Freie Universitat At Berlin Sarah Karen Inglis Margot Claire La Ponite James Charles Martin University of Dundee Henry Ford Hospital University of South Carolina Doris Elias Jaalouk Peter Donald Larsen John H. Martin Notre Dame University Michigan State University Columbia University Kazi Ahsan Jamil Antigone Lazou Wenjun Z. Martini Kagoshima University University of Thessaloniki Sch Biol University Texas Medical Branch Muthuvel Jayachandran Pascal Legendre Jason James McDougall Mayo Clinic Universite Paris University of Calgary Hanjoong Jo Urs A. Leuenberger James Michael McGill University of Alabama-Birmingham Pennsylvania State University Indiana Univ School of Medicine James Eric Jordan Barry E. Levin Sheri Anne Melton Brigham & Women’s Hospital VA Medical Center West Chester University Yi-Sook Jung DePei Li Andrew J. Messaros Ajou University Wake Forest Univ. School of Med. Medical College of Ohio

390 The Physiologist Membership

Joseph Gary Meszaros Pawinee Piyachaturawat Thomas John Terenzi University of California-San Diego Mahidol University Winthrop University Hospital Amy Milsted Francis Xavier Pizza Patricia K. Tithof University of Akron University of Toledo University of Tennessee John Edward Misiaszek Thomas Burleyson Price David L. Tomko University of Alberta Yale University NASA Headquarters Michael Christopher Montalto Georgia Ellen Purdom Guro Valen Brigham & Women’s Hospital Mt Vernon Nazarene College Karolinska Hospital Christopher I. Moore Leslie Ann Quinn Adrian Vella Massachuetts General Hospital Wheeling Jesuit University Mayo Clinic Edwin David Moore Ravichandran Ramasamy Andrea Viggiano University of British Columbia Columbia University Universita Di Napoli Federico II Rene Mora Garry Paul Reams Heather Ketelaar Vincent Beth Israel Deaconess Med. Center University of Missouri Stetson University Denise M. Ney Jie Ren Richard Eric Williams University of Wisconsin, Madison University of Missouri Sansom Medical Research Institute Timothy D. Noakes Thomas Jay Roberts George Frederick Wittenberg University of Cape Town Oregon State University Wake Forest University Sch. Med. Pirjo Nuutila Stephen Manuel Roth Kara Anne Witzke University of Turku University of Pittsburgh Norfolk State University Peter C.M. Obiefuna Ricardo Saban Chun-Cheung Wong University of West Indies Univ of Texas Med Branch Chinese University of Hong Kong Klaus-Peter Ossenkopp Colin Selman Seung Kyoon Woo Univ of Western Ontario University of Aberdeen Johns Hopkins University Michael Clifford Ott Bukhtiar H. Shah Yujie Xu Mayo Clinic NIH/NICHD Childrens’ Hospital, Cincinnati Carmen Aracelia Padro-Alvarado Brenda K. Smith Richards Zhice Xu Univ. of Puerto Rico Pennington Biomed Research Center University of California, LA Liyi Pang Suwit Jack Somponpun Wei-Dong Yao Washington Univ. School of Med. FUHS-Chicago Medical School Duke University Medical Center Arnold Peckerman David E. Stec Akin Yesilkaya UMDNJ-New Jersey Med Sch University of Iowa NIH Jonathan E. Phillips Paul A. Stevens Mark Anthony Yorek Schering-Plough Charite University University of Iowa Danny Mark Pincivero Dale D. Tang Weizhen Zhang Eastern Washington University Indiana Univ. School of Medicine University of Michigan New Affiliate Members Daniela Hangan Judith A Osborn Margaret Steinberg University of Michigan Lexington Park, MD Saddleback College-CA William Mathena Dawn Renee Schaefer Richard A Struthers Kaskaskia College-IL University of Kansas Medical Center Univ. of Michigan Flora Watson California St. University-Stanis

Deceased Members Hiroshi Asanuma Arthur W. Martin Joe R. Rodarte New York, NY Seattle, WA Houston, TX E.D. Goldsmith Marvin L. Riedesel George G. Rowe New York, NY Albuquerque, NM Madison, WI Carlo A. Terzuolo Minneapolis, MN

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 391 Membership

New Student Members Alfonso Abizaid Lynn Kristine Hartzler Bradley Jay Segura Concordia University University of California University of Michigan Amy K.L. Banes Jon-Philippe K. Hyatt Dara Spearman Michigan State University University of California, LA University of Michigan Rene Bernard Karen Lynn Hinkle Greg Robert Steinberg University of Michigan University of Michigan University of Guelph Joelle M. Bradley Brant Edward Isakson Ann Marie Stowe University of Calgary University of Wyoming University of Kansas Mark Bruce Dwayne N. Jackson Tina Tam Loughborough University University of Ottawa Florida Atlantic University Nathan Edward Brummel Uttra Jamikorn Diana Tanase Creighton University University of Kentucky University of Michigan Santiago Camacho Eric Michael Jaryszak Balazs Toth General Hospital Mexico Indiana University School of Med. Natl. Inst. of Traumatology, Budapest Alfred John Casillan Humberto B. Jijon Philip Craig Valle University of Kansas Medical Center University of Calgary SUNY-Stony Brook Emilson Colantonio Richard Alan Johnston Chantal Anne Vella Universidad De Sao Paulo West Virginia University University of New Mexico Melissa Renee Coombs Roger Kapoor Philipp Vetter Chapman University Finch Univ-Chicago Med. School Inst Neurology-England Lillian Cruz-Orengo Akiko L. Kurachi Daniel Glen Vickers University of Puerto Rico University of Michigan Michigan State University Rachel Klingenstein Daley Louis William Kutcher MengJun Wang Florida Atlantic University University of Cinncinnati Creighton University Danielle Sandra Day Shenyang Li Yinghong Wang University of Colorado-Boulder University of Arkansas Johns Hopkins University Scott William Disch Xuwan Liu Rebecca Reiko Watson Florida Atlantic University East Tennessee State University Texas A&M University Christopher Lee Douglas Benjamin M. Miles Erica Ariece Wehrwein University of Michigan Grambling State University Western Michigan University Robert Jason Durand Delara Motlagh Audrey G. Wells Southwestern Louisiana University University of Illinois At Chicago University of Michigan Sharon Lynn Dziadula Eric Morgan Michael Wenninger Florida Atlantic University Northeastern Ohio University University of Wisconsin Michael Ross Edwards Zsolt Murlasita Thomas Joseph Wetter University of Waterloo West Virginia Univ. School of Med University of Wisconsin, Madison Laura Jo Fulk Carrie Annalice Northcott Julia Wilkerson University of South Carolina Michigan State University University of Wisconsin Patrick Michael Fuller Enis Novalija Phil Wong University of California-Davis Medical College of Wisconsin McGill University Jeffrey Stephen Gilbert Carmen Aracelia Padro-Alvarado David Arthur Woodrum Minnesota State University–Mankato University of Puerto Rico Medical College of Georgia Selena Janette Godoy Chantale Tonette Pearson Gerald Stanley Zavorsky University of North Texas HSC Florida Atlantic University University of British Columbia John Grande Yvette Miatta Petersen Oliver Zeitz York University Royal Veterinary University University of Gottingen Angela Jean Grippo Aaron Nicholas Rice Peiyong Zhai University of Iowa Boston University University of Illinois-Urbana R. Luke Whitney Harris Juan Manuel Ros Qunying Zhang Acadia University Florida Atlantic University Tech University Dresden

392 The Physiologist Committee Reports

Animal Care and Experimentation Committee USDA to cover rats, mice, and birds under the AWA. Again, The Animal Care and the ACEC will closely follow developments in this area. Experimentation Commit- A few years ago the ACEC and Public Affairs Committee tee (ACEC) continues to recommended to Council that APS participate in the AAAS keep its eye on proposed Mass Media Fellow. This is our third year of participation, changes to the Animal and is the second time we have had successful applicants. Welfare Act (AWA) regula- Susan Rainey is the 2000 APS-AAAS Mass Media Fellow. tions, which would have a She has a BSc in physiology from McGill University and an significant impact on MSc in physiology from the University of Toronto. She is Society members. One currently working on her PhD in molecular physiology at the main issue is a proposed University of Toronto and will spend this summer working in change in the reporting of the New York offices of Newsweek. Two other APS student pain and distress in the members have also been accepted as AAAS Mass Media report that all US Fellows. They are Kendall Powell and Pamela Hanson. Department of Agriculture Powell expects to receive her PhD in cell biology from UCSD (USDA) registered facili- in 2002. She will work at the Los Angeles Times this summer. ties must complete and forward to the USDA annually. There Hanson expects to receive her PhD in Biochemistry, Cell and are three main categories under which animals are currently Developmental Biology from Emory University in 2001. She reported. These include animals that undergo little or no pain will spend the summer working for The Chicago Tribune. All or distress, animals that may perceive pain and distress but three fellows have agreed to write articles about their Mass which are relieved by drugs, and animals that undergo painful Media fellowship experiences for The Physiologist this fall. procedures that, for scientific purposes, do not receive pain- We look forward to seeing a review of their experiences in the relieving drugs. The USDA is formulating a change to this program. system in response to a request by The Humane Society of the Several times a year, the APS is alerted to discussions with- United States (HSUS). The HSUS has begun an initiative to in institutions about whether or not to continue using animal eliminate pain and distress in laboratory animals by the year laboratories in medical, veterinary, or graduate education. 2020. It is the contention of HSUS that the current reporting The APS is on record in support of animal teaching exercis- requirements do not provide enough information to determine es, and can provide information as well as support letters if the numbers of animals that undergo pain and distress. The needed. The APS policy is as follows: current reporting system is certainly confusing, as different institutions will place identical procedures under different The Use of Animals is Necessary for the Proper Teaching reporting categories. However, increasing the complexity of of Students of the Biomedical Sciences an already faulty reporting system will supply inaccurate data The American Physiological Society believes the and lead to excessive costs in time and effort without enhanc- use of animals is important in the education of stu- ing animal welfare. The ACEC will continue to keep you dents in the biomedical sciences, including medical informed on this issue and will respond to the proposed students. The use of animals gives the student a direct changes once they are published in the Federal Register. understanding of how living systems work, an under- Another important issue that is under consideration by the standing that cannot be gained by reading a textbook, USDA is the inclusion of rats, mice and birds under the defi- watching a video, or using a computer. To achieve the nition of “animal” in the AWA regulations. The USDA best biomedical education, students must have a com- received responses from the public in response to a petition plete learning experience including the use of labora- from the Alternatives Research and Development Foundation. tory animals. ❖ C. Terrance Hawk, Chair In May 1999, Walter Boron, then APS president, responded to the USDA that this would be a redundant regulation because • Council accepted the report of the Animal Care and these animals are covered under the ILAR Guide for the Care Experimentation Committee. and Use of Laboratory Animals (all Public Health Service- • Council approved a proposed change in wording to the funded institutions must abide by the Guide). Thus inclusion “APS Guiding Principles for the Care and Use of Animals” of these animals under the AWA would serve to increase to clarify the usage of the words analgesia and anesthesia. paperwork and inspection requirements without enhancing • Council approved a motion to make a $1,000 donation in animal welfare. The USDA has not indicated what it intends the memory of former President Walter B. Cannon to the to do, but the decision may in fact be made by the courts American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine because several animal activist groups filed suit to compel Foundation.

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 393 Committee Reports

Awards Committee Wang Award. This award, established in 1998, is awarded to This year the Awards an investigator with academic rank no higher than Assistant Committee met on several Professor who has demonstrated outstanding promise in occasions by conference research in any area of the physiological sciences. The call in order to review Committee recommended that this year’s awardee be Peter J. applications and nomina- Havel, University of California at Davis. tions for five different Last year, the Lazaro J. Mandel Young Investigator Award awards: the APS was established in memory of Mandel, Professor of Postdoctoral Fellowship Physiology at Duke University. The award is to be given to an Award in Physiological individual demonstrating outstanding promise in the research Genomics, the Research area of epithelial or renal physiology. Similar to the Guyton Career Enhancement and Wang awards, the awardee must hold an academic rank Award, the Arthur C. no higher than Assistant Professor. The Committee reviewed Guyton Award for one application for this award and it was recommended for Excellence in Integrative Council’s approval. The first recipient of the Mandel Award is Physiology, the Shih-Chun Wang Young Investigator Award Iskander I. Ismailov, University of Alabama at Birmingham. and the Lazaro J. Mandel Young Investigator Award. There Thomas V. Peterson, Chair were no applications received for the Teaching Career Enhancement Award. • Council accepted the report of the Awards Committee. This year there were 27 applications for the Postdoctoral • Council approved an increase in the number of Fellowship Award in Physiological Genomics, continuing the Postdoctoral Fellowships in Physiological Genomics from trend of this award being very competitive. Three committee two to three awards per year and voted to require that the members reviewed each application and the six highest-rated postdoctoral fellowship awardees use the supplemental applications then underwent a second review by all eight money given as part of the award to attend the Experimental members of the committee. Although the award guidelines Biology meeting during the first year of the fellowship and state that only the top two rated applications can be funded, to present data at that meeting during the second year of the the second and third ranked applications had almost the same fellowship. review score. As such, the committee recommended and the • Council approved a change in the application deadlines for APS Council approved funding three applications this year. the Research Career Enhancement Awards to April 15 and These awardees are Bradley J. Merrill from the University October 15 to match those of the Teaching Career of Chicago, Biao B. Sun from Harvard Medical School, and Enhancement Awards. Frank van Breukelen from the University of Colorado • Council approved a request to have the APS central office Health Sciences Center. maintain and coordinate a registry of all awards. The two cycles of applications for the Research Career • Council urged that the sections be encouraged to use Enhancement Awards attracted six applications. The follow- defined criteria for awards, which means all sections will ing individuals were recommended for funding: Thomas A. have competition for their awards. Davis, Loras College in Dubuque, Iowa; Hirofumi Tanaka, University of Colorado; Vera A. Golovina, University of Maryland; Leslie C. McKinney, Uniform Services Career Opportunities in Physiology Committee University of the Medical Sciences; and John D. Symons, At the recent EB meeting University of California at Davis. in San Diego the Career The Arthur C. Guyton Award for Excellence in Integrative Opportunities in Physi- Physiology was established in 1993. It is awarded to an inves- ology Committee spon- tigator who holds an academic rank no higher than Assistant sored a Careers Symposium Professor and has demonstrated outstanding promise in entitled “Diverse Opportu- research that utilizes quantitative and integrative approaches nities in Physiology and and feedback control system theory for the study of physio- Redirecting One’s Career.” logical function. This year there were six applicants for the Approximately 130 individ- award. The Committee recommended that the awardee be uals attended and received a Jeffrey M. Hausdorff from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical sit-down lunch. Four pro- Center, Harvard Medical School. fessionals gave an overview There were five applications this year for the Shih-Chun of their positions and responsibilities. By design,

394 The Physiologist Committee Reports each of these persons was unique in that they also made a on the other APS standing committees. This year the commit- career change within the last three to five years. tee recommended individuals to fill the following vacancies: Consequently, in addition to describing their present position, Animal Care Committee 2 (2)* they were also able to share their experience, suggestions, and Awards Committee 5 (3) guidance in terms of how they went about making the career Career Opportunities in Physiology 4 (2) change. The session was very well received. Next year the Ray G. Daggs Award Committee 1 (1) Committee intends to organize a similar symposium. To Education Committee 4 (2) accommodate a greater number of people, tentative plans are Finance Committee 1 (2) to have a late-afternoon session, perhaps along with a wine Honorary Membership Committee 1 (1) and cheese social. International Physiology Committee 1 (2) The APS Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship Long Range Planning Committee 2 (3) Program, which was inaugurated last year, funded 12 Membership Committee 1 (2) Fellowships. All of these Fellowship recipients were rated as Perkins Memorial Fellowship 3 (2) being outstanding-excellent. The purpose of this program is Porter Physiology Development 3 (4) to expose talented undergraduates to basic physiological Public Affairs Committee 3 (2) research. All of these awardees completed their research Publications Committee 1 (3) experiences during the summer of 2000. Feedback that the Senior Physiologists Committee 2 (3) Committee has received concerning this program, from both Women in Physiology Committee 1 (3) mentors and awardees, has been extremely positive. The *The vacancies projected for each committee for next year Committee is looking forward to continuing this Fellowship are shown in parentheses above. Active member participation program next year. in this process is encouraged. Please submit nominations to The “Careers in Physiology” poster has been redesigned your section or directly to APS. and is ready for distribution. The Careers Committee is in the The committee also recommended individuals to fill vacan- process of updating the APS Careers Brochure. Also, the cies on the Council of Academic Societies of AAMC and on Committee is developing Power Point slide one FASEB committee. presentations/files on the topics of “Careers in Physiology” The APS members nominated to fill vacancies had the fol- and “Animal Use in Research.” When these presentations are lowing sectional affiliation: Cardiovascular Section, 7; Cell & complete, APS members will be able to download these files Molecular Physiology Section, 6; Central Nervous System from the APS web page for their own use. ❖ Section, 1; Comparative Physiology Section, 1; Edward J. Zambraski, Chair Endocrinology & Metabolism Section, 0; Environmental & • Council accepted the report of the Career Opportunities in Exercise Physiology Section, 2; Gastrointestinal Section, 2; Physiology Committee. Neural Control & Autonomic Regulation Section, 6; Renal • Council approved holding an open career session at EB Section, 3; Respiration Section, 0; Teaching of Physiology 2001, preferably at the end of the day to eliminate conflict Section, 1; Water & Electrolyte Homeostasis Section, 6. with scientific sessions. There were 11 members less than 45 years of age nominat- • Council approved the continuation of the Summer ed for committee vacancies and 11 women nominated. Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program for 2001 and The process by which the Committee on Committees iden- agreed to fund another 12 fellowships. tifies appropriate nominees for these committees begins in the fall with solicitation of nominees from each APS section, Committee On chairs of Departments of Physiology, current committee chairs, APS Council, and the general membership. These Committees nominations are due at the APS office in January. During The Committee on Com- February and March the members of the Committee on mittees is composed of rep- Committees prepare initial slates of candidates. Selection is resentatives from each of based on an individual’s qualification for a specific commit- the 12 Society Sections and tee. Section affiliation, gender, and minority or junior investi- two Councillors. The sec- gator status are given serious consideration in order to broad- tion representatives are en membership representation on each committee. The com- elected by the steering mittee meets at the Experimental Biology meeting to finalize committee of the section. recommendations that are presented for approval by the APS The primary duty of the Council at their summer meeting. Approved nominees begin Committee is to nominate their term of appointment in January. ❖ individuals to fill vacancies Phyllis M. Wise, Chair

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 395 Committee Reports

• Council accepted the report of the Committee on The Frontiers in Physiology program is continuing with its Committees. highly successful Summer Research Teacher (SRT) compo- • Council approved the slate of nominees for committee nent for K-12 teachers to work in the laboratory of an APS vacancies with minor exceptions. member. Each SRT also attends a weeklong summer institute in which they receive more in-depth content exposure, prac- tice specialized teaching techniques, and develop specific, Education Committee hands-on, inquiry-based science activities for use in their The annual workshop on classrooms. APS members who volunteered to attend the physiology for life science 1999 institute as “physiologists in residence” included teachers and students (invit- George Blevins and Barb Goodman. The teachers from both ing local high school teach- the 1999 SRT program and the 1999 Explorations in ers and some of their stu- Biomedicine—Engaging Native Americans in Research pro- dents to Experimental gram were in attendance at EB 2000 and enjoyed observing Biology) organized by and presenting at a scientific meeting, and renewing friend- Committee member Cheryl ships. They also shared their original curricula with the teach- Heesch and the Education ers in attendance with the Physiology for Life Science Office was held at EB 2000 Teachers and Students day. in San Diego. The keynote Frontiers in Physiology includes the Local Outreach Team address was given by Jeffrey program, in which APS members and educators learn or Graham on “Understanding develop curricular units on discovery-based approaches for How Charlie Does it: Hot Tuna and Cool Physiology.” use by middle and high school teachers. Existing Local Committee member George Blevins, graduate student Outreach Teams are developing and field-testing six new cur- Stephania Miller, and APS member Alice Villalobos talked ricular units. At the Local Outreach Team reception, the new about their careers in physiology. Numerous APS members aspects of the program for 2000 and beyond were described. volunteered to be luncheon hosts and tour guides for small Existing Local Outreach Teams will be offered the opportu- groups of teachers and students. During the afternoon ses- nity for additional funding by bringing in a team from anoth- sions, teachers used original curricula written by our summer er location to train them in the new curricular units. A three- research teachers and learned about the APS programs and year external evaluation of the Frontiers program will be resources for K-12 teachers. Students participated in the dis- completed next year. The NIH Science Education Partnership covery-based activities from the local outreach team curricu- Award program intends to fund the Frontiers program for an lum on blood flow (the Elvis Experiments for “deriving” additional three years. Poiseiulle’s Law). Barb Goodman assisted the students in The Education Office sponsored another annual retreat for the design and implementation of their experiments and the Montana Life Science Educators in September 1999 entitled preparation of posters reporting their results. “Native American Issues for Science Education and The Education Committee and the Teaching of Physiology Research.” Committee member George Blevins assisted with Section cosponsored a featured topic for EB 2000 entitled the retreat which featured a diet analysis activity, a blood glu- “Medical Physiology Instructional Resources” organized by cose activity, an internet activity on a web-based learning Barb Goodman. The purpose was to highlight the instruction- module about diabetes among Native Americans, information al resources for medical school faculty available throughAPS. about APS programs and resources, presentations on diabetes Rob Carroll described the purpose, method, and results of by Michael Pagliassotti, and small group discussions with the Medical Physiology Core Curriculum Objectives that he career information by physiologists Blevins, Joe Coulter, co-wrote with the Association of Chairs of Departments of Pagliassotti, and John Stallone. The evaluations of the retreat Physiology. Committee member John Dietz explained the were very positive. A three-year retrospective external evalu- history and evolution of the Education Committee’s Archives ation about the impact of this program in Montana class- of Teaching Resources and demonstrated how to use its cases. rooms will be completed next year. The MARC Ancillary Editor Penny Hansen demonstrated how to do an extensive Training Activity Grant program intends to fund the search of Advances in Physiology Education when develop- Explorations program in Montana for an additional three ing or updating lectures and activities in medical physiology. years. Goodman summarized the resources available and solicited The Education Committee sponsored another well-attend- both additional resources and feedback from those in atten- ed refresher course entitled “Integrating Molecular Biology dance. All APS members are encouraged to use and submit into the Physiology Curriculum” at EB 2000 in San Diego, material for the evolving and expanding Archives of Teaching CA. This unique refresher course was organized by outgoing Resources.

396 The Physiologist Committee Reports

Committee member Jim Schadt and member Andy Lechner. Finance Committee Report The more than 100 people in attendance at the session were During the Spring meet- impressed by how well the three talks were coordinated to ing of Council, the Finance make a complete story. Elmer Price emphasized background, Committee chair reported terminology, and molecular techniques in his presentation that the Society continues to “Molecules Mediate Physiology Channel Structure- be financially sound and Function.” Leslie Leinwand described the usefulness of enjoys substantial financial molecular biology for her research with an emphasis on site- growth through prudent directed mutagenesis and expression systems in her presenta- investment practices. The tion “Genetic Manipulation of Muscle and its Impact on Society uses up to 4% of the Function.” Jeffrey Robbins summarized by emphasizing value of its investments transgenic and gene knock-out models in his presentation annually as operating “Gain- and Loss-of-Function Studies—A Physiological income. Only that amount Approach.” A refresher course entitled “Endocrinology in required to balance the Modern Medical Curricula” is being organized for EB 2001. budget is withdrawn; the Physiology Insights is a program for undergraduate life sci- remainder continues in actively managed investment ence faculty and instructors at two- and four-year colleges. accounts. The Education Office offered a Physiology Insights workshop The chair reviewed the 1999 budget versus actual income during the early part of EB 2000. Twenty faculty members and expenses and presented the modified 2000 budget based from institutions in the San Diego area and throughout the US on the 1999 actual figures. The Society employs a consolidat- used a grant-sponsored fellowship to participate in sessions in ed operating budget to manage overall operations. The con- content, teaching, and funding opportunity at EB. Fellows solidated budget is comprised of the individual budgets for also participated in Education Committee and Teaching of the various cost centers; these include publications, member- Physiology Section sponsored activities including the section ship services, education, public affairs, marketing, and the dinner. Special activities for the undergraduate faculty includ- executive and business offices. For 1999, the year ended with ed a hands-on teaching session featuring the Elvis experi- income of $14,843,176 (including $110,026 used from the ments with APS members Mary Anne Rokitka and Dee allocation of 4% of the managed accounts to balance the Silverthorn and a presentation on how to create an interactive budget) and expenses of $12,266,083 plus general and admin- lecture by Silverthorn. There will be four additional istrative (G&A) costs of $1,335,050, for total expenses of Physiology Insights workshops offered during the next year $13,601,133. G&A costs (the sum of executive and business including one in conjunction with the Human Anatomy and office expenses) are allocated to other Society offices based Physiology Society (HAPS) meeting. on each office’s share of total salary expenses. Including the APS and HAPS members Silverthorn and Dan Lemons $110,026 investment allocation, total operating revenue obtained proof-of-concept funding from the NSF’s Course, exceeded total operating expenses, resulting in an increase in Curriculum and Laboratory Improvement (CCLI) Program to net assets of $1,242,043. APS invests its liquid assets in short- develop active learning materials for physiology and func- and long-term investments according to policies set forth by tional anatomy. The grant facilitated a planning meeting of the Council. some APS and HAPS members during EB 2000 for a new The Council approved a 2000 budget of $15,186,132. To curricular unit to be presented at the June 2000 HAPS meet- achieve a balanced budget, the entire investment allocation of ing. The unit is entitled “Gradients and Conductances: What $1,201,438 from the managed accounts is needed, plus an Flows Where and Why?” The presentations at HAPS will additional $223,721 from excess Publications revenue, which include symposia on cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal is expected to total $1,023,599. Including the investment allo- pressure-flow relationships by APS members Rob Carroll cation, total APS operating revenue ($15,986,010) is expect- and Goodman and workshops by APS members Rokitka, ed to exceed total operating expenses resulting in a $799,878 Penny Hansen, Harold Modell, Carroll, Joel Michael, ❖ increase in net assets. Lemons, and Silverthorn. The Finance Committee will be reviewing a three- to five- Barbara E. Goodman, Chair year forecast of APS operations in order to identify possible trends in the revenue and expenses of APS. The forecast will • Council accepted the report of the Education Committee. be coordinated with work being done by the publications • Council allocated the requested funds for the continuation Pricing Task Force. of the summer research fellowship program. Council reviewed the publications and finance committees’ • Council approved an increase in the size of the Education recommendations for 2001 journal subscription prices. It Committee to 12 members.

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 397 Committee Reports should be pointed out that journal publication is the major have not increased since 1998, will be increased by the same source of revenue for the Society and is key to our financial percentage as the 2001 domestic institutional prices. Print well being. Members are charged at a reduced rate and most subscriptions include online access to the journals, and mem- of the profitability is derived from sale of subscriptions to bers can access the entire online collection for $49.50. It was institutions. recommended that the online only institutional subscription The Finance Committee recommended that subscription remain at 90% of the print and online prices. prices be raised by an overall rate of 7.5%. An additional 2% The Finance Committee reviews the performance of its increase was recommended for Physiological Reviews (PRV) four managers of our investment accounts through the con- in response to the Publications Committee’s desire to increase sultative services of Smith Barney. As of December 31, 1999, the number of pages for PRV. Foreign subscribers will also be the accounts had the following market values: Operating required to cover a portion of the cost of expedited mailing to Reserve Investment Account I $8,969,662, Operating their institutions. Reserve Investment Account II $12,163,611, Publication The 2001 domestic institutional prices are as follows (with Contingency and Reserve Account $9,204,223, Second percentage increase in parenthesis): American Journal of Century Program Fund $2,923,860, Caroline tum Suden Physiology, $2,570 (8.7%); Journal of Neurophysiology, Account $763,123, IUPS Account $539,119, Perkins $950 (11.7%); Journal of Applied Physiology, $835 (5.6%); Memorial Fund $397,751, Giles F. Filley Memorial Fund Physiological Reviews, $315 (6.2%); AJP:Cell Physiology, $1,130,958, Shih-Chun Wang Fund $182,580, Guyton Fund $480 (5.9%); AJP:Endocrinology and Metabolism, $335 $291,843, and the Lazaro Mandel Fund $96,104. The return (8.4%); AJP:Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, $360 for the entire fund was 10.00% for the year ended December (9.4%); AJP:Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, $325 31, 1999. The return on equities for 1999 was 21.66%, and (12.0%); AJP:Heart and Circulatory Physiology, $665 the return on fixed income investments was -2.95%. The total (9.0%); AJP:Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative fund market value at December 31, 1999 was $36,862,834. Physiology, $460 (5.5%); AJP:Renal Physiology, $335 The Finance Committee received the annual audit per- (6.6%); Advances in Physiology Education, $35 (25.0%); formed by PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP. In the opinion of News in Physiological Sciences, $160 (12.9%); The the auditors, based on generally accepted accounting princi- Physiologist, $70 (12.9%); and Physiological Genomics, ples, the financial statements shown below fairly represent $200 (no change). the financial position of the Society as of December 31, 1999. Nonmember individual subscription prices will be set at Mordecai P. Blaustein, Chair 2/3 of the domestic institutional price. Member prices, which • Council accepted the report of the Finance Committee.

APS Statement of Financial Position as of December 31, 1999

ASSETS LIABILITIES Cash and cash equivalents $ 4,187,953 Accounts payable and accrued expenses 871,359 Investments (net) 40,094,592 Amount held for custodial funds 79,147 Accounts receivable 1,535,828 Unearned revenue Accrued interest receivable 250,335 Subscriptions 6,628,485 Advances to section editors 218,927 Dues and other 255,939 Prepaid expenses 132,907 Total liabilities $ 7,834,930 Furniture, fixtures, and equipment 130,528 Total assets $46,551,070 NET ASSETS Unrestricted $37,644,419 Temporarily restricted 1,059,221 Permanently restricted 12,500 Total net assets 38,716,140 Total liabilities and net assets $46,551,070

398 The Physiologist Committee Reports

APS Statement of Activities for the year ended December 31, 1999 Temporarily Permanently Unrestricted Restricted Restricted Total Operating Revenue: Subscriptions—print $ 8,333,891 $ $ $ 8,333,891 Subscriptions—online 145,953 145,953 Advertising and page charges 1,977,963 1,977,963 Reprints, single and back issues 1,113,709 1,113,709 Grants and contracts 757,962 757,962 Conferences and meetings 545,771 545,771 Membership dues 335,325 335,325 Contributions 108,586 198,521 307,107 Manuscript handling fees 275,350 275,350 Other income 143,349 143,349 Net assets released from restrictions 214,348 (214,348) Total operating revenue $13,952,207 $ (15,827) $13,936,380

Operating Expenses: Publications 10,780,254 10,780,254 Society general 1,457,896 1,457,896 Education 216,847 216,847 Marketing 179,618 179,618 Society programs 924,250 924,250 Total operating expenses 13,558,865 13,558,865

Operating change in net assets 393,342 (15,827) 377,515

Net realized gains on investments 2,695,264 2,695,264 Net unrealized gains/(losses) on investments (649,835) (649,835) Interest and dividends 1,437,216 57,861 1,495,077 Less: Investment management fees (460,713) (460,713)

Change in net assets 3,415,274 42,034 3,457,308 Net assets, beginning of year 34,229,145 1,017,187 12,500 35,258,832 Net assets, end of year $37,644,419 $ 1,059,221 $ 12,500 $38,716,140

Vol. 42, No. 5, 1999 399 Committee Reports

Honorary Membership Committee International Physiology Committee The Honorary Member- The International ship Committee met via Physiology Committee conference call to address (IPC) met during the the question of whether or Experimental Biology 2000 not the Honorary meeting to discuss the Membership category was future direction of the appropriate now that the Committee. Councillor Society had become inclu- Douglas Eaton was sive. In the past, Honorary appointed by Council to Membership was accorded serve as a link between the to foreign physiologists Council and the IPC. who were not eligible for APS sponsors numerous Regular Membership. joint meetings with sister The Committee agreed international societies. that the category had become redundant by the change in However, until now these activities were coordinated by Bylaws to allow foreign physiologists to become Regular Council as they arose. With the continued increase in the Members. It was also noted that when Honorary Members number of invitations to participate in joint meetings and the were selected, it was based on the recommendation of the concern of the appearance of conflicts of interest on the part Committee, not as a result of a call for nominees from the of members of Council, it was decided that the IPC would be membership. The Committee did not believe that the catego- entrusted with acting as the coordinating body. ry should be broadened to include physiologists residing in The new duties of the IPC will include 1) coordinating all the United States. the international activities sponsored by the APS; 2) imple- Prior to deciding whether or not to retain the Honorary menting the “Latin-American Initiative” (see below); and 3) Membership category, the Committee reviewed the bylaws of strengthening the ties between the IPC and the International the FASEB societies that publish their bylaws in the FASEB Union of Physiological Societies (IUPS). Directory. Of the 14 societies with published bylaws, only six To accomplish the goal of coordinating all international societies have an Honorary Membership category. While each activities, the IPC was asked to develop a comprehensive plan of the above societies seeks to recognize distinguished scien- to prioritize all projects and requests for joint meetings and tists, most of them restrict Honorary Membership to individ- activities between the APS and all other international physio- uals who are not currently members of the Society. This logical societies. All joint meeting proposals will be sent to restriction is not part of the APS bylaw on Honorary the IPC for analysis and prioritization. Subsequently, the IPC Membership. will send to Council its recommendations for approval. The Honorary Membership Committee therefore recom- The “Latin-American Initiative” project was approved by mended that the Honorary Membership category be eliminat- Council last year and is now being implemented. This ed. Current Honorary Members would retain their status but Initiative has the following objectives: 1) to support meetings no new Honorary Members would be selected. ❖ and courses in Latin America, 2) to offer free online sub- Franklyn G. Knox, Chair scriptions of APS publications to Educational Institutions in Latin America, 3) to support the travel expenses of Latin- • Council accepted the report of the Honorary Membership American students and APS members to attend the annual Committee. Experimental Biology meeting, and 4) to organize joint meet- • Council voted to cease electing individuals to Honorary ings between the APS and our sister physiological socities in Membership and to disband the Honorary Membership Latin America. The first symposium supported under the Committee. Latin-American Initiative is entitled: “Paracrine, Cytokine and Hormonal Factors Involved in Cardiac Function and Remodeling” and is organized by Rafael Rubio. This sympo- sium will take place during the Latin-American Physiological Society meeting in Cancun, Mexico in September 2000. It was decided that proposals for future symposia and courses should be submitted for consideration by the IPC via the APS home page. The address is: http://www.the-aps.org/news/ nws_ltn_amer_init.htm. The criteria for selection of the pro-

400 The Physiologist Committee Reports posals is the following: quality of the course/symposium, new format is still generally thought to be a good idea and experience of the organizers, number of people that will ben- was used successfully by many of the APS sections to create efit from the sponsored activity, and resources provided by more focused oral sessions. The flexibility to allow for the the host institution including available additional funds. creation of abstract-driven oral sessions was felt to be a criti- The IPC was asked to suggest means by which it could get cal factor in the success of these featured topics. The program more involved with the IUPS. It is suggested that the IPC committee will be initiating a formal review of this format could help in selecting the APS representatives to the US after EB 2001 to assess the three-year use and impact by each National Committee for IUPS and that these representatives of the sections, as well as its impact on the quality and atten- should report to the IPC. ❖ dance of the EB meeting. Hector Rasgado-Flores, Chair There were four sponsoring societies at this year’s meeting: The American Physiological Society (APS), American • Council accepted the report of the International Society for Investigative Pathology (ASIP), American Physiology Committee. Society for Nutritional Sciences (ASNS) and the American • Council encouraged the International Physiology Association of Anatomists (AAA). In addition, APS hosted Committee to develop guidelines and procedures for identi- five guest societies: The Microcirculatory Society (MCS), the fying and selecting those national societies with which APS Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES), the American would be interested in jointly sponsoring meetings. Federation for Medical Research (AFMR), North American • Council agreed to work towards establishing ties with the Society for Biorheology (NASB), and the Society for Cuban Physiological Society. The International Physiology Experimental Biology and Medicine (SEBM). The atten- Committee and staff were asked to determine what was fea- dance was excellent for a four-society meeting. Out of a total sible with regard to working with the Cuban Society. of 4,647 volunteered abstracts submitted, 2,617 (56%) came through APS. There were 7,131 registered scientists, 1,474 Joint Program Committee exhibitors, as well as 580 “other” registrants, for a total atten- Experimental Biology 2000 dance of 9,185 persons. However, attendance remains a major EB 2000 was held in San concern for EB meetings, not only because it reflects the Diego, CA, April 15 through degree of interest by scientists, but also because exhibitors, 18, 2000. Scientific sessions who are the major source of revenue from these meetings, are and poster sessions were encouraged by good attendance. both well-attended. It was EB 2000 was the first time in seven years that the meeting generally felt that the excel- was not organized around scientific themes. Although the lent attendance of all ses- intention of creating themes that would cross society interests sions was in part due to the was to create a more coordinated meeting, it was generally scheduling of poster presen- agreed by the participating societies that the process of organ- tations unopposed by oral izing the themes has been an impediment to planning the sessions. In addition, situat- meeting. As a result, last year the EB Program Committee ing the posters among the agreed to eliminate themes (as they currently exist) for future exhibits was thought to be a meetings with the understanding that some other process is success by both meeting attendees and exhibitors alike. The developed to coordinate “inter-Society” programming. The signage for the poster sessions continues to be very well APS program committee has begun to assess ways to address received with only positive feedback that it enhanced the abil- the need for coordinating the program across societies. Some ity to navigate the posters. The carpeting of the exhibit hall, ideas include the development of “cross-society” symposia, which was extended this year by the EB Program Committee, plans for physical juxta-positioning of posters on related was also a success in reducing the noise level and facilitating themes (e.g., neurobiology), and cooperative programming discussions around the posters and exhibits. Another feature with relevant small clinical societies either immediately of EB 2000 that contributed to its success was a modest short- before or after the EB meeting. ening of the oral sessions in an effort to offer more variety of The development of EB 2000 represented the first year for oral topic sessions. Limiting the oral sessions to two hours the implementation of the recommendations of APS Council provided the opportunity to schedule three time slots for oral to allow for the sections to have more responsibility for devel- sessions each day of the meeting. This was also the second oping the scientific program. The intention of these recom- year that featured topics were programmed into the meeting. mendations was to empower the membership and allow sec- The intended use of the featured topic is to solicit abstracts tions the opportunity to create meetings within the EB meet- for oral presentations around coordinated, timely topics. This ing and highlight the best and hottest science. As a result of

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 401 Committee Reports these recommendations, each section has created a Section both the meeting and the journals. Program Committee (SPCs) responsible for developing a des- Experimental Biology 2001: EB 2001 will be sponsored ignated number of Symposia and “Featured Topics.” The by seven societies: APS, American Society for Pharmacology Chairs of the SPCs, together with the Program Committee, and Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET), American comprise a Joint Program Committee (JPC) charged with the Association of Immunologists (AAI), ASIP,ASNS, American overall quality of the APS program, seeding cross-cutting Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB), interdisciplinary “In Foci” elements of the APS/EB meeting, and AAA. In addition, APS will host six guest societies: seeding oral sessions (Featured Topics), clustering and coor- MCS, BMES, AFMR, SEBM, the Association of Latin dination of abstracts for the poster sessions and planning American Physiological Societies (ALACF) and the “inter-Society” programming. These changes have been Sociedad Española Ciencias Fisiològicas (SECF). embraced enthusiastically by the sections, and it was consid- The JPC met in December to schedule abstracts for the EB ered to have been a major contributor to an exciting EB 2000 2000 meeting and develop preliminary plans for symposia meeting. The recommended timeline for developing the sci- and featured topics for EB 2001. These preliminary plans entific program has also been modified to maximize inclusion were distributed to the SPCs responsible for soliciting pro- of the late-breaking science at the EB meeting. This included posals. The JPC met in April to review the symposia proposed the provision for “Late-Breaking Abstract” submission in by the sections to ensure minimum overlap or duplication and February. Feedback on the ability to submit abstracts in to suggest areas of potential coordination. The JPC also February continues to be generally good. reviewed the symposia sponsored by the various guest soci- EB 2000 marked the fifth Physiology InFocus program. eties of APS. In May, the JPC met again to finalize the rec- Organized by Walter Boron the program topic “Channels and ommendations of the SPC’s for symposia and featured topics. Transporters” included four half-day symposia scheduled In addition to these symposia and featured topics, there will throughout the meeting. The symposia presented state-of-the- be sessions based on submitted abstracts. There is continuing art research on “Aquaporins and Other Members of the MIP awareness of the importance of including women and mem- Family,” “Structure-Function Relationships in Voltage-Gated bers of under-represented minorities as well as junior scien- Ion Channels,” Genetic Abnormalities of Channels and tists on the panels of invited speakers. By and large, the pro- Transporters” and “Structural Biology of Channels.” posals that have been proposed this year showed this aware- Attendance was good, and the quality of the sessions was out- ness. The SPCs will be advised to remind applicants of this standing. Plans have been made to ensure that Physiology matter in considering participants for symposia proposals. InFocus will be a highlight at EB 2001, both scientifically The 2001 Physiology InFocus program will include four and in premeeting publicity. sessions and is entitled “Neurotransmitters in Cardiovascular EB 2000 was the first year to introduce two new formats Regulation” organized by Gerald F. DiBona. Sessions will into program: Techniques and Technology in Physiology focus on angiotensin, glutamate, nitric oxide, and GABA. Tutorial/Workshops and “Cross-Sectional” Symposia. The Three tutorials/workshops are being planned: “Experimental intention of the tutorial/workshops is to present current cut- Gene Delivery and Therapy: A Tutorial,” “Integrative ting-edge technologies in two half-day sessions addressing Approaches for the Study of Physiological Function in “What Can Be Done With the Technology” and “How Do You Genetically Altered Mice,” and “Tissue Engineering: Use the Technology.” EB 2000 featured two of these work- Opportunities and Challenges.” Four cross-societal/sectional shops: “Cells and Genes and Their Applications for Therapies symposia are also planned: “The Early Impact of Diabetic for the Brain” and “Bioinformatics: Analysis From Sequence Hyperglycemia on Renal and Cardiovascular Function,” to Disease.” In addition, there were two symposia developed “Interplay Between Nitric Oxide and Hemoglobin: Current to cut across sections: “Physiology of Water Transport” and Concepts,” “Membrane Fusion,” and “Vagal Mechanisms of “Physiological Function Explored in Microgravity.” Visceral Sensation: Emerging Concepts.” In addition there There was also an effort to integrate the APS missions will be 12 Distinguished Lectureships and the Bowditch and regarding the promotion of the EB meeting and the APS Cannon Lectureships. Robert J. Lefkowitz, Duke University Journals by soliciting journal sponsorship of selected oral Medical Center, will present the 2001 Cannon Lecture on sessions on the basis of scientific content appropriate for the “Regulation of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Molecular journal. At EB 2000 the Journal of Applied Physiology spon- Mechanisms, Physiological Implications and Therapeutic sored four oral sessions. The intention is to highlight the sci- Opportunities.” Peter M. T. Deen will present the 2001 entific topic as a focus of the journal and encourage partici- Bowditch Lecture. The Society will also hold the third annu- pants and attendees to consider the journal for publication of al Walter C. Randall Lecture in Biomedical Ethics, to be their work. This idea was met with enthusiasm from the pro- given by Nancy Jones. APS will also host a special symposia gram committee and will be explored in greater depth with funded by the US Army at EB 2001 entitled “Genomics and the publications committee to foster means of strengthening Molecular Basis of Exercise and Environmental Physiology.”

402 The Physiologist Committee Reports

APS Conferences: By and large, this program, which was Liaison With Industry Committee initiated in 1991, has been very successful and is continuing The newly restructured to improve. The Society is striving for a goal in which the vast Liaison With Industry majority of scientists will consider APS Conferences a pre- Committee (LWIC) met at mier meeting to attend. At the recent APS Strategic Planning the Experimental Biology Retreat a proposal was made and approved by Council to 2000 Meeting in San increase the number of APS Conferences from two to four per Diego, CA. The new com- year. The additional two conferences were to be organized on mittee is now composed of Physiological Genomics and Physiology in Medicine: representatives from the Translational Research. The JPC has accepted the charge of Society’s Sections. Nearly the Council and has begun plans to organize an APS confer- all committee members are ence on Physiological Genomics for Fall 2001. The employed in the pharma- Committee is also soliciting ideas for a conference on ceutical industry. This Physiology in Medicine to be organized for 2002. APS con- should enable the tinues to evaluate the benefits of providing Continuing Committee to better facili- Medical Education credits (CME) for physicians attending tate Society relationships with industry at the section level APS Conferences. The JPC and Council reviews and plans all where most of the Society activities are based. APS-sponsored conferences in accordance with the American The LWIC currently sponsors a Novel Disease Model Medical Association’s ACCME Essentials and Standards. Award at EB. The LWIC requested that the award description Scheduled APS Conferences include: be posted on the APS web page to more clearly define what • 2000 APS Conference. August 23-27, Iowa City, IA. is expected of the abstract submissions and to highlight the “Physiology of the Baroreceptor and Cardiopulmonary fact that the award exists. Special recognition ribbons or ban- Reflexes: Sensory Mechanisms, Central Integration, and ners should be placed on the posters or mentioned by the ses- Reflex Function,” organized by Mark Chapleau. sion chairs to recognize the selected abstracts. Also, members • 2000 APS Intersociety Meeting. September 20-23, of the LWIC plan to invite the awardees to dinner during the Portland, ME. “The Integrative Biology of Exercise,” organ- EB meeting. ized by Peter Wagner. Members of the LWIC noted that there is significant inter- • 2001 APS Conference. October 10-14, Banff, Alberta, est within the Society membership in knowing how to inter- Canada. “Cellular and Molecular Physiology of Sodium- act with industry, especially related to presentation of ideas Calcium Exchange,” organized by Jonathan Lytton. that may have commercial development potential. LWIC • 2001 APS Conference. October, 17-21, Pittsburgh, PA. members Glenn Reinhart (Abbott), Jack DeForrest (BMS), “Genome and Hormones: The Basis of Gender Differences in and Joan Keiser (Parke-Davis) are organizing a workshop Physiology,” organized by Virginia M. Miller. for EB 2001 that will cover the following topics: 1) Defining • 2001 APS Conference. TBA. “Physiological Genomics,” the industry approach to scientific research: how and what organized by Curt Sigmund and Craig Gelband. determines goals/targets, how projects are prioritized and • 2002 APS Intersociety Meeting. TBA “The Power of resourced, the key decision processes and steps, the time Comparative Physiology: Evolution, Integration and points at which patent and proprietary issues become rele- Applied,” organized by James Hicks. ❖ vant, etc. 2) Interacting with industry: a) proprietary com- Judith A. Neubauer, Chair pounds as tools, b) fee for service studies, c) consulting, d) bringing a novel therapeutic/target to a pharmaceutical com- pany for possible development, e) what to expect if invited to be a seminar speaker, and f) good laboratory practices. • Council accepted the Joint Program Committee report. The Members in Industry Group has been organized for several years but has not been active. The LWIC plans to revi- talize the group through mail and e-mail lists to better com- municate the Society activities of interest to this group. There is a strong sense that being able to better identify the other APS members who work in industry is desirable and would facilitate a stronger bond with the Society. The LWIC also requested that APS sponsor a “mixer” for industry members to further help members in industry to meet others with sim- ilar interests and concerns.

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The LWIC will be investigating the best means to organize • Council accepted the report of the Liaison With Industry a platform for sharing protocols common to the needs of oth- Committee. ers in industry. This could also be expanded to include a list • Council agreed that a detailed description of the Liaison of Society members (and others) who have substantial tech- With Industry Award would be included on the Awards Web nical expertise with particular cell or animal models who page. could be used as consultants for specific project needs. • Council agreed to fund the LWIC mixer for EB 2001. The LWIC plans to work in conjunction with the Career • Council agreed that members of the LWIC should be Opportunities in Physiology Committee during its careers members of their respective Section Program Committees, session at the EB meeting to facilitate discussions of career which would serve to encourage industrial representation on choices, to provide networking opportunities, and to increase scientific programs. In addition, Council instructed the Joint the visibility of industry members. It perhaps could be com- Program Committee to include a question on conference bined with a listing of open positions and perhaps an oppor- proposals as to whether industrial representatives have been tunity to discuss potential positions. considered as speakers on the conference program. The LWIC proposed that if APS desires greater interaction with industry, it must work harder to include industry scien- tists (not necessarily APS members) on the organizing com- Long-Range Planning Committee mittees and symposia speaker lists for EB symposia and for The Long-Range Plan- APS conferences. The Committee noted that it could assist ning Committee (LRPC), in organizing committees to identify qualified individuals from conjunction with the Section industry. Sections must also understand the need to include Advisory Committee and the industry scientists on their Section Program Committees, APS Council and staff, which would serve to develop the “bench to bedside” initia- worked together to develop a tive since most industry scientists, by necessity, are working 2000 APS Strategic Plan on things with direct application to healthcare. Since the during the Strategic Planning LWIC is now made up of section representatives, each Retreat in November 1999 at Committee member will be taking a more direct role in push- Kiawah Island, SC. ing this initiative with the section he/she represents. The LRPC members Members of the Committee noted that there seems to be a were responsible for summa- number of people in the Society’s membership who are asso- rizing issues on the follow- ciated with the healthcare delivery environment and who ing areas and bringing those could be called upon to help educate Society members on issues forward at the retreat: Membership—Will “bedside” issues that may impact on the future definitions of Beierwaltes, Finance—Brian Duling, Education—Barbara unmet medical need and thus will influence the scientific Horwitz, Publication—Helen Cooke, Meetings—Richard enterprise related to those medical need areas. This area will Traystman, Public Affairs—Greg Fink, and Organizational be looked into in the coming year. Operations—Brian Duling. Because of the tremendous The LWIC pointed out that it is not interested in defining effort on the part of the LRPC members, the participants at its role based on “what we want from the Society.” As scien- the retreat had a better grasp of the issues facing the Society. tists, the needs of members in industry are not any different This ultimately led to the final goals and objectives for the than other scientists in the Society. To make the LWIC effec- various portions of the Strategic Plan. tive, the Society needs to develop a strategy for interacting The job of the LRPC now is to begin looking critically at with industry and work with its industry membership the approved 2000 APS Strategic Plan and determining the (through the LWIC) to execute on that strategy. ❖ most important elements that the Society should be working Terry J. Opgenorth, Chair on in the near future. Several task forces are planned to fur- ther study in-depth some of the more important objectives, and it will be necessary to coordinate those groups to ensure the appropriateness of members selected to serve on the task forces, the timeliness of their empanelment, and the ultimate implementation of their recommendations. The LRPC met in San Diego to discuss the role that the Committee should serve in the immediate future to help in the oversight of strategic goals established at the recent Strategic Planning Retreat. It was recommended that various members of the LRPC should help to coordinate the various task forces

404 The Physiologist Committee Reports that are being organized related to the issues defined at the The current APS Operational Guide lists five duties of the retreat. The Committee stands ready to serve Council as these Membership Committee. These are to: 1) review applications needs are defined. for regular membership; 2) hold a meeting at the beginning of Members of the LRPC are looking forward to working the spring meeting of the Society; 3) submit recommenda- closely over the next several years with the APS Council and tions to Council for election of regular members; 4) prepare Martin Frank, the Executive Director, to oversee the imple- explanation letters for candidates whose applications are mentation of the 2000 APS Strategic Plan. ❖ deferred, declined, or recommended for a different category Allen W. Cowley, Jr., Chair of membership; and 5) consider all matters pertaining to membership and report its activities to Council. While the fifth duty can be broadly interpreted to include recruitment, • Council accepted the report of the Long-Range Planning the Membership Committee recommended that the Committee. Operational Guide be changed to more clearly define the Committee’s duties with respect to issues such as recruitment and retention of members. In reviewing the Operational Membership Committee Report Guides of sister FASEB societies, two of them were found to The Membership Com- specifically assign the tasks of recruitment and retention of mittee has conducted two members to the Membership Committee. Thus, the rounds of application evalu- Membership Committee recommended that the APS ations in 2000. A total of Operational Guide be changed to reflect a new role for the 427 applications for regular Committee in the recruitment of new members and in the membership were re- retention of members, including but not limited to, member viewed; membership was career development needs and member participation in pro- recommended for 420 of grams and activities of the Society. ❖ those applicants. This is an Martha E. O’Donnell, Chair increase compared to the number of new members as • Council accepted the report of the Membership of this time last year. Committee. The Membership Com- • Council approved the use of APS staff to approve all mittee met at EB to discuss straight-forward membership applications with the remain- the issue of how the Membership Committee might best serve der being forwarded to the Membership Committee. Council the APS membership. The Committee reviewed information agreed that final approval will be granted via a Council provided about the Membership Committees of other FASEB email ballot on a monthly basis. Societies and made the following suggestions. First, during • Council agreed to change the wording of the Membership each round of voting, there is a large number of applicants to Committee description in the Operational Guide to more evaluate. The great majority of these are straightforward accurately reflect the new duties of the Committee. acceptances that fit the criteria for regular membership. A smaller number of applications take more time to evaluate for a variety of reasons. The Membership Committee felt that it Perkins Memorial Fund Committee would be more efficient to have APS staff handle the straight- The Perkins Memorial forward acceptances and only pass on for review to the Fund Committee monitors Committee those applications requiring a more in-depth the Perkins Memorial Fund review. Second, because many applications for APS member- and reviews applications ship are being received from foreign colleagues, the and selects recipients of the Membership Committee needs to establish a list of foreign award, which enables visit- journals that fit the Society’s criteria for peer-reviewed jour- ing foreign scientists to also nals. Currently, many of these journals are unknown to the bring his/her family to the Committee members and are not available for review in uni- US to enhance their experi- versity libraries or online. Third, with a reduced work load ence. related to reviewing applications, the Membership For the June 1999 dead- Committee could put more effort into other areas, focusing line, the Committee consid- especially on recruitment, retention and career development ered four applications for needs of APS members. the Perkins Memorial

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 405 Committee Reports

Fellowship Award and recommended approval of three of the applications were received with 44 funded. An additional applicants. Karol Dokladny received the award for March seven travel fellowships were awarded for travel to two APS 1999-February 2000 in the laboratory of Pope L. Moseley of conferences: “Biology of Potassium Channels: From the University of New Mexico. Also approved was Snezana Molecules to Disease” and “Determinants of Vigilance: Petrovic for the period of November 1997-June 2001 in the Interactions Between the Sleep and Circadian Systems.” laboratory of George J. Schwartz of the University of The annual meeting of the Porter Physiology Development Rochester (NY). Maciej Wachulec received the award for Committee was held during EB 2000 in San Diego, CA. The March 1999-February 2000 in the laboratory of Matthew J. following agenda items were discussed at the meeting: cur- Kluger of the Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute in rent stipend level for the Porter Physiology Development Albuquerque, NM. Fellowship; revision of material related to the Porter For the December 1999 deadline, the Committee again Physiology Development Fellowship (brochure, APS web considered four applications for the Perkins Memorial pages, and application); funding for special projects related to Fellowship Award and again recommended approval of three the goals of the committee; methods to increase the Porter of them. Han-Suk Kim received the award for May 1999- Development Fellowship applicant pool; a reception for trav- April 2001 in the laboratory of Linda Biadasz Clerch of el fellows, their mentors, and past and current Porter Fellows Georgetown University. Also approved was Abu at EB; and review of fellowship applications and naming of Shamsuzzaman for the period of April 1999-April 2001 in the Eleanor Ison-Franklin Fellow and the Merck Fellow. the laboratory of Virend K. Somers of Mayo Clinic. Carlos The Committee discussed the appropriateness of the cur- Stocco received the award for December 1998-December rent stipend level of $15,000. Considering that the NIH pre- 2000 in the laboratory of Geula Gibori of the University of doctoral fellowships stipend is $15,060, there appeared to be Illinois at Chicago. little justification for raising the Porter stipend level at this For the first time in many years, all of the funds available time. The Committee suggested, however, a review of other for the 1999 awards were used. The Perkins Memorial comparable fellowships (especially those awarded by other Fellowship Committee continues to urge members to nomi- scientific societies) to determine if the stipend level of the nate foreign scientists for the award who are visiting their lab- Porter Physiology Development Fellowship is “competitive.” oratories for an extended time with their families. ❖ Several items of discussion focused on revision of fellow- Aviad Haramati, Chair ship materials in an effort to attract funding and outstanding candidates and to refine the application process. The • Council accepted the report of the Perkins Memorial Fund Committee agreed with Council that the brochure requires Committee. updating and should contain brief biological sketches and photographs of past fellows. The Committee requested that the existing brochure be placed on the APS web pages. Porter Physiology Development However, APS staff suggested that this might be best expe- Program Committee dited after the brochure is revised. In addition, the application On March 31, 2000, The for new and renewal fellowships is currently under revision. Porter Physiology Develop- The Porter Physiology Development Committee occasion- ment Committee Fund had ally receives requests for funding for special projects related a budget of $227,601.60. to the goals of the Committee but for which there is present- Included in this amount are ly no mechanism for funding. The Committee approved the new contributions of “spirit” of making awards for special projects. Pending $110,000 from Merck approval of the concept of a special projects category for ($14,500), the William Porter Physiology Development funding by Council, the Townsend Porter Foun- Committee will move forward with the drafting of guidelines dation ($50,000), the for these special awards. American Physiological The Committee is engaged in ongoing discussions con- Society ($40,000), and cerning increasing the applicant pool for Porter Physiology Procter & Gamble ($5,500). Development Fellowship. Some of these include several of The Committee expresses the items discussed above (competitiveness of stipends, dis- its sincere appreciation for this continued support that makes semination of fellowship information). Other ideas included the important work of the committee possible. letters to undergraduate travel fellows encouraging them to In January 2000, the Committee served as the review panel enter graduate studies and apply for Porter support. for the APS Minority Travel Fellowship Awards. Sixty-one The Committee recommended that a reception be held fol-

406 The Physiologist Committee Reports lowing the travel fellowship orientation for travel fellows, • Council accepted the report of the Porter Physiology their mentors, and past and current Porter Fellows. This rec- Development Committee. ommendation was made with the goal of building stronger • Council encouraged the Porter Physiology Development connections between minority student and the larger commu- Committee to allow Porter Fellows to accept supplemental nity of APS scientists, especially minority scientists. awards, provided the William Townsend Porter Foundation The Committee reviewed four new applications and four concurs. continuing applications for Porter Physiology Development • Council approved the concept of funding special projects Fellowships. Three of the four new applications were and requested the Porter Physiology Development approved for funding, although one person subsequently Committee to develop guidelines for handling such requests. declined the award, and all continuing applications were • Council approved of the idea of a social time for past and approved. The new 2000 Porter Physiology Development current Porter Fellows and suggested strongly that they be Fellows are Annelyn Torres-Reveron, designated the Merck included in the luncheon for travel fellows and mentors. Porter Fellow, 2nd year PhD student, Department of • Council agreed that the recipients of the Eleanor Ison- Physiology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico; Franklin and Merck Porter Physiology Fellowships would mentor: Gregory Quirk; Adrienne Hicks, 3rd year PhD stu- be announced at the APS Business meeting. dent, Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN; mentor: Evangeline Motley. The renewing Porter Fellows are Robert Carter III, designated the Eleanor Public Affairs Committee Ison-Franklin Porter Fellow, 4th year PhD student, The Public Affairs Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Texas, Committee advises the APS Health Science Center at Forth Worth; mentor: Michael Council on policy issues Smith; Orlando Gonzalez, 4th year PhD student, that influence the conduct Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Puerto Rico of science so that the Medical Sciences Campus, Rio Piedras, PR; mentor: Guido Society can act on behalf of E. Santacana; Paul Gray, 5th year PhD student, Department physiologists. Some issues, of Physiological Science, University of CA, Los Angeles; such as research funding, mentor: Jack L. Feldman; and Marcelo Febo-Vega, 4th year are addressed in concert PhD student, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, with FASEB providing APS University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, Rio Peidras, a stronger platform to pres- PR; mentor: Annabell Segarra. The Committee requested ent its view. During the past that the Eleanor Ison-Franklin Porter Fellow and the Merck year, there were several Porter Fellow be announced during the business meeting at recurring topics that the EB to further mark the prestige associated with the designa- Committee continued to address, as well as some new issues tion of these fellowships. that came before us. Recent articles about APS Public Affairs In addition to new and renewal applicants, the Porter can be found on the APS website (http://www.the- Physiology Development Committee continued the support aps.org/pub_affairs.htm). for renewal Fellows approved in 1999: George Mbella Funding for FY 2001 is ahead of schedule for past years, Ekema, 5th year PhD student, Department of Physiology, but things may well bog down over the summer with all the Wright State University School of Medicine; mentor: Lou final decisions made in the fall. The Senate has “marked up” Lu; Cheryl Rust, 4th year PhD student, Department of a bill that would provide a $2.7 billion increase for NIH that Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University School of would keep it on track for another 15% increase; the House, Medicine; mentor: Felix Grissom; and Stanley Carlyle, 4th limited by budget caps, provided a $1 billion increase. There year PhD student, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, appears to be strong sentiment to provide the $2.7 billion to Howard University School of Medicine; mentor: Richard keep the doubling of the NIH budget on schedule. This is in Mills. line with the recommendation from the FASEB Funding The high level of achievement of the 1999 Porter Fellows Consensus Conference. The proposed increase for NSF was was evident to the Committee and given the quality of the $167 million, short of the 16% increase recommended by the 2000 Porter Fellows, there is every expectation that they will FASEB Funding Consensus Conference. continue this strong record of achievement. ❖ While the search for a new NIH Director to replace Harold Pamela J. Gunter-Smith, Chair Varmus is on hold, there are still a number of active issues at NIH that we are watching. Perhaps the most pertinent to physiologists is the ongoing realignment of extramural

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 407 Committee Reports review panels. At the end of the first phase, the Panel on demand for print to electronic publishing. Dale Benos, Scientific Boundaries for Review outlined a framework of 24 Publications Committee Chair, will head this task force, Integrated Review Groups (IRGs) that would consist of over which will include APS members who have served on the 100 study sections. The second phase of the project will look Finance Committee, as APS Journal Editors, on editorial at individual study sections. Proposed changes will be posted boards of other journals, librarians, and a publishing consult- on the Center for Scientific Review website. Other concerns ant. such as modular grants and the NIH portfolio are under study. The Publications Committee will be interviewing candi- In the past year, FASEB reorganized its public affairs dates on October 18, 2000, for the Editorships of AJP-Renal efforts. The Science Policy Committee (SPC) was formed Physiology and Advances in Physiological Education. with representation from all the FASEB societies including APS staff is working on a proposal for the Publications APS. This group has increased the level of activity in areas Committee to review regarding publishing papers upon such as research infrastructure, stem cell research, NIH fund- acceptance online. ing distribution, modular grants, physician scientists, human The article published in the June 2000 issue of The studies review, and animals in research. The SPC has been Physiologist and various editorials written by the Editors of able to increase the public affairs effectiveness of individual the AJP journals help promote the new Impact Factors for the societies by increasing involvement of all societies. AJP section journals and describe some of the ways the The Public Affairs Committee is planning a symposium at Editors are working toward improving the Impact Factors. EB 2001 to continue the theme of “A Call to Activism.” The The Publications Committee will design a certificate for goal of the program has been to encourage the scientific com- Editorial Board members as they cycle off of Journal munity to get more involved in public affairs efforts. The Editorial Boards. focus next year will be ways to effectively communicate sci- The Publications Committee would like to explore ways to entific results and the importance of science to the public. collect invited reviews from all the journals and publish them A presentation of public affairs activities was made to the together, preferably online. ❖ Section Advisory Committee (SAC) at EB 2000. In a further Dale J. Benos, Chair effort to broaden APS membership involvement in public affairs, interactions between the SAC and the Public Affairs • Council accepted the report of the Publications Committee will provide a conduit for members and sections Committee. to initiate concerns in the public affairs arena and respond to issues as they arise. The Public Affairs Committee feels that Section Advisory Committee it is important for all physiologists to understand and partici- ❖ The Section Advisory pate in science policy. Committee (SAC) met sep- J.R. Haywood, Chair arately and in joint-session with the APS Council on • Council accepted the report of the Public Affairs Friday, April 14 prior to the Committee. Experimental Biology (EB) meeting in San Diego. Publications Committee Topics discussed included: Under Council direction, 1) Programming, 2) Executive Director Martin Communication with the Frank and Director of members 3) Awards, and 4) Publications Margaret Impact of the Strategic Plan Reich have met again with on section activities. In David Lipman to negotiate addition, the chair of the the criteria for potentially Public Affairs Committee, J.R. Haywood, briefed SAC on putting APS journals in recent activities of that committee and SAC provided input PubMed Central. about areas of concern by the sections and membership. A Pricing Task Force will Programming meet this fall to discuss the The Section Program Committees are functioning well and journal pricing model, sections are using their newsletters to advertise their pro- including author charges, gramming contributions to their members. However, the com- and develop a new model mittee recognized several aspects of the Experimental that keeps the publishing program viable during the shift from Biology meeting that require improvement. Call for

408 The Physiologist Committee Reports

Abstracts: it was felt that the Call for Abstracts is confusing will be required for this to be implemented. and cumbersome. It was recommended that the Joint Program SAC recommended that a central office coordinate the final Committee (JPC) reassess the Call for Abstracts to streamline selection of student awardees so that a single student does not it as much as possible. Attracting the highest quality receive multiple awards. The initial selection process could abstracts: SAC felt that the quality of the submitted abstracts occur as in the past, but each selection committee would be was not as good as the invited symposia. Two suggestions asked to indicate second and third choices that the central were made to address this problem. The first was to encour- office could use if the first choice has been chosen for multi- age all symposia participants and distinguished lecturers to ple awards. The student would receive the award with the submit abstracts. The second was for the Sections to work highest monetary value. with the JPC and the marketing office to design Call for Impact of Strategic Plan on Sections Abstract booklets specifically geared to specialty clinical The impact of the strategic plan on sections was discussed. groups. Distribution of symposia and featured topic slots There were two issues of concern to the sections. The first among the sections: it was recommended that the JPC was adequate representation of the current sections on the reassess the distribution of these slots every two years to Task Force to study the formation of new sections. SAC rec- ensure that the distribution corresponds with the distribution ommended that the task force include representation of each of submitted abstracts. of the current sections. The second issue was the organization The sections have found that the current allotment for of recurrent APS Conferences should include input from cur- activities that facilitate student interaction with the rent sections. It was felt that the strongest conferences would Distinguished Lecturer is inadequate. Therefore, an increase be ones that would attract participants from multiple sections in this allotment from the current $1,000 to $2,000 per year is as well as non-APS members. ❖ requested. Celia D. Sladek, Chair Membership Two mechanisms that were discussed that would improve • Council accepted the report of the Section Advisory communication with section members and individuals in the Committee. field that are not APS members include the following: repop- • Council approved the increased allotment for ulate (update) the listservs for each section, which was Distinguished Lecturer activities with students. already done, and use the APS journals (both print and • Council approved complimentary registration at the online) as a communication tool for section members and to advanced registration rate for the Young Investigator encourage non-members to join APS. There was discussion Awards. that a web banner be added to the first page of online journals, • Council instructed APS staff to continue to work on and also that the section web page be hyperlinked to the jour- improving the notification process for all the awards, both nal sites and vice versa. The web page listing the journal edi- Society and section. tors should also include a hyperlink to the section and infor- • Council agreed to include input from the sections on the mation on joining APS and sections. Task Forces on Sections and Conferences. A recommendation was made that targeted marketing cam- paigns be developed for specific section symposia at all meet- ings where APS exhibits. Senior Physiologists Committee Awards A major responsibility of This was the first year for the Young Investigator Award. the Senior Physiologists The experience of the various sections was discussed and the Committee is to correspond following recommendations were made to facilitate selection with members of the of the recipients of this award in future years. It is recom- American Physiological mended that the APS description of the award be modified to Society who are 70 years include the requirement that the applicant must submit an old or older. During the abstract to EB. The abstract could be submitted as a late- year, letters were sent to breaking abstract. Abstracts would be used in the selection members on their 70th process. Each section will develop a list of criteria for selec- birthdays and cards were tion. These will be posted on the web and may vary from sec- sent to those turning 80 and tion to section. Applicants will be directed to the web to 90 years old, each with a obtain the review criteria for each section. It was requested personal note and a request that complimentary registration be included as part of the for a reply to be published award. It was recognized that timely selection of the recipient in The Physiologist. Approximately 158 members were sent

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 409 Committee Reports letters. In the past year, 38 responses to these letters have networking opportunities for the junior attendees. Support for been received and published. this event was requested again, which would cover the sup- In addition, the members of the committee review any port of approximately 125 attendees (current and potential applications received for the G. Edgar Folk, Jr. awards. These participants in the mentoring program, student and fellow awards are made to emeritus members 70 years or older for APS travel award winners, members of the Women in such purposes at attending a meeting, engaging in modest Physiology Committee, and Chairs of the APS Sections). The experiments, or completing a manuscript. However, no appli- Committee proposed changing in the workshop format for cations were received last year. ❖ EB 2001 and hosting a buffet breakfast instead of a luncheon. Eugene M. Renkin, Chair Several advantages of this format were identified. A morning session was deemed easier to fit into most schedules (not • Council accepted the report of the Senior Physiologist interfering with poster sessions that are manned during the Committee. lunch hour) and, since this is often the first time for a mentor- mentee pair to meet face-to-face, having the workshop/break- fast on the first full day of the meeting is expected to facili- Women in Physiology Committee tate further interaction of mentees and mentors during the meeting. This breakfast will serve as a lead-in to a morning APS Women in Physiology workshop designed to mentor young scientists on how to Mentoring Workshop write, review, and publish manuscripts. The Women in Physiology Committee is APS/ASPET Workshop on Scientific Writing charged with promoting the One of the roles of the APS Women in Physiology discipline of physiology as a Committee is to coordinate activities with other such com- rewarding career for women mittees on women within FASEB. To this end, the APS and encouraging their active Women in Physiology Committee has initiated a plan to co- participation in APS functions. sponsor a workshop with American Society for In 1993 the Committee estab- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET) at lished a Mentoring Program that was designed to provide EB 2001. The plan is to have an interactive workshop on how advice, encouragement, support, and networking opportuni- to write, review, and publish manuscripts in APS and ASPET ties for women physiologists who are currently in training or journals. This workshop will offer very practical tools, skills, have just started a new position in academia or industry. and advice on scientific writing. Attendees will be actively Senior physiologists of both genders are paired with junior involved by looking at examples of material submitted for female physiologists on the basis of common research and/or publication, critiquing them, and evaluating them for meeting career interests. Because the mentors and mentees are usual- the goals of the journals to publish the highest quality sci- ly geographically separated, face-to-face communications are ence. Women who have served as Editors/Associate Editors rare. However, the Experimental Biology meeting offers a of APS and ASPET journals will lead the audience, which is convenient venue for one-on-one meetings of mentors and expected to be comprised of students, fellows, and young fac- mentees. To take best advantage of this opportunity, the ulty of both genders in a morning session designed to provide Committee has sponsored an Annual Mentoring Workshop valuable advice on what it takes to get a paper published in and Reception to provide a forum for such contacts. Because the Society journals. Kim Barrett (editor of AJP: Cell one major barrier to the success of women in scientific Physiol.) has agreed to Chair the session. Other APS careers is their reduced access to mentoring and networking Editors/Associate Editors who have enthusiastically agreed to opportunities, the Committee views the Mentoring Workshop serve on the panel are Kathy Berecek (former Associate as central to the successful prosecution of its core charge. Editor, AJP: Heart Circ. Physiol.) and Judy Neubauer Since 1997, support has been obtained from Council to have (Assoc. Editor, J. Appl. Physiol.) A third APS a box lunch available at the Workshop. Admission has been Editor/Associate Editor will be identified. Margaret Reich, by tickets distributed in advance by the APS Education the APS Publications Manager, has also been invited to par- Office. Preference has been given to current participants in ticipate in this session. This workshop is expected to comple- the Mentoring Program, recipients of the Caroline tum Suden ment (not duplicate) the session planned by Dale Benos and and other APS travel awards for students and postdoctoral fel- Margaret Reich on how to publish in APS journals. lows; the remaining tickets have been distributed on request. It is hoped by the Committee that this will be the first of an The luncheon format has proven very successful. Each year annual EB workshop co-sponsored by the Women in the event has been well-attended and a considerable block of Physiology and Women in Pharmacology Committees that time has been allotted for informal discussions to enhance

410 The Physiologist Committee Reports deals with issues that enhance the professional development Program. This could allow the mentee to visit the mentor’s of young scientists. Discussions have already been initiated to laboratory to learn a new technique or for the mentor to visit hold a Workshop on Grantsmanship at EB 2002. The pan- the mentee’s institution to present a research seminar. This elists for this workshop might be APS/ASPET women who award program would be coordinated by the APS Education have served on NIH Study Sections. Office. The award would be competitive and the review process would be completed by the Committee, likely involv- APS Mentoring Program for Women in Physiology Travel ing a teleconference call. Mentors and mentees would be Fellowship Program required to submit an application jointly and to provide a Some of the most positive feedback received on the Women brief written report on the results of the travel fellowship. in Physiology Mentoring Program has been from Awardees would be selected based on the potential of the pro- mentor/mentee pairs that have had the opportunity to meet posed visit to strengthen the career development of the and/or collaborate outside the meeting/conference setting. In mentee and, where appropriate, the mentor. ❖ the rare cases in which the mentor or mentee was able to visit Susan Barman, Chair the other’s institution to learn a laboratory technique and/or present a seminar, a much more long-lasting mentoring rela- • Council accepted the report of the Women in Physiology tionship has developed. For most mentor/mentee pairs, one- Committee. on-one contacts are limited to EB meetings and, thus, the • Council unanimously approved the request of the Women value of the mentoring program is more limited. The Women in Physiology Committee for continuation of allocation of in Physiology Committee discussed the potential benefits of $2,000 for a mentoring breakfast. providing travel fellowships to facilitate interactions of men- • Council requested more information about the proposed tors and mentees in the APS Women in Physiology Mentoring Travel Fellowship Program, including selection criteria, etc.

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Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 411 Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL

PHYSIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE: HENRY PICKERING BOWDITCH THE WALTER B. CANNON AWARD LECTURE AWARD LECTURE (SUPPORTED BY THE GRASS FOUNDATION)

Robert J. Lefkowitz Peter M. T. Deen Duke University University of Nijmegen, “Regulation of G Protein- The Netherlands Coupled Receptors: Molec- “The Aquaporin-2 Water ular Mechanisms, Physio- Channel in Health and logical Implications and Disease” Therapeutic Opportunities

SATURDAY,MARCH 31, 5:30 PM SUNDAY,APRIL 1, 5:30 PM Distinguished Lectureships

JOSEPH ERLANGER CARL LUDWIG DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS OF THE NEURAL CONTROL AND SYSTEM SECTION AUTONOMIC REGULATION SECTION

Gerald D. Fishbach William C. de Groat NINDS, NIH University of Pittsburgh “Plasticity in Sacral Autonomic Reflex Pathways “Plasticity at Peripheral and During Postnatal Central Synapses” Development and After Neural Injury” SUNDAY,APRIL 1, 8:00 AM SUNDAY,APRIL 1, 2:00 PM

CLAUDE BERNARD ROBERT M. BERNE DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP THE TEACHING OF PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SECTION SECTION

Joel A. Michael William M. Chilian Rush Medical College Medical College of Wisconsin

“In Pursuit of Meaningful “Adaptations of the Coronary Learning” Circulation to Ischemia—From Chaos to Collaterals”

SUNDAY,APRIL 1, 3:15 PM MONDAY,APRIL 2, 8:00 AM

HUGH DAVSON ERNEST H. STARLING DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP THE CELL AND MOLECULAR OF THE WATER AND PHYSIOLOGY SECTION ELECTROLYTE HOMEOSTASIS SECTION

Carolyn W. Slayman Richard J. Roman Yale University Medical College of Wisconsin “P450 Eicosanoids in the “Structure, Function, and Control of Renal Function, Biogenesis of a Model Cation Vascular Tone and Arterial Pump” Pressure”

MONDAY,APRIL 2, 10:15 AM MONDAY,APRIL 2, 2:00 PM

412 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL

SOLOMON A. BERSON HORACE W. DAVENPORT DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF OF THE ENDOCRINOLOGY AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL METABOLISM SECTION SECTION Frank Talamantes University of California- Geoff Burnstock Santa Cruz University College, London “Structure and Regulation of Expression of the Growth “Purinergic Signaling in the Hormone Receptor and Gut” Binding Protein”

MONDAY,APRIL, 2, 2:00 PM MONDAY,APRIL, 2, 3:15 PM

EDWARD F. ADOLPH JULIUS H. COMROE,JR. DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL OF THE RESPIRATION SECTION AND EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY SECTION John E. Remmers University of Calgary George A. Brooks University of California- Berkeley “Breathing and Sleeping: A Physiological Conundrum for “The Lactate Shuttle: New Humans” Interpretation of Old Ideas”

TUESDAY,APRIL 3, 8:00 AM TUESDAY,APRIL 3, 10:15 AM

AUGUST KROGH CARL W. GOTTSCHALK DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP THE COMPARATIVE OF THE RENAL SECTION PHYSIOLOGY SECTION

Peter W. Hochachka James A. Schafer University of British Columbia University of Alabama- Birmingham “Conservation and Adaptation in Evolution of Human Hypoxia “Abnormal Regulation of Response Physiology” ENaC in the Collecting Duct—Syndromes of Salt Wasting and Retention” TUESDAY,APRIL 3, 2:00 PM TUESDAY,APRIL 3, 3:15 PM

Third Annual Walter C. Randall Lecture in Biomedical Ethics Scientific Professionalism: Possessors or Pursuers of Truth?

Nancy Jones, Wake Forest University

TUESDAY,APRIL 3, 2:00 PM

Vol. 43, No. 1, 2000 413 Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL

The Role of the Amygdala logic studies of D.J.P. Barker et al. (Lancet 1:1077-1081, in the Physiology of Emotion 1986) indicate that the incidence of several diseases of adult- APS Neural Control and Autonomic Regulation Section hood (e.g. essential hypertension, cardiovascular disease, dia- Ralph Adolphs and William T. Talman betes) are correlated with fetal birth weight, fetal stress, and R. Adolphs, D. Amaral, E.A. Murray, M. Davis, and W.T. Talman maternal nutritional status. Experimental studies in laborato- ry rats are consistent with the epidemiological studies since The amygdala plays a key role in the regulation of auto- maternal low-protein-diet reproducibly produces elevations nomic and neuroendocrine responses, as well as the process- in blood pressure in adult offspring (Langley-Evans ing of emotion, including its relevance to the guidance of Handbook of Hypertension 19:539-576, 1999). The sympo- social behavior. How are these two aspects of amygdala func- sium will be presented by experts in the area such as refer- tion related? Evidence will be presented that the amygdala enced above and focus on the topic of epigenetic program- participates in the processing of emotion precisely as it par- ming and impact on physiological systems in adulthood. This ticipates in physiological regulation, that is somatic home- symposium is very timely because this area of fetal program- ostasis and regulation in a very broad sense are essential ming has recently had considerable public interest (e.g., in aspects of all emotions. The speakers will review the anatomy November 1999 issue of Newsweek). The symposium should and function of amygdala in rats monkeys and humans and its be of considerable interest to physiologists who focus on relationship to emotion and social behavior, suggesting that development endocrinology reproduction, as well as individ- the amygdala participates in cognition emotion and physio- uals interested in issues of health and disease. logical regulation because all three of these processes are in Tight Junctions: Convergence of Molecular fact critically interdependent on each other. and Physiologic Insights APS Cell and Molecular Physiology Section Programming of the Fetus In Utero: James M. Anderson Impact on Physiology in Adulthood J. Anderson, K. Spring, M. Furuse, and A. Nusrat APS Endocrinology and Metabolism Section Eugene D. Albrecht Intercellular tight junctions are the major barriers regulat- E.D. Albrecht, P.W. Nathanielsz, G.J. Pepe, J.R. Seckl, and ing paracellular transport. Physiologic studies beginning in D.J.P. Barker the middle of the 20th century demonstrated that the barrier properties of tight junctions varied considerably among It is clear based on the results of physiological studies in epithelia. They vary in electrical tightness and ion and size animals, clinical observations and epidemiological studies selectivity. The barrier is regulated by physiologic signals and that programming of the fetus in utero has a major impact is disrupted in pathologic conditions. Recent advances have upon function and well-being in adulthood. The imprinting been made in identifying the proteins that create the paracel- that occurs during fetal development may be as important as lular barrier. Mutations in mice and humans have highlighted genetic makeup in determining the outcome postnatally and the role of some of these proteins and we are on the verge of in adulthood. Recent experimental studies conducted in the being able to explain the molecular basis of the tight junc- primate, for example, by G.J. Pepe and E.D. Albrecht tions’ properties. Speakers in this session will address how (Endocrine Reviews 16:608-648, 1995; Placenta 20:129-139, individual tight junction proteins contribute to defining the 1999) have shown that the high levels of estrogen to which permeability properties of paracellular transport, how the bar- the baboon fetus is exposed have a central integrative role in rier is regulated by cellular signaling pathways and signals regulating the maturation of the fetal adrenal gland directly as from leukocyte, and will return to unresolved physiologic well as indirectly by acting on the placental 11ß-hydroxys- questions about the tight functional permeability to water and teroid dehydrogenase enzymes that control the level of corti- specific solutes. sol transported into the fetus that results in activation and maturation of the fetal pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Neurohumoral Control of the Normal Consequently, there are striking estrogen-dependent changes and Diseased Heart in the development of the primate fetal adrenal gland that APS Cardiovascular Section may have significant impact on endocrine function in the Jeffrey L. Ardell adult. Clinical studies in humans and studies in animals by J.L. Ardell, J.A. Armour, R.D. Foreman, M.C. Andresen, J.R. Seckl et al. (J. Clin. Invest. 101:2174-2181, 1998) have and L.J. Dell’ Italia shown that excess secretion of cortisol into the fetus causes intrauterine growth restriction, improper fetal development, This symposium will provide an overview of the neurohu- and glucose intolerance in adulthood. In turn the epidemio- moral interactions that are involved in cardiac regulation in

414 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL normal and diseased hearts. The basic thesis to be presented sensory afferents rather than parasympathetic efferents. in this symposium will be that neural control of the heart However, the specific function of these afferents is almost depends upon multiple feedback systems within the heart tho- completely unknown, even though they likely represent the rax and central nervous system, each operating as interdepen- major sensory pathway by which the brain is informed of vis- dent units within this neurohumoral hierarchy to regulate car- ceral function. Recent evidence suggests that vagal afferents diac function on a beat-to-beat basis. These multiple feedback transduce and convey to the CNS a wide array of visceral loops operating from the level of the intrinsic cardiac nervous stimuli, including those concerned with nutrient and mineral system to the cortex utilize a number of neurochemicals for balance, gut distension, local hormone secretion, and immune synaptic transmission and modulation. Recent data has indi- and inflammatory signals. This cross-sectional symposium cated that the evolution of cardiac disease may be accompa- will focus on the diversity of the signals sensed by the vagus nied by a corresponding remodeling not only of end-organ nerve, arising from different viscera and the functional con- myocytes but neurohumoral mechanisms that control them. sequences of these signals. The presentations will cover areas This remodeling has important implications with respect to of neurochemistry (expression of peptides and receptors by the time-dependent cardiac therapy that employs ß-adrener- vagal afferents), the response of vagal afferents to different gic blockade ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor block- stimuli (immune mediators stress mediators nutrients), and ade. Therefore, this symposium will stress not only the the central pathways activated by vagal afferents. The speak- importance of understanding this neuronal hierarchy in nor- ers will present research results from different organ systems mal states, but will emphasize neurohumoral regulatory and emphasize the similarity and differences of vagal afferent mechanisms operating in specific cardiac disease states. innervation between viscera. Implications for understanding The symposium will consist of five speakers. Ardell will the physiology and pathophysiology of functions as diverse discuss the functional organization for neural control of the as pain sensitivity, mood disorders, feeding behavior, and heart and the interplay between neural and hormonal factors acute and chronic inflammatory disease, will also be in the dynamic control of regional cardiac function. Armour addressed. will then discuss the capacity of various populations of car- diac afferent neurons to induce cardiovascular reflexes relat- Genomics and Molecular Basis of Exercise and ing recently derived information concerning their complex Environmental Physiology: Molecular Basis transduction properties to the symptomatology of heart dis- ease. Foreman will then present recent data concerning of Human Performance intrathoracic and spinal cord neuronal interactions and relate US Army that data to the rationale for the clinical use of spinal cord Claude Bouchard stimulation in the treatment of angina secondary to myocar- C. Bouchard, T. Rankinin, M. Bray, H. Montgomery, dial ischemia. Andresen will summarize recently derived data and S. Britton concerning the role of medullary control circuits in cardiac regulation. Dell’ Italia will conclude the symposia by dis- It has long been suspected that there is a hereditary com- cussing neurohumoral remodeling that accompanies progres- ponent to human physical performance, but the genetic basis sion into cardiac hypertrophy/congestive heart failure. of exercise remains elusive. This symposium will review our current knowledge of the genetic basis of human perform- Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease ance, will discuss an emerging animal model that may enable APS Cardiovascular Section a genetic analysis of the problem, and will discuss the first Kathleen H. Berecek and Victor J. Dzau gene implicated in human physical performance: angion- V.J. Dzau, K.H. Berecek, M.K. Raizada, J.M. Isner, tensin converting enzyme. and J. Chao The Early Impact of Diabetic Hyperglycemia The latest findings on the effectiveness of gene therapy for on Renal and Cardiovascular Function the treatment and possible prevention of cardiovascular dis- APS Cross Sectional Committee eases will be presented. Michael W. Brands and Pamela K. Carmines P.K. Carmines, G.J. Rozanski, G.H. Bohlen, M.W. Brands, Vagal Mechanisms of Visceral Sensation: and P. Cortes Emerging Concepts APS Cross Sectional Committee Diabetes has long been associated with excess renal- and Clark M. Blatteis and Helen E. Raybould cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. Although C.M. Blatteis, C. Helke, L. Watkins, D. Grundy, and S. Mifflin much work over the years has focused on the pathophysiolo- Approximately 80% of the axons of the vagus nerve are gy of the established disease, emerging evidence now indi-

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 415 Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL cates that myriad alterations in renal, cardiac, and vascular Membrane Fusion control systems are evident at the earliest stages of diabetes. APS Cross Sectional Committee Many of these alterations suggest that hemodynamic mecha- Dennis Brown nisms may act in concert with direct tissue actions of hyper- D. Brown, P. Hanson, J. Zimmerberg C.L. Chou, glycemia, beginning very early in diabetes to promote the and S. Breton deleterious changes in cardiovascular tissue structure. For example, Carmines has provided evidence of altered electro- Numerous renal transport phenomena are governed by reg- mechanical coupling in renal preglomerular microvascular ulated exocytosis. In the past few years the molecular com- smooth muscle within two weeks of onset. In addition, Cortes ponents of the cellular fusion apparatus have been identified has demonstrated a marked potentiation of the effects of and their interactions elucidated. This symposium will focus hyperglycemia on mesangial glycogen production by on the current understanding of the structure and function of increased mechanical strain. A system with considerable the membrane fusion apparatus in general and as it applies to potential to be involved in these processes is the nitric oxide renal physiology. (NO) system, which is extremely sensitive to glycemic con- trol. Both hyperinsulinemic and hypoinsulinemic models of Myosin Isoforms and Smooth Muscle Function: diabetes exhibit altered endothelial regulation of the microvasculature and Brands has reported that NO produc- New Technology New Questions tion is required to prevent hypertension at the onset of Type I APS MyoBio Section diabetes, possibly due to suppression of renin secretion. Frank Brozovich and Richard J. Paul Moreover, Bohlen has documented that acute (<1hr) exposure A.V. Somlyo, A.P. Somlyo, A.S. Rovner, H.L. Sweeney, to a hyperglycemic environment provokes alterations in NO- F. Brozovich, A.F. Martin, M. Periasamy, and R.J. Paul dependent arteriolar dilation that can be attributed to oxygen radical formation. The oxidative stress associated with hyper- The molecular motor myosin is present in smooth muscle glycemia also exerts deleterious effects on the heart as in various isoforms. These isoforms, known to change during Rozanski has implicated alterations in glutathione redox state development, are dependent on hormonal status such as estro- as one factor that alters K+ channel function in cardiomy- gen levels and are altered in disease states, such as hyperten- ocytes during the early stage of diabetes. Thus, the black box sion. Yet the connection between isoform and function that was previously positioned between the diagnosis of dia- remains largely open. This symposium will cover the most betes and the onset of complications (such as microalbumin- recent evidence arising from application of cutting edge uria, retinopathy, and hypertension) has given way to evi- molecular and biophysical technology. In particular, presen- dence implicating early interdependent changes in control tations will range from the use of laser molecular traps to systems at all levels of the cardiovascular system. study individual myosin molecules the latest electron microscopy reconstruction of myosin filament models to the Physiology InFocus: Neurotransmitters function of myosin isoforms at the whole animal level uncov- in Cardiovascular Regulation: Nitric Oxide ered using newly developed transgenic mice models. David S. Bredt D.S. Bredt, C. Iadecola, W. Sessa, P. Huang, and J. Stamler DNA Microarray in Bioengineering and Physiology Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical molecular messenger Biomedical Engineering Society that mediates diverse actions, particularly on the heart and Shu Chien circulatory system. Though first discovered as an endothelial S. Chien, E.S. Lander, M. Schena, and M.S. Boguski derived relaxing factor, it is now clear that NO controls the cardiovascular function through regulation of vasodilator The Human Genome Project has resulted in the generation nerves, oxygen transport, and cardiac contractility. Nitric of a large database of genes with known sequence and a vast oxide is produced by a family of NO synthase (NOS) number of loci have been assayed in genome scans. The enzymes that are differentially expressed and distinctly con- impending availability of the sequence and loci data on all tribute to cardiovascular regulation. Targeted disruption of human genes poses the opportunity and challenge to organize these genes in mice has expanded our understanding of the the information into a body of knowledge for the derivation roles for each isoform. In addition to its physiological func- of functional roles and phenotypic traits for not only the indi- tions, NO as a free radical mediates cell and tissue damage in vidual genes but also families of genes in relation to one various disease states. The symposium will highlight recent another. Therefore, the next grand challenge in biology is to advances in regulation of cardiovascular function and disease decipher functional genomics (or physiological genomics) by by the unique neurotransmitter NO.

416 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL leveraging on the knowledge derived from genomic sequenc- Matching Technology to Education: ing and mapping. By seizing this unprecedented opportunity, How to Choose the Right Technology we will be able to elucidate biological functions in an inte- to Meet Your Educational Needs grative manner from genetic and molecular levels to organs and organisms. This approach will enable major break- APS Teaching of Physiology Section throughs in life sciences and medicine. Corey L. Cleland The biochip microarray systems have provided the timely J. Michael, C. Cleland, P. Stephens, and M.A. Rokitka new tools to meet the needs of functional genomics by fur- nishing a global strategy that is much more systematic and The use of information technology in all aspects of educa- powerful than the piecemeal approach. The biochip microar- tion is expanding. In parallel, greater emphasis is being ray is prepared by attaching multiple nucleic acid probe mol- placed on the identification and assessment of educational ecules to a solid support (e.g. glass slide or filter). The nucle- goals. This symposium is designed to explore how to match ic acid molecules from the biological samples to be interro- educational objectives to instructional methods. In particular, gated are labeled with fluorescent labels chromogens or it should be clear that otherwise good education and good radioisotopes and such labeled targets are then hybridized technology can be mismatched, leading to an unexpected with the probes on the microarray. Scanning of the intensity decrease in learning. The audience should come away with an of the label at each address on the microarray allows an appreciation that because of the recent proliferation of new assessment of the degree of hybridization between the nucle- and importantly unfamiliar technology, far more attention ic acids in the target sample and those in the arrayed probes. must be directed to the link between educational goal and The analysis of the large volume of data points requires the instructional methodology than ever before. computational approach of bioinformatics. Thus, the effective utilization of the biochip microarray technology requires a Vasopressin: Integrative and Cellular combination of a number of engineering disciplines with Mechanisms of Release and Actions biology and medicine i.e. biomedical engineering. APS Water and Electrolyte Homeostasis Section Biochip microarray technology has tremendous potential J. Thomas Cunningham and Celia Sladek for the solution of physiological problems and for application H. Gainer, C.D. Sladek, C.W. Bourque, J.T. Cunningham, to pathophysiology and medicine. There are a few examples and R.W. Schrier of the application of cDNA microarrays to study the molecu- lar mechanisms of physiological processes, but the tremen- Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that is released from the dous potential has remained virtually untapped. It is high time posterior pituitary by magnocellular neurosecretory cells for bioengineers and physiologists to explore the enormous located in the hypothalamus. Physiologically, vasopressin opportunity of using biochip microarray to study the molecu- functions primarily as an antidiuretic, although it can also act lar genetic basis of functional behavior of biological systems as a vasoconstrictor, affect sodium reabsorption, and alter in an integrative approach. This will undoubtedly open new autonomic reflex function. The magnocellular neurons in the horizons for the fundamental understanding of functional reg- supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, ulation and disturbance in health and disease. which are responsible for production and release of vaso- In terms of life sciences, microarrays will provide the pressin, have long been studied as a model system for under- answer to the grand challenge of deciphering functional standing the neuroscience of neuroendocrine function. The genomics. In terms of clinical medicine, microarrays offer functions of vasopressin have made it an area of intense study new ways of diagnosis and treatment, including the develop- for researchers interested in understanding body fluid home- ment of individualized approaches based on genetic poly- ostasis. These aspects of vasopressin research make it an morphism. There is good reason to believe that microarrays important intersection of neuroscience and traditional physi- will become the standard tool in both life science research ology involving multidisciplinary and integrative research. and clinical medicine. We must seize this opportunity to Recent technological advances and new scientific discoveries apply this frontier technology for research in biomedical have increased our understanding of both the neuroscience engineering and physiology. This symposium will meet this and the physiology of vasopressin. The purpose of this sym- timely need of introducing the new technology of biochip posium will be to present an update of recent advances in microarrays so that it can be widely used for scientific vasopressin research and provide an integrative overview of inquiries into the basic mechanisms of functional regulation the regulation and function of vasopressin, including its role and the pathophysiological basis of disease states. in pathophysiological states. The participants will include Gainer, whose laboratory provided the pioneering evidence for prohormone processing in secretory granules and is cur-

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 417 Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL rently using state-of-the-art approaches to study physiologi- ing the neuronal mechanisms underlying associative learning cally-induced differential gene expression in magnocellular and memory storage. The kinematics, frequency-domain neurons. Sladek has pioneered the use of in vitro approaches properties, and movement topography of spontaneous reflex to study vasopressin release and the regulation of vasopressin passive and conditioned eyelid responses have been described gene expression and how this system is altered by steroid hor- and quantified in different species including humans. mones and aging. Bourque will present his recent work on the Neuronal centers involved in lid responses have been deter- biophysics of magnocellular neurosecretory cells focusing on mined and the electrical activity in both in vivo and in vitro how these neurons integrate multiple synaptic inputs. studies. Cunningham will discuss recent advances in the understand- Nevertheless, the neuronal centers where classically condi- ing of the neural networks that regulate the activity of vaso- tioned eyelid responses are learned and/or stored have been a pressin neurons in relation to changes in the internal environ- matter of continuous debate for the past four decades. In par- ment. Schrier will discuss current approaches used to exam- ticular, cerebellum, hippocampus, and other cerebral cortical ine the actions of vasopressin on the kidney, including vaso- structures have been implicated in a wide variety of learning pressin escape. This symposium will provide a comprehen- and memory experimental paradigms. sive look at current findings to promote future research that The symposium will address this exciting issue with a com- will increase our understanding of vasopressin and its role in parative and multidisciplinary approach. Studies in different body fluid homeostasis. species and using different technical approaches will be con- sidered. Experiments involving the main cerebral structures Physiology InFocus: Neurotransmitters proposed to be the site of motor learning and/or memory stor- in Cardiovascular Regulation: Angiotensin age will be presented. Roger A.L. Dampney R. Dampney, A. Allen, C. Sumners, D. Diz, and J. Paton Endothelial Cellular Response to Altered Shear Stress The circulating hormone angiotensin II has long been APS Respiration Section known to play a crucial role in blood pressure regulation and Aron B. Fisher and Paul Schumacker fluid homeostasis. In the 1980s it was also discovered that P.F. Davis, S. Chien, A.B. Fisher, A.I Barakat, there are receptors for angiotensin II in brain regions that play and P.T. Shumacker a critical role in cardiovascular regulation such as the nucle- us of the solitary tract and the ventrolateral medulla but which There is increasing evidence that many cell types sense and are not accessible to circulating angiotensin II. In recent respond to physical stimulae. This is especially the case with years, evidence has accumulated indicating that brain endothelial cells which are normally exposed to the flowing angiotensin II may be of particular importance in the long- blood and which are now known to exhibit cellular responses term regulation of sympathetic activity and blood pressure to shear stress. These responses may have importance in a and may also be a factor contributing to increased sympathet- broad variety of major diseases. For example, athroferosis ic activity in cardiovascular disorders such as heart failure and other vascular changes may be secondary in part to and some types of hypertension. This symposium will high- increased or altered patterns of shear. Loss of shear with light recent advances in our understanding of the functions of ischemia due to embolism or thrombosis may contribute to angiotensin II in the regulation of cardiovascular neurons in the pathophysiology more commonly associated with tissue the brainstem. The topics covered include the cellular mech- anoxia. This symposium proposes to present the cellular anisms of action of angiotensin II, its interactions with other adaptation and changes that occur with alteration to shear transmitter systems, and its contribution to both the tonic and stress in endothelial cells. The presentations will include the reflex control of blood pressure. use of pulmonary-derived endothelium, as well as endotheli- um derived from other sites. To date no major qualitative dif- Neuronal Mechanisms Underlying Associative ferences have been described for the response to shear among Learning the various endothelial preparation. Peter Davies will describe the adaptation of endothelial cells in culture to initi- Sociedad Espanola Ciencias Fisiologicas ation of flow. Then with emphasis on gene induction, Shu Jose M. Delgado-Garcia and Bernard G. Schreurs Chien will describe the signaling events associated with A. Gruart, J.F. Medina, J.H. Freeman, B.G. Schreurs, increased shear stress. Aron Fisher will describe the signaling and J.M. Delgado-Garcia events that will occur with loss of shear stress in flow adapt- The classical conditioning of eyelid/nictitating membrane ed endothelial cells. Abdul Barakat will present data related responses is a widely used experimental procedure for study- to the role of ion channels and cytoskeletal elements as the

418 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL shear stress sensors and Paul Schumacker will present data including the physiological basis of novel treatment related to the role of mitochondria as transducers of mechan- approaches. Thus, this symposium should attract broad par- ical strain. Thus, this symposium will present the cellular ticipation by scientists with interests in the control of breath- responses to both increased and decreased stress and will ing pharyngeal physiology, the control of sleep state swal- consider the roles of various sensors and transducers of the lowing, and airway disease. mechanical events. Experimental Gene Delivery and Therapy: Respiratory Physiology of the Pharyngeal A Tutorial Airway: Modulation by Skeletal Muscle Craig H. Gelband Activities, Central Nervous System State, C.H. Gelband, C.D. Sigmund, K. Campbell, K. High, and Disease J. Engelhardt, and T. Flotte APS Respiration Section Ralph F. Fregosi and Samuel T. Kuna The area of gene therapy and/or transfer is one that is R.F. Fregosi, S.T. Kuna, R. Lyric, S.C. Veasey, and A.R. Schwartz expanding tremendously. Gene therapy is being used both clinically and experimentally for treating diseases of a num- Coordinated motor control of the pharyngeal airway is ber of different physiological systems. These include diseases required for normal speech, swallowing, and breathing. While of, but not limited to, the cardiovascular system, nervous sys- motor control of all pharyngeal behaviors is important to tem, lung, and gastrointestinal tract. In this workshop an understand, control of pharyngeal airway geometry and com- overview of the use of gene therapy tools will be presented by pliance presently receives considerable interest because of Barry Byrne. Terry Flotte will speak of the use of gene ther- several prevalent forms of sleep-disordered breathing, includ- apy to treat lung disorders including cystic fibrosis. John ing obstructive sleep apnea and sudden infant death syn- Englehardt will focus on gene delivery and therapy for drome. Common to several forms of sleep-disordered breath- ischemia/reperfusion injury. Kathryn High will discuss gene ing is patency of the upper airway in wakefulness and a loss therapy tools for blood disorders. Finally, Kevin Campbell of this patency in sleep. Coincident with a loss of airway will discuss gene therapy for muscular disorders. patency is a reduction in upper airway dilator muscle activi- ty. Indeed activity of upper airway motoneurons is highly Combined Impact of Temperature dependent on behavioral state. Thus, for obstructive sleep apnea there are two hotly investigated areas of science: first, and Exercise Stress on the Physiological mechanisms employed in the maintenance of a patent upper Response to Toxic Agents airway in wakefulness; and second, the mechanisms involved APS Environmental and Exercise Physiology Section in the loss of this patency. Scientists with many different Christopher J. Gordon and J.J. Steinberg backgrounds have been exploring components of these two C.J. Gordon, J.J. Steinberg, J. Mercer, W.P. Watkinson, broad research areas. In recent years scientists interested in W.J. Mautz, and D.B. Miller upper airways physiology and neural control have presented their work in diverse society meetings, such as those spon- Nearly all toxicological and pharmacological studies are sored by the American Thoracic Society, the Society for performed with resting subjects under stable environmental Neuroscience, FASEB, and world-wide sleep meetings. This conditions in which ambient temperature, relative humidity, program is designed to bring these scientists together into one photoperiod, and other environmental variables are main- venue. In the symposium, Fregosi and Kuna will discuss new tained under standard conditions. However, this standard ideas regarding the role of pharyngeal muscle activities in the environment is clearly not representative of the fluctuations in control of pharyngeal airway geometry and compliance with the natural environment encountered by humans and animals a major focus on the pharyngeal constrictor and tongue mus- on both a daily and annual basis. The standard test environ- cles, respectively. Lydic will then present new information on ments generally fail to assess the effects of work, exercise the molecular mechanisms underlying pontine neuronal activity, and other behavioral choices that may substantially activities that control sleep state and respiratory motor output. alter physiological responses to environmental toxicants. The Veasey will discuss the role of neurochemicals in controlling physiological response to toxicants may be markedly affect- the various groups of respiratory motoneurons and the sleep- ed when these environmental variables deviate from standard state dependency of this control. The symposium will con- conditions. Furthermore, extrapolating toxicological effects clude with Schwartz’s overview of pharyngeal airway func- from experimental animals to humans who are exposed to tion in patients with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, varied environmental and working conditions is clearly prob-

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 419 Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL lematic without information on the responses of experimental smaller resistance arteries. EDHF-mediated dilation involves animals under similarly stressful conditions. the opening of potassium channels in the sarcolemmal mem- This session will offer a multidisciplinary approach to this brane of vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. topic by focusing on research that deals with the effects of With a variety of pharmacological, electrophysiological, and temperature and exercise stress on the physiological response molecular tools for interrogating potassium channel function to toxicants. Temperature and exercise are closely related and structure, we are able to understand better the various environmental physiology topics. Higher ambient tempera- properties of potassium channels and mechanisms of vasodi- tures limit the efficiency and duration of exercise, while heat lation to stimuli such as hypoxia, ischemia, pharmacological production from exercise raises body temperature, which fur- agents, and mechanical stimuli including, shear and myo- ther compromises exercise and work capacity, especially in genic responses. However, as our understanding of hyperpo- warm environments. Deviations in air temperature with and larization-mediated dilation increases, the complexity of the without the occurrence of exercise are likely to be key factors potassium channel involvement increases as well. The sym- that compromise physiological responses to toxic agents. The posium is designed to provide an overview of potassium speakers are selected from fields that address the effects of channel structure, highlight novel observations regarding the environmental and exercise stress on a range of salient phys- role of potassium channels in regulating vascular function, iological topics including cellular/molecular biomarkers and provide insights into the effects of disease on K-channel (Miller), pulmonary function (Mautz), cardiovascular func- activity as it relates to altered vasomotor function. The focus tion (Watkinson), thermoregulation (Gordon), and epidemio- will be on three major classes of vascular potassium channels; logical studies on human health and mortality (Mercer). The calcium-activated potassium channels, ATP-sensitive potassi- material will be presented with emphasis on providing impe- um channels, and voltage-dependent potassium channels. tus for future studies on the interactions between environ- mental physiology and physiological response to toxic Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Genetics agents. of Body Weight/Adiposity Regulation Physiology-in-Focus: Neurotransmitters in Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine Cardiovascular Regulation: Glutamate Peter J. Havel and Barbara Horwitz P.J. Havel, M.W. Schwartz, S. Collins, L. Rossetti, Frank J. Gordon P. Froguel, and B. Horwitz F.J. Gordon, A.C. Bonham, H.N. Sapru, and A.F. Sved With its increasing prevalence, obesity has become a major The simple amino acid L-glutamate is perhaps the most and costly medical problem primarily due to related cardio- ubiquitous, fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the central vascular disease and type 2 diabetes. This symposium will nervous system. It has been more than twenty years since a discuss the afferent, central, and efferent pathways by which functional role for L-glutamate as a neurotransmitter of cen- body adiposity is regulated and will present examples in tral cardiovascular regulation was first proposed. Since that which obesity results from dysregulation of these pathways. time, studies of central autonomic regulation have played a Numerous neural and humoral signals from the gastrointesti- prominent role in establishing the significance of gluta- nal tract, pancreas, liver, and adipose tissue convey to the cen- matergic neural transmission in mediating integrated physio- tral nervous system (CNS) afferent information about recent logical responses produced by the brain and spinal cord. energy intake, as well as peripheral energy stores. Among Symposium speakers will trace the development of this these are insulin and leptin, which act as long-term signals to research area, present experimental results contributing to the brain and that regulate energy balance such that under our current understanding of glutamatergic mechanisms, and free-feeding conditions body weight/adiposity are maintained address new and emerging concepts that will be important within a relatively narrow range. Both insulin and leptin for future research. influence the activity of hypothalamic circuits involving sig- naling molecules such as neuropeptide-Y, melanocortins (α- Potassium Channels that Regulate Vascular MSH), and endogenous melanocortin receptor antagonist Tone: Which are the Major Players? (agouti-related protein), melanocyte concentrating hormone, APS Cardiovascular Section cocaine, and amphetamine related transcript and the orexins, David Gutterman and Joseph Hume such that energy intake is matched to energy expenditure over D. Gutterman, J. Hume, S. England, T. Saito, J. Brayden, Y. time. Energy expenditure and nutrient fluxes are regulated by Liu, and A. Gurney sympathetic neural pathways via activation of adrenergic receptors and at least in some cases of mitochondrial uncou- Endothelium-derived hyperpolarization factor (EDHF) pling proteins. These autonomic pathways are influenced by plays an active role in vasomotor responses primarily in the same neuropeptide-containing circuits that regulate food 420 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL intake that can influence metabolic fluxes (nutrient partition- oxidant species as peroxynitrite; 3) interaction with the ing) between the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue and that can hydroxyl radical (.OH) to induce double strand DNA break- potently affect insulin secretion and action. Dysregulation of age; or 4) inhibition of antioxidant metalloenzymes such as afferent, central, or efferent pathways involved in the control catalane thereby increasing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and of body weight/adiposity can lead to the mismatches between .OH concentrations. In general, the understanding of pul- energy intake and energy expenditure that cause obesity. For monary host defense mechanisms lags behind that of other example, mutations of genes encoding leptin or the leptin systems. Because of the poor accessibility and importance in receptor, the melanocortin precursor POMC or CNS defense against bacterial infections, it may be possible to melanocorin receptors each lead to hyperphagia and massive develop practical therapies or to increase the lungs protective obesity in humans as well as in rodents. A detailed under- capacity though a better understanding of the role of surfac- standing of the physiology, pathophysiology, and genetics of tant proteins and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the these regulatory systems is critical for the development of early immune response. new approaches for treating obesity and its sequelae. Adaptive Regulation of Epithelial Solute Lung Surfactant and Reactive Transporters Oxygen/Nitrogen Species: Antimicrobial APS Gastrointestinal Section Activity and Host/Pathogen Interactions Barry H. Hirst and Ronaldo P. Ferraris Within the Lung B. Shneider, S.P. Shirazi-Beechey, H.M. Said, R.P. Ferraris, APS Respiration Section and B.H. Hirst Judy Hickman-Davis F.C. Fang, J.M. Hickman-Davis, C. Nathan, V.L. Shepherd, The molecular identification of membrane proteins D.R. Voelker, and J.R. Wright involved in transcellular assimilation of organic solutes, such as those involved in macro- and micro-nutrient transport in The respiratory tract is exposed to a multitude of toxic and the gut, enables the investigation of adaptive regulation of infectious agents on a regular basis and yet in the healthy these transport systems at the molecular level. Thus, tran- lung, disease is a relatively rare event. Innate immunity of the scriptional as well as post-transcriptional and post-transla- lung includes ciliary (mechanical) clearance, cough reflex, tional mechanisms may now be defined. These studies, and cellular mechanisms. Within the alveolar lining, fluid sur- although at an early stage, are ripe for discussion. The sym- factant proteins provide a first line of defense against invad- posium will illustrate adaptive regulation, in particular, in ing organisms before the development of specific immunity. response to substrate availability of a variety of transport sys- tems. While the focus is on the gastrointestinal (including Surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D are hybrid molecules hepatic) system, lessons extend into all epithelial systems and termed collectins that belong to the Ca2+-dependent animal beyond where nutrient transport and its regulation are issues. lectin superfamily. The collectins are ideally suited to the role of first line defense in that they are widely distributed within Physiological Genomics: Activity-sensitive the lung capable of antigen recognition and can discern self Gene Regulation in Muscle versus non-self. These proteins recognize bacteria fungi and APS Environmental and Exercise Physiology Section viruses by binding mannose and N-acetylglucosamine David A. Hood residues on microbial cell walls. SP-A and SP-D have been D.A. Hood, R.T. Lee, K. Esser, M. Hamilton, and F. Booth shown to stimulate the respiratory burst, as well as nitric oxide synthase expression by alveolar macrophages. Microarrays are relatively new molecular techniques that Superoxide produced by the membrane bound NADPH-oxi- . can be used to assay for the differential expression of thou- dase of macrophages combines with nitric oxide ( NO) to sands of mRNAs at the same time. In addition to this advan- form the oxidant peroxynitrite at near the diffusion limit for tage (as opposed to Northern analysis where only a handful of . these two molecules. While NO is a well-recognized micro- mRNAs are determined in a single lab), microarrays provide bicidal molecule of macrophages the mechanism(s) by which an unbiased examination of mRNAs. In the past the investi- . NO contributes to host defense remain undefined. NO may gator selected the specific mRNAs based upon bias of previ- have a direct microbicidal effect through: 1) reaction with ous results while microarrays made with thousands of iron or thiol groups on proteins forming iron-nitrosyl com- mRNAs provide unplanned comparisons. Further, these plexes that inactivate enzymes important in DNA replication unplanned comparisons not only lead to unexpected results, or mitochondrial respiration; 2) formation of such reactive but these findings provide the foundation for previously

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 421 Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL unthought of hypotheses. This symposium will synthesize the vivo methodologies for studying the functional consequences existing state-of-the-art in microarray analysis concerning the of specific gene alterations. Over recent years symposia on responses of mRNAs to alterations in mechanical and con- cardiovascular techniques for specific use in the mouse have tractile activity on muscle. become rather commonplace at scientific meetings, and as a Both Esser and Lee have employed microarrays to exam result, many laboratories have begun to incorporate these alterations in mRNAs following increases in mechanical methodologies into their arsenal of techniques. While much load. By applying a highly uniform biaxial cyclic strain to attention has been given specifically to the study of cardio- cultured smooth and cardiac muscle cells, Lee used DNA vascular function in mice (blood pressure, cardiac output, left microarray technology to describe the transcriptional profile ventricular performance) less has been paid to the study of of mechanically induced genes. Likewise delineation of the other organ systems or of integrated function. This sympo- molecular response to altered loading of skeletal muscle is sium will discuss integrative techniques for the evaluation of unknown. Esser used microarray technology to identify functional phenotype in a wider variety of organ systems for mRNAs changing in response to a bout of weight-lifting by which useful mouse models already exist and also to discuss rats. Previous studies had shown that this model led to skele- future directions in this area. Four speakers will participate in tal muscle hypertrophy. Hamilton examined altered mRNA this symposium: 1) Paul Kubes will discuss advances in the expression after removing weight-bearing from the soleus study of GI physiology in the mouse; 2) Wayne Mitzner will muscle, a model which not only induces skeletal muscle atro- discuss techniques in the study of pulmonary physiology and phy, but which changes the profile of genes associated with lung mechanics in the intact mouse; 3) Daniel Bernstein will cardiovascular diseases. Booth will present a microarray discuss approaches to evaluate metabolism and integrative analysis of the differential mRNA expression between two cardiovascular function in the mouse; and 4) Chong Ahn will fiber types of skeletal muscle. He will also discuss future discuss the biological application of chip-based microelectro- usages of microarray in physiological genomics. mechanical systems (BioMEMS) to physiological study. In addition we also anticipate that the two co-chairs for this ses- Structure and Gating of Epithelial Ion Channels sion (John Lorenz and David Mattson) will present an intro- APS Epithelial Transport Group duction reviewing some of the current techniques used in the Thomas Kleyman study of cardiovascular and renal physiology in the mouse. D. Dawson, D. Gadsby, L. Palmer, D. Eaton, and T. Kleyman

Epithelial cell layers have discrete plasma membrane Effect of Changes in Blood Pressure domains that allow for the vectorial transport of solutes on Renal Transporters between the lumen (for external environment) and the inter- APS Renal Section stitial space (internal environment). Apical plasma membrane Alicia McDonough ion channels have key roles in the transepithelial secretion of P. Persson, A.A. McDonough, K.-P. Yip, and S. Masilamani Cl and K and in the transepithelial reabsorption of Na. This symposium brings together investigators whose work has It has been recognized for decades that regulation of sodi- focused on the structure and gating of three epithelial ion um transport is critical for the maintenance of normal extra- channels; CFTR, ROMK, and ENaC. These channels have cellular volume and blood pressure and that renal function is critical roles in fluid secretion and in extracellular fluid vol- altered in hypertension. Alterations fall into two categories: ume and K homeostasis. David Dawson and David Gadsby those responsible for the hypertension (such as elevated sodi- will discuss the structure of the CFTR pore and regulation of um transport in the cortical collecting duct) and homeostatic CFTR gating. Lawrence Palmer will discuss the role of the compensations important to match sodium output to sodium ROMK pore in K channel gating. Douglas Eaton will discuss intake. Regarding the latter, the phenomenon whereby an regulation of ENaC gating. Thomas Kleyman will discuss the increase in arterial pressure provokes an increase in sodium structure of the ENaC pore and its role in channel gating. excretion, is known as pressure-natriuresis. In human hyper- tension, as in all genetic rat models of hypertension, the Workshop: Integrative Approaches for the homeostatic set point is elevated and the pressure-natriuresis Study of Physiological Function response is blunted. Since this response can occur in the in Genetically Altered Mice absence of a change in GFR it involves a decrease in net tubu- John N. Lorenz and David L. Mattson lar sodium reabsorption. Until recently, very little was under- J.N. Lorenz, D.L. Mattson, P. Kubes, W. Mitzner, stood about the cellular mechanisms responsible for the natri- D. Bernstein, and C. Ahn uresis during acute or chronic hypertension. We now know that acute hypertension provokes sodium transporter internal- The availability of genetically-altered mouse models has ization from the apical brush border and sodium pump inhi- led to the development of a wide variety of in vitro and in bition and that chronic hypertension can lead to decreases in 422 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL sodium transporter abundance. This symposium aims to the future for those in the life sciences and in biomedical review and discuss recent studies addressing the molecular engineering. mechanisms responsible for sensing changes in blood pres- sure and adjusting renal sodium transport accordingly. Genomics and Molecular Basis of Exercise and Environmental Physiology: Molecular Control Genetic Modification of Calcium Handling of Thermogenesis Proteins in Heart Disease: Insights, Roadblocks US Army and Potential Therapies P. Darrell Neufer APS Cardiovascular Section P.D. Neufer, J.E. Friedman, A.G. Dulloo, G. Argyropoulos, Joseph M. Metzger and W.W. Winder E. Kranias, R. Hajjar, J.M. Metzger, and M.V. Westfall Thermogenesis by definition is the use of energy to pro- This symposium focuses on the mysteries of cardiac EC duce heat within an organism. Survival in the cold for many coupling and sarcomere function in health and disease. The types of animals requires the regulation of thermogenesis. In control of sarcomere function begins with Ca2+-mediated humans control of thermogenesis is believed to be an impor- regulatory events and ends with a chemomechanical trans- tant determinant of basal metabolic rate and overall metabol- duction event involving the docking of the molecular motor ic balance. We will review the current state of knowledge myosin on actin. In considering the multitude of proteins regarding factors that may be controlling thermogenesis and involved and their unique assembly it can then be appreciat- metabolic rate in humans at the cellular and molecular levels. ed that the control and regulation of sarcomeric function rep- Additionally evidence suggesting that AMPK activity may resents one of the most elaborate intracellular signaling path- play a role in sensing metabolic demand with the cell will be ways in biology. A growing arsenal of genetic-based tools in presented. concert with technological advances in functional assays offers new opportunities to understand sarcomere function at How Does the Brain Understand Muscle the cellular tissue and whole organ levels. This symposium Mechanics? will highlight these advances including recent studies APS Central Nervous System Section employing transgenesis mutagenesis gene targeting and viral- T. Richard Nichols and James C. Houk based somatic cell gene transfer to reveal some of the long- T.R. Nichols, C.J. Heckman, M.H. Schieber, S.H. Scott, held secrets of cardiac EC coupling and sarcomere function and J.C. Houk in normal and failing hearts. This symposium will also bring to light new therapeutic approaches to systematically modify Coordinated movement in biological organisms has result- heart function under (patho) physiological conditions in vivo. ed from the co-evolution of the musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. The phylogenetic relationship between Workshop:Tissue Engineering: Opportunities these two systems suggests that the organization and dynam- and Challenges ic properties of neural circuits reflect the structure and kinet- Robert M. Nerem ic properties of the musculoskeletal system, as well as the R.M. Nerem, M.J. Lysaght, R.D. Ratner and J.R. Morgan mechanical constraints imposed by the environment. Physiologists interested in the neural control of motor func- Tissue engineering is an emerging technology which repre- tion have been aware of this relationship for well over 100 sents the next generation of medical implants. The goal is to years and some of these individuals have made significant create biological substitutes and/or foster tissue regeneration contributions to musculoskeletal anatomy and physiology. with the purpose being to replace, repair, maintain, or The growing interdisciplinary nature of physiological enhance tissue/organ function. With the emergence of this research has provided an environment in which the study of technology, there is an emerging industry. Although a fledg- interactions between neural and muscular systems can flour- ling one today, it is predicted to have the potential of reach- ish. Contemporary research in motor systems has provided ing more than $50 billion annually. To realize this potential new insights into these interactions and the manner in which there are enabling core technologies which must be devel- musculoskeletal organization is represented centrally. oped. These range from cell technology all the way up to an The manner in which these two physiological systems integration as a biologic system and these can best be bring about coordinated movement is the subject of this sym- addressed by multidisciplinary teams. Through this series of posium. The participants have been chosen because they have presentations the challenges that are presented by tissue engi- made substantial contributions not only to the understanding neering will be examined. These represent opportunities for of neural mechanisms of motor coordination, but also to mus-

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 423 Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL culoskeletal physiology. Nichols will briefly review past con- have led to the controversial hypothesis that Hb modulates tributions to the neuro-mechanical basis of movement and blood flow via the intermediate formation of S-nitroso- more recent work on the regulation of posture by circuits in Hemoglobin, a novel derivative in which a specific cysteine the spinal cord. Heckman will discuss the manner in which residue on the ß-chain (ß93Cys) is nitrosolated. Rakesh Patel cellular properties of motoneurons complement the mechani- will then discuss the effects of S-nitrosation of Hb on the vas- cal properties of muscle units. Schieber will discuss the con- cular functions of NO. Jack Lancaster will discuss the effect trol of the digits in primates in terms of the appropriate mus- the red blood cell has on Hb-NO interactions. John Olson cular organization and cortical organization. Scott will dis- will discuss the insights gained from specific amino acid cuss the physical problems of multi-joint coordination, the mutations on reactions of NO with Hb. manner in which this coordination is brought about by corti- cal mechanisms. Finally Houk will discuss models of central Nutritional Neuroscience mechanisms and muscular dynamics that have been designed Assoc. of Latin American Physiology Societies to explain the control of reaching and grasping. Lucimey Lima Perez and Leon Cintra Controversial issues, such as the existence of internal mod- R.C. Guedes, C. Prasad, L. Cintra, and L. Lima Perez els and maps, will be discussed. New approaches, both methodological and theoretical, that will be required to The symposium will cover some aspects concerning the advance this field will also be addressed. influence of nutrition on physiological functions of the cen- tral nervous system. The subjects covered by the speakers Interplay Between Nitric Oxide will be the following: 1) The organization of the circadian and Hemoglobin: Current Concepts rhythmicity and the suprachiasmatic nuclei and rehabilitation APS Cross Sectional Committee of CA3 hippocampal pyramidal cells in malnourished rats. 2) Rakesh P. Patel and Matthew B. Grisham The effect of mild protein prenatal malnutrition, the release of R.P. Patel, J.S. Stamler, J.R. Lancaster, and J.Olson noradrenaline, and the density of neurons in the rat cortex. 3) Spreading depression in rats submitted to short periods of The role of nitric oxide (NO) in numerous physiological malnutrition during lactation period. 4) The influence of and pathological processes is widely documented. There is micronutrients such as taurine during development and regen- compelling evidence indicating that under physiological con- eration of the central nervous system. 5) The neurobiology of ditions NO has key functions in maintaining vascular home- food, mood and health. ostasis and preventing vascular injury. However, our knowl- edge regarding how NO function is regulated in the vascular Mitochondria and Energy Metabolism in Heart compartment remains poorly defined. These are key issues, Failure, Hypertrophy, and Remodeling elucidation of which will provide important insights into the APS Cardiovascular Section mechanisms that lead to vascular injury during diseases, such Michael A. Portman as atherosclerosis or damage incurred during ischemia-reper- J. Zhang, J. Taegtmeyer, M.A. Portman D.P. Kelly, fusion injury. The focus of this symposium is on a specific and Craig Malloy area of regulation of NO biology involving reactions with hemoglobin (Hb). Early thinking was that NO reactions with Mitochondria appear to arbite the complex signaling cas- erythrocytic Hb are restricted to the proteins heme groups and cades which promote apoptosis and cell death. Thus, interest this represented a safe route to detoxify and remove NO pro- in mitochandrial integrity and function has been reinvigorat- duced from the endothelium. However, recent studies suggest ed over the past year. Furthermore, mitochondria also seem to that NO reactions with circulating red blood cells are more play a significant role in myocardial remodeling during heart complex than previously thought with the hypothesis put for- failure and hypertrophy. ward that Hb regulates NO function in vivo. The interactions During heart failure, patterns of gene and protein expres- between NO and Hb are also critical to understand if a Hb sion, as well as substrate preference and high energy phos- based blood substitute is going to be beneficial in the clinic. phate kinetics, resemble those apparent in the developing Rakesh Patel will introduce the symposium with an overview heart. This symposium will review recent findings and issues of Hb and NO biochemistry and how this impacts on vascu- related to mitochondria function during development hyper- lar function both under physiological conditions of blood trophy and remodeling. flow and when cell free Hb is introduced into the system. Jonathan Stamler will present his seminal observations which

424 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL

Intermittent Hypoxia: Cell to System reduce the activity of the L-type calcium channels which are APS Hypoxia Group not only ATP sensitive but are involved in the signaling Nanduri R. Prabhakar and Eugene Fletcher between the action potential and calcium release. Thus, the N.R. Prabhaker, R.D. Fields, G. Adhikary, T. Baker, and cell membrane plays important roles during exercise. It must E. Fletcher maintain its own excitability to maximize muscle perform- ance until the energy reserves start to be depleted. At that Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is an intriguing pathophysiologi- point the reverse must occur and membrane excitability must cal situation associated with many clinical conditions, includ- decrease. The objective of the symposium is to engage a dis- ing sleep apneas, apneas in premature infants, and lung dis- cussion on how the cell membrane plays such crucial roles eases (e.g., COPD asthma pulmonary fibrosis). IH has long during exercise and fatigue development. term effects on the cardio respiratory systems, leading to hypertension and ventilatory abnormalities in humans and Mechanical Modulation of Gene Expression experimental animals. Studies have begun addressing the in the Musculoskeletal System: impact of IH on cellular processes. Evidence emerging sug- gests that IH is a more potent stimulus for activating gene From Nucleus to Organism expression than sustained hypoxia. Proteins encoded by the Biomedical Engineering Society genes might contribute to cardio-respiratory abnormalities Clinton Rubin associated with IH. The purpose of the symposium is to bring C. Rubin, F. Guilak, D. Ingber, J. Rubin, T. Gross, and together scientists that work on molecular mechanisms, as S. Judex well as cardio-respiratory responses to IH in experimental animals, as well as humans. The symposium will begin with The mass and morphology of the muscloskeletal system is an overview by Fields who will discuss the fundamental strongly influenced by mechanical stimuli. At the organismal mechanisms of gene expression and second messenger level there is a great deal of experimental evidence which changes in neuronal cells in response to cyclical stimuli and demonstrates that removal of function will lead to disorders how they differ from sustained stimulus. Adhikary will pres- such as sarcopenia and osteopenia while brief exposure to ent the evidence for involvement of distinct cellular mecha- specific parameters within the mechanical milieu can be nisms associated with gene expression by IH in isolated cells strongly anabolic. Clearly a better understanding of the and intact animals. Baker dwells on the impact of IH on res- molecular mechanisms which control the balance between piratory system with an emphasis on the role of spinal protein form and function in the musculoskeletal system may lead to synthesis in respiratory plasticity induced by IH. Fletcher will new interventions for the acceleration of fracture healing, the deal with cardio-respiratory responses to IH in humans, as promotion of osseointegration, the inhibition of osteoarthritis, well as in experimental animals and the potential mechanisms and the reversal of osteoporosis. In this session the mechani- contributing to these alterations. Given the potential clinical cal sensitivity of various cells and tissues within the muscu- implications of IH, it is hoped that this symposium provides loskeletal system are examined in a hierarchical fashion with impetus for further progress in this emerging area. the goal of demonstrating that even small mechanical stimuli can result in massive changes in cell, tissue, and organ mor- phology. The Role of the Cell Membrane in Regulating Excitability and Contractility During Exercise Renal and Comparative Physiology and Fatigue of Urea Transporters APS MyoBio Section APS Renal Section Jean-Marc Renaud and Thomas Nosek Jeff M. Sands and Mark A. Knepper J.-M. Renaud, T. Clausen, D. Allen, P. Backx, and T. Nosek J.M. Sands, M.A. Knepper, S.M. Bagnasco, J.B. Wade, D.M. Cohen, and P.A. Wright During exercise, muscles must maintain their membrane excitability and this is mainly accomplished by activating the Urea transporters play an important role in the urine con- Na+ K+ pump. However, when the amount of energy (i.e. centrating mechanism. Several facilitated urea transporters ATP levels) in muscle fibers starts to decrease then the have been cloned from mammalian kidney and from erythro- K+(ATP) channels become activated and one of their postu- cytes, raising the intriguing question as to why the kidneys lated functions is to reduce membrane excitability. This then need so many urea transporters. Urea transporters have also reduces the amount of calcium released by the sarcoplasmic been cloned from elasmobranchs and amphibian species. reticulum and eventually forces development in order to Their conservation through evolution suggests that they play reduce ATP utilization. A decrease in ATP levels may also an important physiologic role. Thus, the overall goal of this

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 425 Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL symposium is to bring together speakers addressing various strategies giving physiologists the possibility to model a sys- aspects of the regulation of urea transporters in the mam- tem in which new “emergent” properties appear, the later malian kidney and in other species since an understanding of benefits from the useful tools and strategic knowledge the comparative and evolutionary aspects of urea transporters achieved by molecular, cell, and developmental biologists. may aid our understanding of their role in renal function. The This includes using tumor cell lines, engineering islet cell first speaker, Serena Bagnasco, will discuss the genetic precursors, differentiation, regeneration and growth, and, organization of the UT-A urea transporter family and tran- finally, therapeutic cloning of human tissues. Gaining deep scriptional control of its various isoforms. The second speak- physiological understanding of the basis governing these er, Jim Wade, will discuss the intra-renal localization of the processes is instrumental in order to engineer new pancreatic UT-A protein isoforms and the regulating of these proteins. islets. David Cohen will discuss the role of urea in permitting the inner medulla to adapt to osmotic stress. Pat Wright will dis- Model Organisms: Functional Genomics cuss the comparative physiology of urea transporters, includ- of Membrane Transport ing the cloning of UT-A-like urea transporters in elasmo- branches and evolution of urea transporters and urea cycle APS Cell and Molecular Physiology Section enzymes. Kevin Strange K. Strange, C. Montell, M. Driscoll, and R. Rao Genomics and Molecular Basis of Exercise “Functional genomics” is defined as the assignment of and Environmental Physiology: Molecular function to identified genes and, importantly, the elucidation Response to Hypoxia of the organization, integration, and control of gene networks US Army that give rise to specific physiological processes. It is widely Larry Sonna recognized that the intellectual and technical challenges L. Sonna, G. Semenza, A. Choi, C. Clerici, and R.A. Johns posed by attempts to define the genetic basis of physiology necessitate the study of less complex “model organisms.” How do cells respond to hypoxic stress such as that which Speakers in this symposium will describe the use of yeast, occurs at high altitude? Three lines of investigation will be Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster to reviewed: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (the first transcription- characterize the physiological functions, regulation, and al factor shown to be induced by hypoxia), the heme-oxyge- structural aspects of ion channels and transporters. nase system, which is induced in a number of tissues in response to hypoxia, and the sodium transport systems of lung which may play a role in high-altitude pulmonary Bioinformatics in Biology and Engineering edema. Additionally, we will review the effects of hypoxia on Biomedical Engineering Society nitric oxide synthase. Shankar Subrmaniam S. Subrmaniam, L. Loew, and J. Bassingthwaite Engineering Islet Cells for Cell Therapy The past decade has witnessed a large paradigm shift in of Diabetes Mellitus biology. The ability to study biological systems at micro- Sociedad Espanola Ciencias Fisiologicas scopic scales in finer levels of detail has provided a wealth of Bernat Soria and Christopher B. Newgard information about the complexity underlying biological phe- B. Soria, C.B. Newgard, S. Bonner-Weir, and nomena. Additionally the advent of the genome projects has J.V. Sanchez-Andres transformed biology in a fundamental way into an informa- tion-driven science. There are two emergent themes from this Pancreatic islets are neuroendorcrine organs which control revolution: first, complexity is the hallmark of biological sys- blood glucose homeostasis. The precise interplay of a hetero- tems and second, the coupling between size and time scales geneous group of cell populations (ß, α. δ and PP cells) of biological phenomena are not hierarchical. These themes results in a fine-tuned release of counterbalanced hormones make it a very challenging task to link the microscopic and (insulin, glucagon, somotostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide). macroscopic descriptions of biology. Under the premises of a detailed knowledge of the physio- The genome of an organism provides the blueprints for its logical basis underlying this behaviour two lines of work life and functioning. Deciphering how this blueprint is imple- might be inferred: 1) generating computational and opera- mented is a complex task which involves a new version of the tional models to explain and predict this behaviour and 2) central dogma where the genome contains the code for gene engineering islet cells to reconstruct pancreatic endocrine products which induce physiological functioning through function. Whilst the former is fueled by new computational couplings and interactions amongst themselves and surround-

426 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL ings. Finally, this has serious implications for the macroscop- Protein-Protein Interactions ic picture of physiology. in Signal Transduction All of the codes and mechanisms by which the code func- APS Renal Section tions are information accessible to modern biochemical and Edward J. Weinman and Shirish Shenolikar biophysical measurements. The task of decoding this infor- M. Colledge, T. Bretscher, E.J. Weinman, P.A. Welling, mation is arguably the biggest challenge faced by modern and S. Shenolikar biology. Even for the simplest prokaryotic cell the genome is tens to hundreds of million base pairs long. Small changes in Emerging evidence indicates that the localization and func- the genome are responsible for variant function (such as tion of many membrane proteins rely on the assembly of mul- altered metabolism). Both detection and processing of this tiprotein complexes that link these plasma membrane pro- polymorphism is of fundamental importance in biology and teins to the underlying cytoskeleton. Recent studies make a medicine. compelling argument in favor of multiprotein complexes in This session will focus on areas in the crossroads of biolo- the physiological regulation of ion transporters in renal and gy informatics and engineering. other epithelial tissues. Such studies demonstrate a key role for PDZ-domain containing adapter proteins in the hormonal Russian and Eastern-Block Physiologist: regulation of several renal ion transporters. Further work has Recognition Because of Pre-World War II expanded the role for the protein adapters to the targeting, and Cold War Conditions trafficking, or sorting of G-protein-coupled receptors and sig- APS History of Physiology Group nal transduction by receptor tyrosine kinases and other sig- naling molecules. This symposium will review the function Charles M. Tipton and G. Edgar Folk Jr. and organization of signaling complexes in polarized cells C. Tipton, A. Viru, R. Victor, S. Bonting, G. Folk and emphasize the importance of adapter proteins in bringing together signaling proteins and their substrates and thereby The purpose of this symposium is to “educate and remind” imposing the remarkable specificity of signal transduction in the APS membership of select and important scientific con- neurons and epithelial cells. tributions made by Russian physiologists from before World War II to after the Cold War. The rationale for the symposium is that the lack of recognition citation or familiarity with var- Life, Sex, and Death: The Physiological Basis ious Russian accomplishments occurred in part because polit- of Life-History Traits and Trade-Offs ical conditions between the United States and Russia did not APS Comparative Section facilitate scientific interactions or informational exchanges. Tony D. Williams and Barry Sinervo The areas of physiology that appear to be most affected by T.D. Williams, N. Metcalfe, R.J. Nelson, M.R. Rose, these circumstances are the ones (exercise and endocrinolo- M. Wikelski, and B. Sinervo gy) that encompass stress physiology. Consequently the renown scholar of exercise endocrinology, Atko Viru, from Fisher (1930) a doyen of evolutionary biology was the first the University of Tartu in Estonia has been invited to be a fea- to highlight the importance of an understanding of physio- tured speaker on this specific subject using his personal and logical mechaniam to life-history and this point has subse- professional knowledge of Russian scientists in this area. A quently been repeated by many evolutionary biologists (e.g., tangential area related to the topic of Viru is the role of the Winkler 1985; Bernardo 1996; Ricklefs 2000). Stearns sympathetic nervous system in the prevention of muscular (1992) stated that “physiology contributes insight into the fatigue. Ronal Victor from Southwestern Medical School is to mechanisms that cause trade-offs” (p.14) and that “physio- discuss select Russian physiologists whose findings are gen- logical trade-offs are involved in almost all micro-evolution- erally unknown by current investigators and authors. Despite ary trade-offs” (p.75). Despite this recognition of the impor- token efforts by both countries to promote scientific interac- tance of considering physiology in life-history studies, the tions, political ideologies inhibited open exchanges between physiological basis of most if not all trade-offs remains space scientists. Sjoerd Bonting of the University of unknown. Indeed much current life-history theory is divorced Nijmegen in the Netherlands, who had intimate knowledge of from physiology and other components of organismal biolo- the Russian space program, will address this aspect as it relat- gy (Bernardo 1996). The development of the field of “evolu- ed to individual Russian space scientists. A short question and tionary physiology” (sensu Garland and Carter 1996) has lead answer session will follow these presentations. to significant and very productive integration of physiology and evolutionary biology. However, to date, much of this

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 427 Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL work has focused on performance-related traits (e.g. sprint Refresher Course: Endocrinology in Modern speed, maximum sustainable metabolic rate) rather than life- Medical Curricula history traits per se. Stearns (1992) provided an “incomplete” Richard Vari and Andrew J. Lechner trade-off matrix for ten life-history traits, i.e. 45 life-history trade-offs. He pointed out that only five of these had received Joint APS/AAA Symposium: Is Asthma the much attention and most of this from ecological or evolution- ary studies. This symposium will provide a state-of-the-art Inflammatory Bowel Disease of the Gut? look at this issue. Talks will cover a wide range of life histo- APS Gastrointestinal Section ry traits: offspring size and number, future versus current Helen Raybould reproduction growth versus subsequent condition, and sur- vival and reproductive maturity versus life-span and aging. A Call to Activism: The symposium will also be taxonomically broad with talks Communicating About Science on insects, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. Rather than APS Public Affairs, AAI, AAA, ASPET simply give detailed presentations on specific experimental William Talman work each speaker will hopefully summarize the current state of our knowledge on the mechanistic basis of the major life- How to Get Published in APS Journals history and highlight important areas for future research. Dale Benos

Metabolic Complications in HIV/AIDS Liaison with Industry Committee Workshop: APS Endocrinology and Metabolism Section Understanding and Interacting with Industry Kevin Yarasheski K. Yarasheski, K. Mulligan, C. Grunfeld, P. Tebas, and in Scientific Research W. Lewis Glenn Reinhart

Recent data highlight the complexities involved in under- Microcirculatory Society President’s standing and managing the constellation of alterations in fat Symposium: Signaling Mechanisms of Nitric distribution and glucose and lipid metabolism that have Oxide Synthase occurred in the current treatment era. Although there is ample Microcirculatory Society evidence that protease inhibitors play a role in the develop- Walter N. Duran ment of some of these alterations, current data suggests a role for nucleoside analogue, reverse transcriptase inhibitors as well. In addition, factors such as age, body mass index, gen- Lipid Mediators of Angiogenesis der, race, duration of HIV infection, and effective viral sup- American Federation for Medical Research pression, may also modulate risk of developing fat distribu- Denis English tion and metabolic abnormalities. Current prevalence esti- R.M. Strieter, J.R. Jackson, T.T. Hla, S. Spiegel, E.J. Goetzl, mates vary and the interrelationships among the metabolic J.G.N. Garcia, and D. English and fat distribution abnormalities have not been defined. In addition, the etiology specific sites of dysregulation clinical Microcirculatory Society Young Investigator sequelae and effective management strategies for these alter- Award ations remain to be identified. Microcirculatory Society Samina Kanwar Other Symposia Microcirculatory Society E.M. Landis Award Regulation of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Lecture in the GI Tract Walter N. Durán American Federation for Medical Research Kim Barrett and Richard H. Moseley Type 1 Diabetes - Etiology Prevention Calcium Regulation for Muscle Contraction and Cure Assoc. of Latin American Physiology Societies American Federation for Medical Research Carlo Caputo and Gonzalo Ferreira Richard W. Furlanetto G. Ferreira, A. Guerrero, C. Perez, and C. Caputo

428 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL

The Role of Mediators of Innate Immunity in the Inflammation Associated with Trauma New Contact Information? American Federation for Medical Research Ann Nicholson-Weller Do you have a new address, A. Nicholson-Weller, C. Doerschuk, C. Gerard, and L. Klickstein phone or fax number? Has your Physiology InFocus: Neurotransmitters in email address changed? If so, Cardiovascular Regulation: GABA Alan F. Sved please notify the APS How to Write Review and Publish Manuscripts Membership Office at 301-530- in APS and ASPET Journals APS Women in Physiology Committee 7171, or fax to 301-571-8313. Kim Barrett Thank you for helping us keep our records current!

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 429 Experimental Biology 2001 March 31-April 4, 2001 • Orlando, FL

Section-Sponsored Featured Topics

Poster Discussion: Muscle Fatigue Mechanisms and Modifications of Alveolar Epithelial Fluid William T. Ameredes Transport in the Mammalian Lung Plasticity and Repair of the Phrenic Motor System Michael A. Matthay Following Cervical Spinal Injury: Current Concepts Comparative Aspects of Circadian Organization Donald C. Bolser and Gordon S. Mitchell in Vertebrates Calcium Sensing Receptors Michael Menaker and Carla Green Gerda E. Breitwieser The Evolution and Modification of the Hypercapnic EDHF: Chemical Nature and Sites of Action Ventilatory Response William B. Campbell and Paul M. Vanhoutte William K. Milsom and Steve F. Perry Cerebral Cortical Influences on Autonomic Regulation Heat Shock Proteins: Environmental and Exercise Stress David Cechetto Pope L. Moseley Cellular Mechanisms of Regulated Secretion in the GI Tract Electroneutral Ion Transport in the Central Nervous System Catherine S. Chew and John G. Forte John A. Payne Robert M. Berne Award Featured Topic Neural and Endocrine Regulation of Blood Volume William Chilian and Arterial Pressure Understanding the Role of the Angiotensin System Through Pontus B. Persson and Heimo Ehmke the Actions of Angiotensin (1—7) Invited Presenter: Hartmut Kirchheim Carlos M. Ferrario and K. Bridget Brosnihan Special Focus Topic: Perspective on Problem-Based Role of the Endothelial Factor in Hypertension Learning: Thorns and Roses Gregory Fink and David Pollock Patangi K. Rangachari and Aviad Haramati Featured Presenter: David Mattson Role of Oxidative Stress in Hypertension Physiology of Urea Transporters Jane Reckelhoff and Magdalena Alonsa-Galicia Robert B. Gunn and Jeff M. Sands Invited Presenter: Christopher Wilcox Cell Signaling in Airway Smooth Muscle Nitric Oxide: Skeletal Muscle Function and Blood Flow Susan J. Gunst and Keith Jones Michael B. Reid and Michael D. Delp Cellular Response to Mechanical Stress - Molecular Mechanisms of HCO3 Transport Rolf D. Hubmayr and Jeffrey J. Fredberg Michael F. Romero and Paul M. Quinton Regulation of Vascular Tone by Oxygen: Ion Channel Remodeling in Cardiovascular Disease: Many Mechanisms—Few Answers Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications William F. Jackson Nancy Rusch and Craig H. Gelband What is the Role of Mast Cells in Cardiovascular Disease Cell Stress and Protein Kinases: Integrated Signaling in vivo Joseph S. Janicki and Gregory L. Brower Kenneth B. Storey Wiggers Award: Novel Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Mechanisms of Muscle Injury in Sepsis Control by Nitric Oxide Gabor Kaley Gerald Supinski Autonomic and Cardiovascular Regulation: Spinal Cord Injury: Degeneration, Plasticity, Repair Focus on Nociceptin and Opioid Peptides and Therapy Daniel R. Kapusta Lynne Weaver Developmental Regulation of Oxygen Sensing Ion Transport in Gametes and Reproductive Epithelia P. Kumar and John L. Caroll Patrick Y.D. Wong and Sylvie Breton Renal Section Young Investigator Award Featured Topic: Somatic Sensation During Movement and Its Role in Hypertonicity Stress: New Sites of Recognition Autonomic Control H. Moo Kwon Bill Yates Role of the Endothelium in GI Inflammation Peter R. Kvietys, and J. Steven Alexander The Emerging Neurobiology of Obesity: Autonomic and Cardiovascular Implications Allyn Mark

430 The Physiologist Full-page ad Experimental Biology

Physiology and Experimental Biology 2000

Experimental Biology 2000 was held poster area more user-friendly. The Physiology InFocus Program, April 15-18 in San Diego, California Of the 2,617 abstracts processed by organized by Walter F. Boron, was enti- and was a joint meeting of four FASEB APS, 22% (576) were presented by tled “Channels and Transporters” and societies: APS, American Society for female scientists as first authors and included four symposia: “Structure- Investigative Pathology (ASIP), 19% (502) were received from institu- Function Relationships in Voltage- American Society for Nutritional tions outside of The Americas. Gated Ion Channels,” chaired by Sciences (ASNS), and American Government laboratories represented Richard Aldrich; “Aquaporins and Association of Anatomists (AAA). The 4% (112) of the abstracts received, and Other Members of the MIP Family” APS hosted five of the eight participat- industry laboratories represented 2% chaired by Peter Agre and Maarten ing guest societies: The American (66). Table 1 provides the departmental Chrispeels; “Genetic Abnormalities of Federation for Medical Research affiliations of the abstracts processed by Channels and Transporters,” chaired by (AFMR), Biomedical Engineering APS and indicates that 26% (680) were Seth Alper; and “Structural Biology of Society (BMES), North American received from departments of physiolo- Channels,” chaired by Mark Yeager. Society for Biorheology (NASB), The gy and 4% (115) from departments of The APS Mixer was held on Saturday Microcirculatory Society (MCS), and physiology and biophysics. evening and included sumptuous Society for Experimental Biology and The APS programmed a total of 295 desserts, dancing, and an opportunity to Medicine (SEBM). EB 2000 marked sessions, including 175 poster, 46 fea- meet with colleagues in a relaxed, fes- the first meeting since 1993 that was not tured-topic, 49 symposium, 16 lectures, tive atmosphere. The second annual organized around themes. four Physiology InFocus, two poster- Young Experimental Scientist Mixer, A total of 4,647 volunteered abstracts discussion, one refresher course, one designed to enhance interaction was submitted for presentation, repre- workshop, and one on-the-floor poster between younger members of the par- senting a 21% increase in abstract sub- discussion sessions. The lecture ses- ticipating societies, was held on mission from the last four-society meet- sions included 12 Section Distinguished Monday evening. Both socials were ing held in New Orleans, 1997. Of the Lectureships, the Walter B. Cannon, well-attended and will be continued at total abstracts submitted for EB 2000, Henry Bowditch, and Walter C. Randall EB 2001. 48% (2,550) were submitted by mem- Lectures as well as The Microcircula- The total meeting registration was bers of APS and its guest societies. tory Society’s Landis Award lecture. 9,185 which indicates a 21% increase EB 2000 accepted late-breaking Among the 49 symposium sessions from the last four-society meeting held abstracts which were submitted by the were two half-day sessions related to in 1997 in New Orleans. Of the 7,131 deadline of February 21, 2000 and physiological genomics, one entitled total scientific registration: 3,439 (48%) printed in the program addendum. All “Cells and Genes and their Applications were members (including 100 retired late-breaking abstracts were scheduled for Therapies for the Brain” chaired by members), 1,730 (24%) were nonmem- as posters on the last day of the meet- Beverly L. Davidson and Howard bers, and 1,962 (28%) were students. ing. A total of 238 late-breaking Federoff, and the other entitled There were 1,474 exhibitors, 401 guests abstracts were received, of which 42% “Bioinformatics: From Sequence to of exhibitors, 137 guests of scientists (101) were sponsored by members of Disease” organized by Peter Tonellato. and, 42 press registrants. APS. The practice of carpeting the poster area was continued, which great- Table 1. EB ‘00 Author Affiliations of Programmed Volunteered Papers ly reduced fatigue caused by walking on Department Number of % Total hard concrete and reduced the noise Papers level in the exhibit hall. Posters sessions Physiology 680 26% for each society were scheduled in one Medicine 172 7% designated area of the exhibit hall for Biology 158 6% the duration of the meeting and pro- Biomedical Engineering 144 5% gram directories were placed at the end Physiology & Biophysics 115 4% of poster rows, which included the ses- Cardiology Sciences 109 4% sion titles with appropriate poster board Surgery 102 4% numbers. Attendees could easily see Anesthesiology 55 2% which sessions were scheduled without Pediatrics 52 2% having to refer to the program book. Exercise/Sports Medicine 34 1% APS continues to explore ways to Pharmacology 23 1% improve the signage and make the Biochemistry 19 1% 432 The Physiologist Experimental Biology

The American Physiological Society Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Collateral Grass Foundation, Pfizer, Inc., William gratefully acknowledges financial sup- Therapeutics, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Townsend Porter Foundation, Taylor port through educational grants, from Company, The Gatorade Company, University and Wyeth-Ayerst Pharma- Abbott Laboratories, AstraZeneca LP, Genentech, Inc., Genzyme Corporation, ceuticals. ❖

Chapter News

Iowa Physiological Society Holds Fifth Annual Meeting

The fifth annual meeting of the Iowa allowed ten minutes to present their joint IPS/IAS poster session. Physiological Society (IPS) was held on research and the ensuing discussion was Committee reports were heard and elec- April 21 and 22 at the Hotel Fort Des often lively and informative. Over the tions for the new IPS president-elect Moines in Des Moines, Iowa in con- last few years, we find this presentation were chosen and the election for the junction with a meeting of the Iowa approach to be very helpful in commu- treasurer position was held. The new Academy of Science (IAS). The meet- nicating the research findings and facil- President of the Iowa Physiological ing is held jointly with both organiza- itating discussion. Society is Piper Wall, Staff Scientist, tions in order to provide greater oppor- Through a generous Lectureship Surgical Education Department, Iowa tunities for scientific discussion, collab- Award from the American Methodist Hospital in Des Moines, IA oration and camaraderie. Additionally, Physiological Society, our meeting 50309; Email: [email protected]. Our because of the membership structure of highlight was the keynote presentation treasurer is Mark Chapleau, Internal these two organizations, this concurrent by Curt Sigmund, Associate Professor Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa meeting allows for teachers and from the Department of Internal City, IA 52242; Email: mark-chap- researchers at various educational levels Medicine and the Department of [email protected]. Our president-elect is (high school through university) to Physiology and Biophysics at the Thomas J. Schmidt, Professor, elaborate on the diversity of Iowa University of Iowa in Iowa City where Physiology and Biophysics, University research (anthropology through zoolo- he is also the Director of the of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Email: gy) and contemplate and coordinate like University’s Transgenic Animal [email protected]. research concerns, efforts and programs Facility. Sigmund presented his state- The sixth annual meeting of the IPS (evolution through murine genetics). As of-the-art lecture to an audience of 74 will again be held in conjunction with expected, our organizations have pros- on “Genetics and Physiology in Mice: A the 113th Annual Meeting of the Iowa pered scientifically in this joint effort. Perfect Marriage,” in which he touched Academy of Science and will take place Twelve posters were presented at this upon the basics and the complexities in April 20-21, 2001 at the Hotel Ft. Des year’s meeting, ranging in topic from the development of transgenic and Moines (http://www.hotelfortdm.com/) “VEGF Receptor Expression” to knock-out animal models used in his in Des Moines, IA. Our Scientific “Sympathetic Neuronal Actions of research program’s investigation of Sessions will be merged with those for Angiotensin” and “Clinical Use of such cardiovascular problems as blood- the 34th Annual Meeting of the Enalaprilat in Resuscitation.” Abstracts pressure control by the renin- Academy’s Physiology Section. There were made available on the IPS web site angiotensin system. Only a few days will be opportunity for both oral and prior to the meeting (http://www.the- prior to our chapter meeting, Sigmund poster papers. Further details will be aps.org/chapters/chp_iowa/iowa.htm). delivered the 2000 Bowditch Lecture at available in late 2000 and early 2001 on Previewing sessions of all posters were the American Physiological Society our chapter web site http://www.the- held on both days of the meeting with Meeting in San Diego, California. aps.org/chapters/chp_iowa/iowa.htm)❖ designated attendance times of each Separate business meetings of the IPS poster author in order to stimulate dis- and the Physiology Section of the IAS Luke H. Mortensen, Past President cussion. With a manageable 63 atten- were held on Saturday, April 22 (the Iowa Physiological Society dees at the formal section program on IPS President also serves as Chair of the [email protected] Saturday, April 22, authors were IAS Physiology Section) prior to the

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 433 Chapter News

Nebraska Physiological Society Holds Third Annual Meeting

The third annual meeting of the role of stem cells in neuroprotection. The poster session followed the local Nebraska Physiological Society was One of the major highlights of this talks and represented investigators from held on Friday, August 11, 2000 at the year’s meeting was two local talks on the Departments of Physiology and Storz Pavilion, Bishop Clarkson computerized physiology teaching, Biophysics, Pharmacology, OB/GYN Hospital in Omaha, Nebraska. Twenty- which started after a 30-minute coffee and Ophthalmology at the University of seven posters were presented. The inter- break. Michael D. Mann, Professor, Nebraska Medical Center, Department action was vigorous and information Department of Physiology and of Biomedical Sciences at Creighton exchange remained unabated. The Biophysics, discussed the advantages University School of Medicine, and the meeting started at 8:30 AM following a and limitations of web-based teaching University of Nebraska at Kearney. 30-minute breakfast period with a wel- and helped the audience understand Physiological topics included ion chan- come address by Irving H. Zucker, how to set up web-based teaching pro- nels, growth factors, hormone recep- President of the Society and a brief grams. Harold D. Schultz, Professor, tors, kinases, nitric oxide synthase, overview of the mission of the Society. Department of Physiology and cloning of genes involving heart, gener- He emphasized the importance of being Biophysics, demonstrated a computer- al and microcirculations, brain, kidney a part of the educational system in local based physiology laboratory exercise and gonads, and educational posters. colleges to attract more students and for medical students. He highlighted The interaction between people work- also to include more physiology teach- areas where human volunteers could be ing in different areas of the physiologi- ing related materials. Another theme used and where animal usage would cal sciences was excellent, and many was to include other physiological sci- still be preferable. Both of these talks graduate and postdoctoral students got ences in the agenda as focus areas. This went extremely well and the audience the opportunity to interact with each overview was followed by the introduc- had a good understanding of the other as well as with other investigators. tion of the keynote speaker, Richard processes involved in this type of peda- There were three exhibition booths set Traystman, Distinguished Professor and gogical endeavor. The discussion was up by North Central Instruments to Senior Vice Chairman, Department of outstanding. Several faculty felt that demonstrate various microscopes and Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins these talks should be presented at other other instruments, by AD Instruments University School of Medicine, and a groups associated with APS such as the demonstrating Powerlab for teaching former Council member of the Association of Chairs of Departments and laboratory research, and by Fisher American Physiological Society. of Physiology meeting. Because the Scientific highlighting various new Traystman’s visit was sponsored by the meeting is attended by physiologists products that are now being sold American Physiological Society. The from small and medium size colleges through Fisher with significant dis- title of Trystman’s talk was “Cerebral and universities, the education talks counts to the universities. The exhibits Ischemia: Mechanism of Injury and provided many with the opportunity to were helpful additions to the meeting Neuroprotection.” Traystman praised include such approaches in their teach- and gave participants a chance to inter- the formation of the Nebraska ing. act with the company representatives. Physiological Society and encouraged We were very grateful to these three people to participate to make a strong sponsors for this years meeting. Their local chapter. His talk highlighted the financial help allowed us defray some role of endocrine factors and stem cells, of the cost involved in arranging the among other things, in neuroprotection. annual meeting. We are also grateful to He summarized the effect of anesthetics the Department of Physiology and in neuroprotection and concluded that Biophysics, UNMC for sponsoring this anesthetics may not be major players. year’s meeting, and to Nebraska Health He discussed the potential role of super- System, Bishop Clarkson Hospital for oxides, phospholipases, neural growth allowing us to use the Storz pavilion factors, such as basic fibroblast growth free of charge which contributed to a factor and anti-neutrophil factor. He very successful meeting. highlighted the latest advances in gene Following the poster session, lunch manipulations to address neuroprotec- and the NPS business meeting were Irving Zucker and Richard Traystman tion by using knockout and transgenic held simultaneously to end the meeting at the Nebraska Physiological Society mice. He also indicated the potential in time. Zucker opened the business meeting.

434 The Physiologist Chapter News meeting. Traystman talked about the Dale Bergren, Associate Professor, cate them about various activities of the present status of the American Creighton University School of NPS members. Other proposals were to Physiological Society and its goals. He Medicine was elected as the council be involved with graduate recruiting at emphasized the need for physiologists member replacing Carmines, who state colleges, arrange joint meetings to support the APS by being active became president. The election was fol- with other local societies to make NPS members, i.e., taking active roles in var- lowed by the treasurer’s report. more visible. One of the major sugges- ious decision making and providing Shyamal K. Roy, Secretary and tions was to recognize the best posters new ideas, and publishing their best Treasurer presented the current finan- at the meeting and provide awards papers in the society’s journals. He cial status of the NPS. The financial sit- towards attending a major meeting. This mentioned that the impact factor for uation of the NPS has improved signifi- category would include graduate stu- various APS journals would be cantly since the last year with three dents, postdoctoral fellows, and young improved by separating each section of sponsors for this year’s meeting. This investigators. A proposal was made to the American Journal of Physiology was the first year that NPS budget start- set up awards for teachers in undergrad- from the combined journal. ISI has now ed with a surplus and ended with an uate colleges who are involved in phys- agreed to do this. APS is improving its additional surplus. Roy emphasized that iology research; the idea was to entice scientific programs by including more more needs to be done to further them to become a member of the NPS. plenary lectures and mini-symposia on improve the budgetary condition and Further, development of a liaison state-of the art research. Traystman some ideas were to attract more compa- between the American Physiological mentioned various opportunities in the nies, such as publishers of physiology Society and university administration, APS and encouraged people to avail textbooks and biotech companies. On such as the Dean and Chancellor, was themselves of some of the benefits that behalf of the NPS, Roy thanked all also proposed. There was some discus- the Society offers. He also mentioned three sponsors for providing financial sion but members were encouraged to that APS has launched a new journal help and the Department of Physiology pass their opinions to the new president entitled Physiological Genomics and for supporting the abstract booklet. and to develop a forum. made members aware of the fact that There was no more discussion and the In the final phase of the meeting, molecular approaches will play a major treasurer’s report was unanimously Traystman talked about the current sta- role in future research in physiology. accepted by the members. There was no tus of animal research in the US and The new strategic plan for APS will be discussion about a future meeting place. alerted members about various activi- published in The Physiologist. The next In the next order of business, Zucker ties of the opposition groups. He elabo- order of business was the election of elaborated on the future goals of the rated on the seriousness of their officers for NPS. Pamela Carmines, NPS. He suggested formulating a list of approach and requested members not to Professor, Department of Physiology speakers who can give talks in local give any opportunity to those groups for and Biophysics, UNMC replaced Irving schools and colleges on various topics any adverse impact. There were some Zucker as the president for the next of physiology to attract students into discussion. Following Traystman’s talk year. Nominations were sought for the physiology careers. He also proposed there was no more business and the president-elect and council members. for members to get involved in career meeting was adjourned at 3:32 PM. David Petzel, Professor, Creighton days, give scientific talks and judge sci- University School of Medicine, was ence fair projects in various elementary Shyamal K. Roy, PhD nominated as the President-elect and and high school. This approach is to Secretary-Treasurer of the NPS unanimously elected. Nominations for motivate young minds to choose a the council member were sought and career in physiology as well as to edu- Did you as an APS Member, you can purchase all 15 APS online journals know. . . for only $49.50 a year? Call: 301-530-7180 Name Fax: 301-571-8313 Credit Card Order Only Institution Email: [email protected] Address Web: www.faseb.org/aps City/State/Province Mail: The American Physiological Society Zip or Postal Code 9650 Rockville Pike Phone Fax Bethesda, MD 20814-3991 (USA) Email

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 435 Career Report

Women Make Significant Gains in Science and Engineering Fields; Minorities Show Limited Progress Women are more likely than men to S&E doctorates was only 34.3%, and Hispanics and 155 by Native graduate from high school, to enroll in when the social and behavioral sciences Americans. The figures are more dismal college, and to graduate from college. are excluded, their proportion drops at the doctoral level. In 1998, of the In addition, they are making inroads even more. 18,125 S&E doctorates awarded to US into men’s dominance of science and The gains by the underrepresented citizens and permanent residents, engineering careers, according to the minority groups (African Americans, African Americans earned 3.5% (639) latest compendium of education, Hispanics, and Native Americans) have of the S&E doctorates, Hispanics employment, and demographic data, not been as substantial as those evi- earned 4.1% (752), and Native Professional Women and Minorities, denced by women. At the baccalaureate Americans 0.5% (96). In contrast, Asian published by the Washington, DC-based level, African Americans saw their pro- Americans earned 11.8% (2,140). Commission on Professionals in portion of S&E degrees grow slightly Women also have made great inroads Science and Technology. In 1997, from 5.5% in 1990 to 7.7% in 1997, toward preparing for careers in medical- women comprised 56% of undergradu- while Hispanics increased their propor- ly related fields and law. In just 20 ate enrollment and earned nearly 56% tion from 4.2% to 6.4% and Native years, from 1977 to 1997, women of the 1,186,589 baccalaureates award- Americans from 0.4% to 0.6% in the entered these areas in such numbers that ed. same time period. Asian Americans they now receive a majority of the The 13th edition of this compendium increased their proportion from 3.7% to degrees awarded in optometry, veteri- compiles in tables and charts data that 5.9% during the 1990-1997 time frame. nary medicine and pharmacy. They are trace the gains made by women and These small gains made by underrep- approaching parity in medicine, earning members of minority groups and shows resented minorities at the baccalaureate 41.7% of the degrees awarded in 1997 the shortfalls of these groups, particu- level translate into even smaller gains at and in law, earning 43.7%. larly in science and engineering (S&E) the graduate levels. By 1997, of the sci- Not surprisingly, women and minori- fields, as they move toward parity in ence and engineering master’s degrees ties comprise a smaller proportion of these fields. Specifically the report awarded, African Americans earned the S&E workforce than they do of finds: 5.7%, Hispanics earned 4.3%, and S&E degree recipients. In 1997, women In the S&E fields, women have near- Native Americans, 0.5%. In absolute earned 48% of the bachelor’s degrees in ly doubled their proportion of earned numbers, these percentages translate science and engineering, 43% of the baccalaureates over the last 30 years. In into 2,200 S&E master’s degrees earned master’s degrees and 34% of the PhDs. 1967, they earned slightly over 25% of by African Americans, 1,306 by However, they made up only 23% of the S&E baccalaureates; by 1997, they earned 48%. In the natural sciences, Table 1. Women as a Proportion of the S&E Labor Force by Women as a Proportion of the S&E Labor Force by Occupation, 1997 which includes the physical, math, Occupation, 1997 70 70 computer, environmental and life sci- 63.9 ences, women’s proportion of earned 60 60 baccalaureates was less—37% in 1997 52.5 50 50 —but up from 17% 30 years earlier. 42.8 At the master’s level, women have 40 40 35.8 been slowly increasing their proportion- 27.5 al advantage over their male counter- 30 30 23 23 parts: from 1982, when they first became a majority by earning 50.3% of 20 20 all master’s degrees granted, to 1997 8.80 10 10 when they earned nearly 57%. 0 0 However, in the S&E fields, women are Engineering Psychology Social Sciences Physical Biological Mathematical Computer/Info Total S&E still a minority at the master’s level, Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Workforce earning 41.5%. At the PhD level, while women Engineering Psychology Social Sciences earned nearly 42% of the doctorates Physical Sciences Biological Sciences awarded in 1998, their proportion of Total S&E Workforce Mathematical SciencesComputer/Info Sciences

436 The Physiologist Career Report

S&E labor force in 1997, and that pro- comprising 83.5% in 1997. Washington, DC 20005. These data portion varied widely by occupation as The 13th edition of Professional tables, along with salary data, and shown in the accompanying chart. Women and Minorities: A Total CPST Comments excerpts soon will be Despite some progress by minorities Human Resources Data Compendium available online to CPST members and in preparing for careers in science and is available for $125 (nonmember) or affiliates through the Commission’s engineering, whites continue to be the $100 (member) prepaid from the CPST, new S&E human resources database at major group of the S&E labor force, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Suite 390, http://www.cpst.org. ❖

Deadlliines!! Deadlliines!! The APS sponsored awards are plentiful, but in order to be considered, don’t forget to submit the application information before the deadline! Award Next Deadlineline Research Career Enhancement Awards October 15 Teaching Career Enhancement Awards October 15 Shih-Chun Wang Young Investigator Award November 1 Arthur C. Guyton Awards in Integrative Physiology November 1 Giles F. Filley Memorial Awards for Excellence in Respiratory Physiology and Medicine November 1 Lazaro J. Mandel Young Investigator Award November 1 Procter & Gamble Professional Opportunity Awards November 6 Caroline tum Suden/Francis A. Hellebrandt Professional Opportunity Awards November 6 Liaison With Industry Award for Novel Disease Models November 6 NIDDK Travel Fellowships for Minority Physiologists for EB Meeting November 13 John F. Perkins, Jr., Memorial Fellowships November 15 Orr E. Reynolds History Award December 1 William T. Porter Fellowship Awards January 15 APS Postdoctoral Fellowship in Physiological Genomics January 15 AAAS Mass Media Science and Engineering Fellowship January 15 John F. Perkins, Jr., Memorial Fellowships May 15 William T. Porter Fellowship Award July 15

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 437 APS Awards

The following APS Awards are avail- Manuscripts will be evaluated by a The awards can be used to support able to the membership. For mor infor- Society Awards committee consisting of short-term visits to other laboratories to mation and applications, please see the three members of APS appointed annu- acquire new skills and to support atten- APS web site (http://www.the- ally by Council in consultation with the dance at courses devoted primarily to aps.org/awards.htm.) chair of the History of Physiology methodologies appropriate for both new Group. At least one member will be a investigators and more senior investiga- Ray G. Daggs Award professional historian. tors entering a new field of research. This annual award is presented to a Manuscripts should conform to the Members in good standing interested physiologist who is judged to have pro- style used in APS journals. Manuscripts in applying should submit an applica- vided distinguished service to the sci- should be sent to the Orr E. Reynolds tion including a curriculum vitae, justi- ence of physiology and APS. Selection Award, American Physiological fication for an award, description of is made by Daggs Award Committee. Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, enhancement activity and current The recipient receives an honorari- MD 20814-3991, by December 1. The research program, and anticipated um of $500, a plaque, and expenses to award will be presented at the Society budget for the proposed program of participate in the EB meeting. The Business Meeting. enhancement. The applicant must also Award is presented at the Society include a letter of support either from Business Meeting. G. Edgar Folk, Jr., Senior his/her department chair, laboratory Physiologist Award host, or other appropriate individual. Orr E. Reynolds HistoryAward The G. Edgar Folk, Jr., Senior Deadline: December 1 Physiologist Fund has been set up Teaching Career Enhancement The Orr E. Reynolds History Award through the generosity of family and Awards is given annually by APS for the best former graduate students and postdoc- Deadlines: April 15 and October 15 historical article submitted by a mem- toral fellows to provide assistance to The Teaching Career Enhancement ber of the Society. senior physiolo-gists, 70 years or older, Awards are designed to enhance the Articles may deal with any aspect of who no longer have grant funds avail- career potential of regular members. the history of physiology, including the able to them. The awards, in the amount The awards provide up to $4,000 to development of physiological ideas and of $500, might be used for such pur- develop innovative and potentially their application, instrumentation, indi- poses as attending an APS meeting to widely applicable programs for teach- vidual and collective biography, depart- present a paper, engag-ing in a series of ing and learning physiology. mental and institutional history, history modest experiments, or completing a The awards can be used to support of societies including APS, and physiol- manuscript. Recipients will be selected short-term visits to other schools to ogy in its public context. Manuscripts with the assistance of the Senior consult with experts who can assist with should represent original research and Physiologists Committee. Names of the project or attendance to courses on be adequately documented. Articles awardees will not be made public. methodologies appropriate for the edu- published in APS journals or books dur- When the award was established, it was cational development project. ing the prior calendar year are also eli- for the Senior Physiologists Committee Regular members in good standing gible for the award upon request by the “to have fun assisting colleagues and may submit an application form includ- author(s). The award is open to all APS for Emeritus APS members to keep in ing: 1) a 2-page description of the pro- members except those holding closer touch with APS.” posed project, including the aim, the educational problem that the project is advanced degrees in the history of sci- Research Career ence and medicine. A member may designed to ameliorate, identification of receive the award only once. Enhancement Awards the innovative aspects, a plan to evalu- The awardee will receive $500 plus Deadlines: April 15 and October 15 ate the educational outcomes, and the expenses to attend the annual spring EB The APS Career Enhancement kinds and sources of expertise needed meeting. If the awardee wishes, and Awards are designed to enhance the by the to carry out the project; 2) an there is a suitable place on the program, career potential of APS members. The anticipated budget with justification for an oral presentation will be made at the awards provide up to $4,000 for indi- fund requests; 3) a letter of support EB meeting or a subsequent conference viduals in the early phases of their from the applicant's department chair or at the beginning or an appropriate scien- careers to obtain special training and in other appropriate individual; 4) letters tific session. It is hoped that, after the later phases of their careers todevel- of agreement from individual or depart- appropriate peer review, the article will op new skills and to retrain in areas of mental hosts of schools to be visited; 5) be published in one of the APS journals. developing interests. description or outline of courses to be

438 The Physiologist APS Awards attended; and 6) a brief curriculum vitae Arthur C. Guyton Awards higher than assistant professor. The focused on activities and achievements for Excellence in Integrative award is $12,000 and is for the use of related to education. Physiology the awardee in his/her research pro- Successful applicants are expected to gram. The award does not include any Deadline: November 1 report, in print or at a physiology con- indirect cost reimbursement. ference, a description of the project and The Arthur C. Guyton Fund was its evaluation. Awardees are encour- established in to recognize Guyton's contributions and interests in feedback, Lazaro J. Mandel Young aged to submit reports for publication in Investigator Award Advances in Physiology Education. modeling, and integrative physiology. The awards are made to independent Deadline: November 1 Giles F. Filley Memorial investigators, who hold an academic The Lazaro J. Mandel Young rank no higher than assistant professor, Investigator Award was established in Awards for Excellence and are pursuing research that utilizes 1999 in memory of Lazaro J. Mandel, in Respiratory Physiology integrative approaches to the study of professor of physiology at Duke and Medicine physiological function and explores the University and long-standing APS Deadline: November 1 role of feedback regulation in physio- member. The Mandel Young The Giles F. Filley Memorial Fund logical function. Investigator Award will be made annu- was established to recognize excellence An unrestricted $15,000 award is des- ally to an individual demonstrating out- in respiratory physiology and medicine. ignated for the use of the awardees in standing promise based on his/her The awards are made to investigators their research programs. Awards do not research program in epithelial or renal holding an academic rank no higher include any indirect cost reimburse- physiology. Applications will be accept- than assistant professor and are pursu- ment. Applications are accepted from ed from members of APS working with- ing research in respiratory physiology regular members of APS. in the United States and holding an aca- and medicine. Each award is for The awards will be announced dur- demic rank no higher than assistant pro- approximately $25,000 and is designat- ing the APS Business Meeting held at fessor. The award is for $12,000 and is ed for awardee’s use in his/her research the Experimental Biology meeting. The designated for the use of the awardee in program. Awards do not include any recipients receive reimbursement for his/her research program. The award indirect cost reimbursement. their expenses to attend the meeting and does not include any indirect cost reim- Awards will be made annually to a certificates recognizing their designa- bursement. The first Mandel Award will individuals demonstrating outstanding tion as Arthur C. Guyton Awardees. be presented at the EB 2000 meeting. promise based on his/her research pro- gram in respiratory physiology and Shih-Chun Wang Young John F. Perkins, Jr., Memorial medicine. Applications will be accepted Investigator Award Fellowships from members of APS working within Deadline: November 1 Deadlines: May 15 and November 15 the US, reflecting Giles F. Filley’s con- The Shih-Chun Wang Memorial Fund APS invites applications for the John tributions to the national research com- was established in 1998 in memory of F. Perkins, Jr., Memorial Fellowships. munity through his membership in APS. Shih-Chun Wang, the Pfeiffer Professor The Perkins Fellowships are designed Because of Filley’s long association of Pharmacology at Columbia primarily to provide supplementary with the University of Colorado, University and a long-standing member support to foreign physiologists who Denver, preference for one award, on a of The American Physiological Society. have already arranged for fellowships competitive basis, will be given to indi- Wang was internationally recognized or sabbatical leave to carry on scientific viduals affiliated with that institution. for his research contributions in the work in the United States. The awards will be announced dur- areas of neurophysiology and neu- The supplementary support is intend- ing the APS Business Meeting held at ropharmacology with an emphasis on ed to help foreign scientists bring their the EB meeting and at the Respiration brain stem control mechanisms. The families to the United States and thus Section dinner. The recipients receive Award will be made annually to an indi- enable them to take fullest advantage of reimbursement for their expenses to vidual demonstrating outstanding other cultural benefits inherent in inter- attend the meeting and a plaque recog- promise based on his/her research pro- national exchange. Preference will be nizing their designation at Giles F. Fil- gram in the physiological sciences. given to physiologists working in the ley Awardees. The awardees are select- Applications will be accepted from APS fields of respiratory physiology, neuro- ed by a committee composed of mem- members working within the United physiology, and temperature regu- bers of the APS Respiration Section. States and holding an academic rank no lation. Applications from scientists in

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 439 APS Awards developing countries will also be given training of talented students entering a should also include a statement of cur- special attention. career in physiology and to provide pre- rent and pending support. Application should be made by both doctoral fellowships for minority stu- the visiting scientist and his/her host. To dents, postdoctoral fellowships, and Caroline tum Suden/ Frances qualify, the host must be a member of limited sabbatical leave aid for faculty A. Hellebrandt Professional the APS. The application should contain members of predominantly black Opportunity Awards an account of these arrangements with a schools who wish to update their exper- brief description of the proposed scien- tise in physiology. In addition, funds Deadline: November 6 tific work and an account of how visi- have been made available to lecture- The APS Caroline tum Suden tors and their families intend to make ships and laboratory equipment to Professional Opportunity Awards use of cultural opportunities during develop teaching consortia linking pre- ($500, complimentary registration, and their stay. Deadlines for receipt of dominantly black colleges with medical placement service fees) are granted to applications are May 1 and November schools in the same area. Summer as many as 30 graduate students or post- 1. Applications are available from the research fellowships are also awarded doctoral fellows who present a con- Executive Director, American Phys- for minority undergraduate opportuni- tributed paper at the EB meeting. iological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, ties for physiological research. Candidates must be the first author of Bethesda, MD 20814-3991, USA. The recipients receive stipends, and an abstract submitted to APS. An an allowance is given to the training accompanying letter, signed by the APS Postdoctoral Fellowship department or laboratory where the sponsor of the abstract, must contain 1) in Physiological Genomics recipient will work. certification that the author is a student Deadline: January 15 or postdoctoral fellow and 2) the The APS, initially in collaboration with Minority Travel Fellowship approximate date the nominee will be available for employment. Applicants Genentech, Inc., designed a postdoctor- Awards al fellowship program to promote must also submit a one-page letter stat- Deadline: November 13 careers in mammalian organ system ing his/her research goals, role in their NIDDK Travel Fellowships for physiology. In 1993, the APS-Genen- research, and reasons why he/she is Minority Physiologists are open to tech Postdoctoral Fellowship was estab- deserving of the award. Awardees are under-represented minorities who are lished in recognition of the fact that notified by the Womens Committee advanced undergraduate, predoctoral, many advances in cell and molecular prior to March 1 and presented with and postdoctoral scientists, including will ultimately require an understanding their awards during the APS Business students, who have obtained their in the context of the organism, and spe- Meeting. undergraduate education in Minority cial training will be needed to conduct Biomedical Research Programs and this type of research. A central criterion Novel Disease Model Award MARC-eligible institutions, as well as is that the postdoctoral project uses the Deadline: November 6 students in the APS Porter Development tools of cellular and molecular biology Novel Disease Model Award Program. Applications may also be sub- in the setting of the whole animal. In ($500/graduate student, $800/postdoc- mitted by minority faculty members at 1996, APS made the commitment to toral fellow) will be granted to the grad- the above institutions. Funds will pro- continue supporting the Fellowship uate student and postdoctoral fellow vide transportation, meals, and lodging without the support of Genentech. submitting the best abstracts describing to attend the annual spring Candidates must identify a labora- a novel disease model. The model can Experimental Biology meeting. The tory and sponsor under whose supervi- be cellular or in vivo but should clearly specific intent of this award is to sion a project in mammalian organ sys- emphasize the potential utility of the increase participation of the pre- and tem physiology and molecular biology system for future research related to a postdoctoral minority students in physi- can be combined. The award is for a disease process. This award is spon- ological sciences. Applicants need not two-year period and includes an annual sored by the Liaison with Industry be members of the APS but should be stipend ($30,000) and a trainee Committee. A copy of the submitted US citizens or hold permanent resident allowance of $3,500. abstract, accompanied by the signed visas. With the application form, candi- Two awards are made per year. and completed Award Certification dates should include 1) a brief curricu- Form should be sent to: Linda Allen, William T. Porter lum vitae; 2) a letter of recommenda- Membership Services, American Fellowship Awards tion from the applicant’s advisor; and 3) Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Deadlines: January 15 and July 15 an estimate of required travel and per Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3991 This award is designed to support the diem expenses. Faculty applicants

440 The Physiologist APS Awards to arrive on or before November 8, Media Science and Engineering fellow student of physiology or a related disci- 2000. who will spend 10 weeks over the sum- pline. Awards are announced during the mer working for a newspaper, maga- The fellowship will include expenses APS Business Meeting held at the zine, radio or television newsroom. The for traveling to sessions and the job site Experimental Biology meeting. program includes a one-week orienta- as well as a weekly stipend based on the tion in Washington, DC to help fellows local cost of living. ❖ AAAS Mass Media Science develop their ability to communicate and Engineering Fellowship complex scientific issues to nonscien- Deadline: January 15 tists. Applicants must be currently APS will sponsor an AAAS Mass enrolled as a graduate or postgraduate

Section Awards

Distinguished Lectureship • Carl Ludwig Distinguished Awardees are selected by the follow- Awards Lectureship of the Neural Control and ing sections of APS: Cardiovascular, The 12 Distinguished Lectureship Autonomic Regulation Section Cell & Molecular Physiology, Central Awards are named after outstanding • Carl W. Gottschalk Distinguished Nervous System, Comparative contributors to the disciplinary areas of Lectureship of the Renal Section Physiology, Endocrinology & physiology. The recipient is chosen by • Julius H. Comroe, Jr., Distinguished Metabolism, Environmental & Exercise the section as a representative of the Lectureship of the Respiration Section Physiology, Gastrointestinal, Neural best within the discipline. The annual • Claude Bernard Distinguished Control & Autonomic Regulation, lecture is presented at the EB meeting. Lectureship of the Teaching of Renal, Respiration, Teaching of Each recipient receives an honorarium Physiology Section Physiology, and Water & Electrolyte of $1,000 and up to $2,000 to cover • Ernest H. Starling Distinguished Homeostasis. travel expenses. Lectureship of the Water and The 12 named Lectureships are: Electrolyte Homeostasis Section. Cardiovascular Deadline: November 30 • Robert M. Berne Distinguished Procter & Gamble Lectureship of the Cardiovascular The Young Investigator Award is Section Professional Opportunity intended for members, but not necessar- • Hugh Davson Distinguished Awards ily fellows, of the Cardiovascular Lectureship of the Cell and Molecular Deadline: November 6 Section of the American Physiological Physiology Section The Procter & Gamble Professional Society who have received a PhD or • Joseph Erlanger Distinguished Opportunity Awards (providing $500 MD degree with an academic rank or Lectureship of the Central Nervous and complimentary registration for the equivalent not higher than that of System Section EB meeting) are granted to at least 17 Assistant Professor who have already • August Krogh Distinguished predoctoral students who present a con- made a substantive independent contri- Lectureship of the Comparative tributed paper at the meeting. bution and hold future promise but are Physiology Section Candidates must be the first author of not, as yet, well established. The nomi- • Solomon A. Berson Distinguished an abstract submitted to APS and with- nation package, to be sent to the Chair Lectureship of the Endocrinology and in 12-18 months of completing his/her of the Awards Committee of the APS Metabolism Section PhD degree. All recipients must be US CV Section, should consist of a letter of • Edward F. Adolph Distinguished citizens or hold a permanent resident nomination, a seconding letter (prefer- Lectureship of the Environmental and visa. An accompanying form, signed by ably from someone outside the nomi- Exercise Physiology Section the sponsor of the abstract, must contain nee’s institution), and a CV of the can- • Horace W. Davenport Distinguished 1) certification that the author is a pre- didate. Lectureship of the Gastrointestinal doctoral student and 2) the approximate The Berne Distinguished Lectureship Section date of degree completion. Award is presented to a scientist who is

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 441 Section Awards a Fellow of the Cardiovascular Section awarded. Eligible individuals are Section Banquet at the EB meeting. of the American Physiological Society, requested to email a copy of their sub- Applicants must complete the Student who has made outstanding prior contri- mitted abstract to the Chair of the Award Certificate form and have the butions to cardiovascular research, and Awards Committee of the APS CV mentor submit a brief (e.g. half page) whose current research is particularly Section to arrive by November 30. letter describing why the trainee is interesting, such that the presentation of deserving of the award. Fax a copy of this work would be expected to further Cell and Molecular Physiology the submitted abstract, the Student interest in the CV Section meeting. This Award Certification form, and letter to Deadline: February 21, 2001 award is in honor of one of the most dis- Dr. Marshall Montrose: 317-278-3840. The Cell and Molecular Physiology tinguished members of teh Student Awards ($300) are available for Cardiovascular Section, Robert M. up to two pre-doctoral candidates, Central Nervous System Berne. The nomination package, to be depending on applicant pool. One The Central Nervous System (CNS) sent to the Chair of the Awards award will be given for work done Section of the APS will provide at least Committee of the APS CV Section, while enrolled as a medical or graduate two awards ($500 each) for recognition should conisist of a letter of nomina- (doctoral or masters) student. A second of meritorious research by young inves- tion, one or more seconding letters award is reserved for undergraduate tigators who participate in the annual (preferably from someone outside of researchers. Applicants must be first Experimental Biology Meeting. To the nominee’s institution), and a CV of author on an abstract submitted to the qualify for this award, the applicant the candidate. Experimental Biology meeting. The must have received a PhD or other pro- The Wiggers Award is presented to a student or their mentor must be a mem- fessional degree within the past 10 scientist who is a Fellow of the ber in good standing of the APS, with a years and must present a poster or talk Cardiovascular Section of the American primary affiliation in the Cell and at the EB meeting. The subject matter Physiological Society, who has made Molecular Physiology section. of this presentation can by any topic oustanding and lasting contributions Members of the CAMP Steering related to the central or peripheral nerv- throughout their career to cardiovascu- Committee will review all applications. ous system. Applications will be lar research, and who will bring broad- Winners will be announced, and awards reviewed and rated by the CNS Section er and more international representation presented, at the Cell and Molecular Awards Committee. To apply for this to the CV Section meetings. This award Section Banquet at the EB meeting. award, please submit four copies of the is in honor of the Cardiovascular Applicants must complete the Student submitted abstract (or a paragraph Section’s founder, Carl J. Wiggers. The Award Certificate form and have the describing your research if it is to be nomination package, to be sent to the mentor submit a brief (e.g. half page) presented in a symposium) and a note Chair of the Award Committee of the letter describing why the trainee is indicating the year you received your APS CV Section, should consist of a deserving of the award. Fax a copy of degree, your current position, and letter of nomination, one or more sec- the submitted abstract, the Student whether you are a member of the APS. onding letters (preferably from some- Award Certification form, and letter to Membership in the APS is not required one outside of the nominee’s institu- Dr. Marshall Montrose: 317-278-3840. . but is highly recommended. Mail these tion), and a CV of the candidate. The Cell and Molecular Physiology items by January 31, 2001 to the Chair The Young Investigator Travel Award Young Investigator Awards ($500) will of the CNS Section Steering is designed to entice submission of be given to two successful candidates Committee: Susan Barman, Department abstracts to the Experimental Biology for work performed while in the first of Pharmacology & Toxicology, meetings from junior investigators and through third postdoctoral year or med- Michigan State University, East to aid them in their travel expenses. To ical residency. Applicants must be first Lansing, MI 48824-1317. be eligible, the investigator must be author on an abstract submitted to the The Van Harreveld Memorial Award within ten yers of receiving his/her PhD Experimental Biology meeting. The ($250) will be presented by the CNS or MD degree and have submitted a trainee or their mentor must be a mem- Section to recognize outstanding first-authored abstract to a ber in good standing of the APS, with a research in neuroscience by a graduate Cardiovascular Section topic category. primary affiliation in the Cell and student or postdoctoral fellow. The Abstracts from eligible individuals will Molecular Physiology section. recipient must be first author on an be judged by the Cardiovascular Members of the CAMP Steering abstract presented at the meeting. Mail Section Awards Committee and a total Committee will review all applications. copy of the submitted abstract and the of up to nine each year that are judged Winners will be announced, and awards completed APS Award Certification to be the most mertorious will be presented, at the Cell and Molecular Form to Linda Allen, Membership

442 The Physiologist Section Awards

Services, APS, 9650 Rockville Pike, doctoral fellow who presents the best The EEP Honor Award is presented to Bethesda, MD 20814-3991. Deadline abstract for research in the area of a current or retired primary member of for application is November 6, 2000. endocrinology and metabolism at the the Section whose research has made Experimental Biology Meeting. significant contributions to the advance- Comparative Physiology Applicants must be first author on a ment of environmental, exercise, or The Comparative Physiology submitted abstract and should mail a thermal physiology. Recognition Section Scholander Award (provides copy of the abstract, the completed includes members whose teaching, $200 and a certificate) will be presented Award Certification Form, and a letter mentoring, and service endeavors have to an outstanding young investigator from the sponsor of the abstract indicat- enhanced the functions of the Section presenting a paper in the “Scholander ing the training status of the individual while promoting the Society’s objec- Award” session. Applicants must sub- to: Linda Allen, Membership Services, tives. The recipient will receive a mit their abstract to the “Scholander A.P.S. 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, plaque, a check for $1000, reimburse- Award Session” topic category, be first MD 20814-3991. Abstracts will be ment of their registration fee, and the author on the abstract and not more than judged for scientific content by a com- opportunity to be the featured speaker at five years past the highest degree. Mail mittee comprised of the E&M Section the Awards Banquet of the Section. a copy of your abstract submission and members. The successful candidate will The Gatorade Beginning the completed APS Award Certification be notified approximately 30 days prior Investigator Award is presented to a Form to Linda Allen, Membership to the Experimental Biology Meeting post-doctoral fellow or its equivalent Services, APS, 9650 Rockville Pike, and will be presented the award during whose investigation in either environ- Bethesda, MD 20814-3991. Deadline the Endocrinology & Metabolism mental, exercise, or thermal physiology for applications is November 6, 2000. Section Business Meeting. Deadline for has been designated by the Steering The Young Investigator Award application is November 6, 2000. Committee as an outstanding example ($500) will provide three travel awards The Endocrinology & Metabolism of experimental research. The recipient for recognition of meritorious research Section Young Investigator Award must be first author on a submitted by young investigators who participate ($500) is presented to one or more pre- abstract to the EEP Section, answer a in the annual Experimental Biology doctoral graduate students whose inves- questionnaire from the Steering meeting. Candidates must have com- tigations in endocrinology and metabo- Committee, have received their pleted their PhD within the past ten lism physiology has been designated by advanced degree within four years of years, be a member of APS, and must the Steering Committee as being an the date of the abstract deadline, and be present a talk or poster at the EB meet- example of meritorious research. The present at the Awards Banquet. The ing. The subject matter can be any topic recipient must be first author on a sub- awardee will receive a certificate, a that deals with comparative physiology. mitted abstract to the Endocrinology & check for $650, and reimbursement of Applicants should submit their abstract, Metabolism Section (see Physiology the registration fee. a one-page CV, and a one-page summa- topic category list under the heading The Gatorade Young Investigator ry of research accomplishments and "Endocrinology & Metabolism Award is presented to a pre-doctoral goals via email to David H. Evans, Section"), and be certified by his/her graduate student whose investigation in Chair of the Comparative Section advisor as being eligible for such an either environmental, exercise, or ther- ([email protected]) by January 15, award. A copy of your abstract submis- mal physiology has been designated by 2001 for review by the section Steering sion and a completed APS Award the Steering Committee as an outstand- Committee. The winners will be noti- Certification Form should be mailed to: ing example of experimental research. fied by email by February 15, 2001, and Linda Allen, Membership Services, The recipient must be first author on a the award will be presented at the 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD submitted abstract to the EEP Section, Business Meeting of the Section during 20814-3991. Deadline for application is certified by his/her advisor as being eli- the EB meeting. November 6, 2000. gible for such an award, answer a ques- tionnaire from the Steering Committee, Endocrinology and Environmental and one who has not received an advanced Metabolism Exercise Physiology degree at the date of the abstract dead- Research Award of the The Environmental and Exercise line, and be present at the Awards Endocrinology and Metabolism Section Physiology Section (EEP) presents the Banquet. The awardee will receive a (certificate plus cash prize, depending following awards at its Business certificate, a check for $500, and reim- on funds available) is intended to recog- Meeting or Awards Banquet during the bursement of the registration fee. nize graduate student, resident or post- Experimental Biology Convention. The EEP Recognition Award is pre-

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 443 Section Awards sented to one or more pre-doctoral grad- Control and Autonomic Regulation Committee, Dr. William Talman, uate students whose investigations in Section ($500) is sponsored by Merck Professor, Department of Neurology, either environmental, exercise, or ther- & Co. recognizes a promising young University of Iowa Hospital, 200 mal physiology has been designated by investigator who has made a significant Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242- the Steering Committee as being an research contribution to the understand- 1053. The abstracts will be judged by example of meritorious experimental ing of neural control and autonomic the NCAR Steering Committee and the research. The recipient must be first regulation. The award is open to gradu- most meritorious applications will be author on a submitted abstract to the ate students (post-candidacy exams), awarded. EEP Section, and be certified by his/her postdoctoral fellows, and clinical fel- advisor as being eligible for such an lows who present and are first author on Renal award. The awardee will receive a cer- an abstract at Experimental Biology. The Aventis Pharmaceutical tificate and a check for $500. Either the applicant or the abstract Excellence in Renal Research Awards sponsor must be a member of APS. are sponsored by Hoechst Marion Gastrointestinal Applicants must mail a copy of the sub- Roussel and are designed to promote The Gastrointestinal Physiology mitted abstract; the completed APS and develop excellence in research per- Section Student Prize ($500) is Award Certification Form; a list of pub- taining to molecular, cellular, or organ designed to challenge and reward lications; a one-page summary and mechanisms involving the kidney. trainees who are engaged in gastroin- evaluation of research contributions, Awards are presented to two categories testinal research. Two awards will be written by the applicant and; a cover let- of students: predoctoral students made at the Experimental Biology ter signed by both the applicant and (including graduate students and med- Meeting. One will be given for work sponsor indicating the date, or expected ical students) and postdoctoral fellows. done while enrolled as a doctoral or date, of highest degree. The deadline Award recipients must be first authors medical student. A second award will for receipt of applications is on an abstract submitted to Renal and be given for work performed during the December 30, 2000. Send applications Electrolyte Physiology for program- first through third postdoctoral years or to Linda Allen, Membership Services, ming at the EB meeting. Prior to the during a medical residency. In order to APS, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, meeting, a first level of evaluation is be considered, the applicant must be Maryland 20814-3991. conducted based on the submitted first author on an abstract submitted for The Neural Control and Autonomic abstract A subset of abstracts are further the meeting and either the applicant or Regulation (NCAR) Young Investigator judged during oral presentation at the sponsor must be a member of APS. A Awards will provide travel support meeting. Award winners are announced copy of the abstract, accompanied by ($500) to junior investigators to present at the annual renal dinner held in con- the signed and completed APS Award meritorious research at the annual junction with the meeting and are pre- Certification Form should be sent to: Experimental Biology meeting. To be sented with a cash prize. Linda Allen, APS, 9650 Rockville Pike, eligible, the investigator must have The Young Investigator Award for Bethesda, MD 20814-3991 to arrive on PhD, MD or other professional degree Excellence in Renal Phyisology recog- or before January 15, 2001. with an academic rank or equivalent not nizes an outstanding young investigator The Abbott Distinguished Research higher than that of Assistant Professor working in any area of renal physiology. Award for Excellence in and conduct either basic or clinical Nominees must be less than 41 years Gastrointestinal Research recognizes research in a field of neural control and old as of the date of the renal dinner or scientists who have carried out highly autonomic regulation. Junior faculty less than 15 years beyond receipt of meritorious research in gastrointestinal members are particularly encouraged to their first doctoral degree. or liver physiology. The recipient apply for this award. To apply, the The Robert W. Berliner Award for receives a commemorative plaque, a investigator must submit a first- Excellence in Renal Physiology, spon- $500 award and presents an award lec- authored abstract to any appropriate sored by Abbott Laboratories, is given ture at the section’s annual business neural control topic of the Experimental to an outstanding senior researcher and meeting/reception that occurs during Biology meeting. Award criteria will be educator in renal physiology. Experimental Biology. based on current work reflected in the abstract and overall contributions to the Teaching of Physiology field. A copy of the abstract and a CV Neural Control and The Teaching of Physiology Section from the investigator must be mailed by Autonomic Regulation sponsors the Arthur C. Guyton January 31, 2001 to the Member-at- Physiology Teacher of the Year Award. The Michael J. Brody Young Large of the NCAR Steering Investigator Award of the APS Neural The award is sponsored by the W. B.

444 The Physiologist Section Awards

Saunders Company. Nominees must be about criteria for excellence in poster careers in regulatory and integrative full-time faculty members of accredited presentations.) To qualify for this physiology. The award is presented colleges or universities and members of award, the applicant must be first author annually at the business luncheon of the APS. They must be involved in class- on the poster, and age 40 or under or Water and Electrolyte Homeostasis room teaching and not exclusively within ten years of receiving the PhD or Section to a young investigator (<40 teaching graduate students in a research MD. Applicants must also be APS regu- years old) who has made important con- lab. Each nominee must be nominated lar, affiliate, or student members. tributions to our understanding of the by a member of APS. The nominator is Abstracts will be reviewed and rated by integrative aspects of cardiovascular, responsible for completing application the Teaching Section Steering renal, and neuroendocrine physiology materials and forwarding copies to the Committee. All poster abstracts must be in health or disease. The award consists chair of the Award Selection formally submitted to EB by the appli- of $500, a plaque, and complimentary Committee. The person selected cation deadline. To apply for this award, registration to the EB meeting. The receives the award at the annual banquet please send a copy of your abstract sub- recipient of the award is invited to pres- of the Teaching of Physiology Section. mission and a completed APS Award ent a short lecture on his/her research The Teacher of the Year receives a cer- Certification Form to: Linda Allen, during a scientific session of the EB tificate, an honorarium of $1,000, and Membership Services, 9650 Rockville meeting. Any member of APS in good expenses of up to $750 to attend EB. Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3991. standing may apply or be nominated for The Teaching of Physiology Section Deadline for application is November the award. Applications will be ($500) will provide two travel awards 6, 2000. reviewed by the Section’s Award for outstanding posters presented in the Committee and should include a cur- Teaching of Physiology poster-discus- Water and Electrolyte riculum vitae of the nominee, a brief sion session at Experimental Biology Homeostasis (one-page) summary and analysis of the '01. Submission of a poster to this ses- The Young Investigator Award in research contributions of the nominee, a sion does not exclude the simultaneous Regulatory and Integrative Physiology complete list of publications, and two presentation of a research poster or talk. letters of nomination from members of was established to encourage young ❖ (See the Teaching Section page of the investigators to continue research APS. APS website for additional information

APS Sustaining Associate Members The Society gratefully acknowledges the contributions received from Sustaining Members in support of the Society’s goals and objectives.

Abbott Laboratories The Grass Foundation Pharmacia and Upjohn, Inc. ADInstruments Harvard Apparatus Procter & Gamble Co. American Medical Assoc. Janssen Research Foundation Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Astra Arcus USA, Inc. Eli Lilly and Company W. B. Saunders Company Axon Instruments, Inc. The Mack Printing Group Schering-Plough Res. Inst. Berlex Biosciences Merck and Company, Inc. G. D. Searle and Company Gould, Inc. Nycomed, Inc. SmithKline Beecham Pharm. The Gatorade Company Pfizer, Inc.

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 445 AAAS Mass Media Fellowship Reports

Three APS student members spent has also opened up opportunities for the spending your days on the telephone last summer as Mass Media Science future, in combining science with jour- and at the computer is a world apart and Engineering Fellows in a program nalistic endeavors. I believe this is an from donning latex gloves and running organized and administered by the important contribution to hearty and gels. But to my delight, as well of that American Association for the successful research programs. Science of many of my PhD colleagues, so Advancement of Science (AAAS). The is not only about generating data in the many of the skills acquired in graduate program places advanced students in laboratory; communicating the meaning school really are useful outside of aca- the sciences and engineering in the of scientific discoveries to the general demia - skills such as reading, analyz- newsrooms of major media outlets as public is more important than ever. ing, questioning, critical thinking, apprentice science writers for ten weeks While some may think of science jour- resourcefulness, and independence. over the summer. The APS sponsored nalism as an educational tool, or as Whether or not any of the scientists in Susan Rainey, and the AAAS sponsored entertainment, it has become much the program this year or in years to Kendall Powell and Pamela Hanson. In more than just sharing our fascination come continue on in journalism as a the articles below, the fellows recount of how the world works. Scientific career, I think that the importance of the their experiences at the media outlets. research is affected more and more by Mass Media Fellowship is that it vitally APS will again sponsor a AAAS public opinion and political decisions, strengthens the ties between scientists Mass Media Fellow in 2001. which can affect what we can and can’t and journalists. This is crucial if we are Applications will be accepted through do in the laboratory, the direction of to effectively communicate scientific January 15, 2001 for next summer’s research projects, and of course, fund- issue to a mass audience. We have to Fellowship program. For further infor- ing. If the general public can’t relate to learn from each other and try to under- mation, see page 448, or visit the today’s scientific developments, doesn’t stand how the other works, learn about Student Awards page on the APS web- care about them, or are ill-informed, each others language, methods, and site (http://www.the-aps.org/awards/ then the scientist at the bench will ulti- restraints, so that we can work together awd_student.htm). mately suffer. effectively to get our messages, our With a weekly readership of over 22 ideas, our discoveries the recognition Susan Rainey million, stories at Newsweek really do they need and deserve. APS AAAS Mass Media Fellow reach a “mass” audience. It’s quite a Newsweek different feeling than publishing scien- Kendall Powell It was just over a year ago that I first tific papers, which will be read by a rel- AAAS Mass Media Fellow saw an advertisement from the APS and atively small group of specialists in Los Angeles Times the AAAS for the Mass Media Science your field. And while it can be frustrat- I am a fourth-year graduate student in and Engineering Fellowship. I immedi- ing working at a weekly magazine the Biomedical Sciences program at ately knew this was for me. So often whose main focus is not science, but UC, San Diego. My undergraduate I’ve watched or read science stories on politics and current affairs, the respect research was in physiology and current- TV, in magazines, or in the newspaper, that it has and the wide audience that it ly I work in a membrane fusion lab that and felt the need for more—more sto- reaches generates a lot of feedback from uses the budding yeast, S. cerevisiae, as ries, more details, more accuracy, more readers (they receive thousands of let- a model system. I was given the oppor- perspectives. But how could I, as a sci- ters to the editor each month). So many tunity to take a break from life at the entist, contribute? Now, thanks to the people were fascinated with the science bench and participate in the AAAS Mass Media Fellowship, I’ve had the stories that we ran and would write with Mass Media Fellows program this past opportunity to learn about science jour- further questions! For many readers, summer. I was assigned to work with nalism first hand. this was one of the only ways that they the Science and Medicine Editor at the I spent this summer at Newsweek heard about new scientific develop- Los Angeles Times. Over the course of magazine in New York. Since I’m near- ments or health issues. the summer, I wrote nine articles (two ing the completion of my PhD in There are some interesting adjust- daily stories and seven feature articles) Physiology at the University of Toronto, ments to be made when switching from including medicine, life science, and I wondered whether this was a good lab work to becoming a reporter. physical science stories. I also learned time to take a summer “leave of Scientists do their research by reading, the ropes of science writing from some absence.” Now that I’m back, I can experimenting, and analyzing, while of the top science and medical writers in absolutely say yes, this was an invalu- journalists interview people, and talk to the country. The following describes my able opportunity. Not only has it devel- “sources.” Scientists work in a time perspective upon completing the sum- oped my skills in explaining complex frame of years, while for journalists the mer: scientific issues to the general public, it time frame is a matter of days. And Since sixth grade the Scientific

446 The Physiologist AAAS Mass Media Fellowship Reports

Method has been a big component of short. Besides, I think that I, like most some of the researchers’ salaries were my academic life. I cannot remember scientists, would almost always rather being paid from the sum, surely she how many times I have heard it—and work on a challenge! would have described it as a drop in the the biology paradigm, the Central I have found when talking with bucket rather than a windfall! I came Dogma—described at the beginning of friends or relatives that most of them across another example where misinfor- courses. These concepts are part of who are fascinated by complex biological mation was fueling public misconcep- I am. And now, as familiar as it is to me, concepts once they have been explained tions. A wire story confused the differ- I am discovering the existence of a in a comprehensible manner. Not only ence between fetal tissue (which comes whole new branch, extension, or extrap- are people interested, but they also have from aborted fetuses) and embryonic olation, if you will, of the scientific a growing need to understand complex stem cells (which usually come from method. It’s called journalism. science issues. This summer’s human excess embryos from in vitro fertiliza- The AAAS Mass Media program has genome announcement has everyone in tion clinics). This distinction may not exposed me to a side of science that is the public wondering, “What does it all have seemed important to the writer, but rarely experienced by most bench scien- mean?” Investors need to be able to it most certainly is important given the tists. By learning how science is com- determine if a biotech company is based questions surrounding these areas of municated to the public I have grasped on a solid idea or a risky, but potential- research. One poorly informed writer a better appreciation of what issues are ly high-payoff one. can cause major damage—I learned this important to the public and what the So, I reiterate that journalism is an lesson both by example and personally! driving forces are on Wall Street and extrapolation of the scientific method. If anything, grad school has taught Capitol Hill that shape the trends in Journalists take what the scientists me to ask the right questions. It is a skill research. I have heard the frustration in know and have observed and speculate that is imperative in order to be suc- the voice of the researcher who is work- about what part of their discovery is cessful in science. And from the exam- ing on determining the cause of a meaningful to the world at large. ples above, it is also imperative to sci- California oak tree epidemic on a shoe- Science writers take away the technical ence writing. In this way I felt very pre- string budget. I have responded to to uncover the extraordinary. They pared to interview scientists and doctors emails and calls from stroke victims translate the scientist’s passion and about their work. On many occasions, I who are desperate to get into the first enthusiasm for their work into popular was told, “You’ve hit it right on the major clinical trial of a stroke rehabili- excitement for science. It is sad and head” or something similar. However, tation therapy. I have interviewed big alarming that most scientists never get as a journalist, one must also learn to drug companies, little drug companies, to participate in this arm of the scientif- step outside of the black box of research and research institutions all claiming to ic process. After all, shouldn’t the trans- and ask the bigger questions. This is have the best version of a drug—which lators and extrapolators be well-trained something that, although I recognized, I one does the public get and is it really scientists? No one would dream of try- also found very challenging to do. the best? ing to make a career of being a Russian On a couple of occasions, I got so One source asked me over the phone, translator for an important diplomat wrapped up in the science behind a “What makes a science or medical news without first being fluent in the lan- story that I overlooked major problems story news?” I had to admit, “I’m trying guage. I suppose it could be done, pick- and issues. For a story on proton beam to figure that out for myself!” I strug- ing up things along the way out of radiation therapy, I was so amazed at gled with this concept throughout the necessity, but it would be a far less effi- the physics behind this therapy that I summer. My editor dismissed ideas that cient and more error-prone way to go lost sight of a critical issue for patients I thought would make great science about it. and doctors. There’s only one place in pieces—direct evidence for the prion In fact, I would guess that lack of sci- the country where proton therapy is hypothesis and the structure of the ribo- entific training is the major reason mis- offered and it is expensive compared to some—as too complicated and uninter- information and errors get propagated traditional x-ray therapy that the vast esting for the public. Proof that prions in science news. It becomes evident majority of patients receive. While I are a new form of infection, one we do when a journalist does not understand was toting the benefits of using protons, not understand very well compared to the scientific process or issues behind a I was infuriating doctors who were bacterial and viral infections, is uninter- story. In one recent example I came effectively treating patients with afford- esting? I’ll admit the concepts of mis- across, a writer described $50,000 as a able and accessible x-ray therapy. I had folded, infectious proteins and RNA ‘windfall’ for a research project involv- not even come close to achieving a bal- catalysts would be a challenge to ing over 30 people. If the writer knew anced story. explain. However, I also believe that the scope of the project, the cost of the One of the writers at the Times sometimes journalists sell the public methods used in the project, and that summed it up pretty well, “The best

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 447 AAAS Mass Media Fellowship Reports way to learn those lessons is by experi- into stories with greater depth. This Thanks to the tireless efforts of sci- encing them!” And I have the AAAS approach helps identify long-term ence editor, Peter Kendall, a fair amount Mass Media program to thank for trends and avoids the confusing morass of science even makes the front page. allowing me to learn by experience. I of day-to-day “breakthroughs.” Peter regularly pitches stories at the have learned so much about journalism As the amount of scientific knowl- daily, four o’clock meeting where the but also about the broader scientific edge grows at a seemingly exponential managing editor decides which handful process that I am both a better writer rate, it has become more important than of articles to feature in this coveted space. and a better scientist for my participation. ever to facilitate communication Over the course of the summer, a tal- between scientists and the public. By ented team of writers and editors helped Pamela K. Hanson sending scientists to work with organi- me grapple with words in an effort to AAAS Mass Media Fellow zations like the Chicago Tribune,the communicate science to the public, one The Chicago Tribune AAAS Mass Media Fellowship does story at a time. Ultimately, I produced I spent the summer slowly scrapping that very thing. about an article a week, and learned my way up the steep part of the learning Not only does the fellowship encour- more than I ever imagined. curve. Despite the aid of my editors and age the media to continue including sci- Despite the tremendous insight I other mentors at the Chicago Tribune,I ence in their reporting, but it also gives gained into the world of science jour- still have a long way to go. a few lucky scientists the opportunity to nalism, some of my questions remain Science writing is not easy, and as try their hand at a craft sometimes unanswered. For example. . . scientists learn more about how the derided by the scientific community. Is a sense of drama genetic? Can a world works, the task will only become Fortunately, the public thirsts for person learn how to devise useful and more difficult. quality scientific information. They creative analogies? Or is it a gift that Chicago Tribune writer Ron Kotulak search the internet, the radio-waves and some people have and others can never explained to me that in the course of his newspapers, hoping to find it. hope to acquire? career, he has seen the goal of science Although the Tribune does not have a Although I may never solve these writing evolve. Early on, a science dedicated science page or section, it is mysteries nor master the art of science writer’s aim was to convey the latest chock full of science reporting. These writing, there is no doubt in my mind research results to readers. Now, in an articles appear everywhere from the that I have grown and improved as a age of broad-reaching wire services, it national and local news sections to the communicator of science. ❖ is more important for writers to delve Business and Technology section.

APS to Sponsor 2001 Mass Media Fellowship The APS will again sponsor an evaluation sessions at the beginning and In addition to the application form, American Association for the end of the summer, travel to the job site, applicants must submit a current Advancement of Science (AAAS) Mass and a weekly stipend. résumé, a writing sample directed to the Media Science and Engineering Individuals must be currently general public, transcripts of graduate Fellowship during the summer of 2001. enrolled as a graduate or postgraduate and undergraduate work, and three let- Approximately two dozen AAAS student of physiology or a related disci- ters of recommendation. The selection Mass Media fellows will spend 10 pline to apply for the APS fellowship. process is designed to seek out qualified weeks during summer, 2001, working Additional fellowships are available for candidates especially from under-repre- in the newsrooms of newspapers, maga- students in other scientific and engi- sented communities, including African- zines, Internet news outlets, or radio or neering disciplines. Information about Americans, Hispanics, and Native television stations. Fellows receive a the program is posted on the AAAS Americans, as well as scientists with short training course in science journal- Education and Human Resources disabilities. ism prior to the fellowship. During the Directorate website at http://ehrweb. The application deadline is January summer they develop their ability to aaas.org/ehr/3_4_0.html. The applica- 15, 2001. For more information or to communicate complex scientific issues tion form is available from the AAAS receive a copy by mail, contact Alice to non-scientists and improve public website or in the Awards for Students Ra’anan, APS Office of Public Affairs. understanding of science. The AAAS section of the APS website at http://the- (Telephone: 301-530-7105. E-mail: arranges placements at participating aps.org/awards/awd_student.htm. A [email protected].) ❖ media outlets. The fellowship includes brochure with additional information is travel to Washington for orientation and posted on both web sites.

448 The Physiologist Public Affairs

Scientists Urged to Comment on USDA Pain and Distress Regulations

The USDA is currently accepting process. It included presentations from should be sufficiently flexible to allow comments on how pain and distress scientists who study pain, fear, and dis- for changes in practice as scientific should be addressed under the Animal tress, followed by small group discus- advances occur. Changes should only Welfare Act. The comment period ends sions of the science and policy ques- be made if they are scientifically valid on November 7. tions raised by the USDA in its Federal and clearly benefit animals. The admin- Scientists are strongly urged to com- Register notice. istrative costs and regulatory burden of ment on this issue, which will affect Although the FASEB workshop did new requirements should also be con- how research protocols are evaluated in not result in a formal consensus docu- sidered. terms of their potential to cause pain ment, a number of common themes Although it is not specified in the and distress. This information is also emerged. Problems were noted with the Request for Comments, the USDA’s included in each institution’s annual existing USDA pain and distress classi- Animal Plant and Health Inspection report to the USDA, and state-by-state fication system and improvements were Service (APHIS) has already formulat- totals of animals used in painful proce- suggested. However, participants ed a definition of distress as “a state in dures are published in a report to agreed that the USDA should avoid a which an animal cannot escape from or Congress. Because these numbers are prescriptive system, such as some of the adapt to the internal or external stres- made public, they are also a focal point models the agency is considering. sors or conditions it experiences, result- of animal activists’ programs, including Instead of such a system that assigns ing in negative effects on its well- a campaign by the Humane Society of specific research procedures to a partic- being.” Objections were raised to this the United States with the stated goal of ular pain and distress category, it is in definition because of the vague lan- ending pain and distress in laboratory the best interest of both animal welfare guage that could lead to widely varying, animals by the year 2020. and research progress for local IACUCs highly subjective interpretations. Par- The APS letter of comment to USDA to retain responsibility for determining ticipants were also concerned that it was still under development at the time the appropriate pain and distress cate- would be difficult for IACUCs to use. of this writing. Upon completion it will gories for the protocols they review. Some questioned whether a regulatory be posted to the APS website at Furthermore, the best way to enhance definition of distress is even needed http://www.the-aps.org/pub_affairs/ the stewardship of animals is to foster a since IACUCs already try to take into issues/pa_pain_distress.htm. You may partnership among scientists, veterinar- potential for causing distress into wish to refer to this letter in writing ians, veterinary technicians, animal account. your own response. husbandry staff, IACUCs, government To obtain a copy of the complete The APS comments are being devel- and professional associations. USDA notice, “Request for Comments oped based upon discussions that took The USDA should also make certain on “Definitions For and Reporting of place at a workshop that was organized that its regulations and policies are sim- Pain and Distress in Laboratory by the APS in conjunction with the ple, scientifically based, and consistent Animals,” visit the USDA website at Federation of American Societies for with other oversight, such as the Public http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppd/rad/we Experimental Biology (FASEB). The Health Service Policy on Humane Care brepor.html. Scroll down to July 10, August 6-7 workshop brought together and Use of Laboratory Animals and the 2000, which is the day it was published. research scientists, veterinarians spe- Guide for the Care and Use of Note that the comment period was sub- cializing in laboratory animal medicine, Laboratory Animals. Regulations sequently extended until November 7. and others involved in the research should be performance-based and

APS Objects to Rats, Mice, and Birds Negotiations

APS has voiced its objections to in June. The earlier decision by US and Development Foundation was USDA efforts to negotiate a settlement District Court Judge Ellen S. Huvelle founded five years ago and is affiliated of a suit demanding that the agency granted one plaintiff, Kristine Gausz, with the American Anti-Vivisection extend Animal Welfare Act (AWA) pro- the legal standing to sue the government Society. The ARDF filed suit in March, tection to rats, mice, and birds. The in the case known as ARDF v. 1999, asking the court to force the negotiations came to light in August Glickman. USDA to include rats, mice, and birds court filings following a judge’s ruling The ARDF or Alternatives Research along with other species subject to

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 449 Public Affairs

AWA regulations. The suit was filed President Walter Boron, and President- standards of humane care contained in after the USDA published a Federal Elect John Hall sent a letter September the Guide for the Care and Use of Register notice requesting comments on 15 to Agriculture Secretary Dan Laboratory Animals, which is the an ARDF petition which asked the Glickman urging the USDA to halt its required standard for research that is agency to regulate rats, mice, and birds. efforts to negotiate an out-of-court set- funded by the Public Health Service or The ARDF was joined in the case by In tlement. The APS “objects to the conducted in an institution accredited Vitro International, a company that USDA’s efforts to resolve this issue by the Association for the Assessment develops, manufactures, and markets through a negotiation that does not and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal lab tests to replace animal testing, and involve the research community, which Care (AAALAC). by Gausz, who was identified as a stu- would be directly affected by the out- “For major research institutions, the dent at Beaver College in Glenside, PA. come,” the APS presidents said. They only real change that would take place In the wake of Huvelle’s June ruling, also noted that it was “unprecedented” if the USDA were to extend its current the National Association for Biomed- to address a regulatory issue through regulatory requirements to rats, mice, ical Research (NABR) petitioned the negotiations. and birds, is that the volume of record- court to join the case as an “intervener” “The APS strongly supports the keeping and reporting paperwork would in order to represent the interests of humane use of animals in research,” increase dramatically,” they wrote. researchers who use rats, mice, and they wrote. “However, because the care “Given that time and money are always birds in the suit. However, in late of rats, mice, and birds at major institu- limited, the net effect will be to reduce August, the USDA unexpectedly asked tions is already subject to stringent stan- how much time animal care staff can the court for 30 days to negotiate a set- dards of care, we believe that bringing spend with animals and how much tlement, and further court proceedings, these species under the AWA regula- research can be accomplished because including the NABR request, were tions would increase paperwork without research dollars would undoubtedly be delayed until September 25. NABR improving animal care.” diverted toward compliance.” protested the USDA’s negotiations with The APS presidents pointed out that For the complete text of the APS let- the ARDF, which are a sharp departure the overwhelming majority of medical ter, see http://www.the-aps.org/pub_ from usual rule-making procedures. research with rats, mice, and birds is affairs/issues/pa_pain_distress.htm. ❖ APS President Gerald DiBona, Past already subject to the state of the art Paper Trails Protect Pets The USDA has Animal Welfare Act used for research or educational purpos- through “traceback” audits conducted (AWA) regulations to ensure that lost or es. The dealer must provide this certifi- by its inspectors. This enables the stolen pets are not used in research. cation along with the animal to the USDA to provide the public with assur- These regulations require dealers pur- research facility. The facility then must ance that random source dogs and cats chasing random source dogs or cats for keep certification on file throughout the were legally acquired from informed sale to research facilities to obtain certi- time that the animal is there and for owners in accordance with AWA regula- fication from the animal’s owner three years afterwards. tions. ❖ acknowledging that the animal could be The USDA verifies compliance NIH Seeks Comments on Grant Form Revisions On September 5, 2000, the NIH and Drug Administration, and the November 4 and should be sent to Office of Extramural Research pub- Indian Health Service. [email protected] or may be posted lished a notice in the NIH Guide to In its notice, the OER requested writ- to the interactive feedback form at Grants and Contracts requesting com- ten comments and suggestions on two http://grants.nih.gov/cfdocs/398/ ments and suggestions on how to revise specific topics: 1) ways to enhance the feedback.cfm. Inquiries may be direct- the PHS 398 and 2590 grant applica- quality, utility and clarity of the instruc- ed to Jan Heffernan, Program Analyst, tions. These forms are used to request tions; and 2) ways to minimize the bur- with the Project Clearance Branch at the Federal assistance for research and den of filling out the application while Office of Policy for Extramural research-related training from PHS still maintaining the “effectiveness” of Research Administration/OD. Her mail- agencies. They are used by the NIH, the forms. The OER also indicated that ing address is 6705 Rockledge Drive, Agency for Healthcare Research and it would accept other comments and Rm. 1196, Bethesda, MD 20892-7974. Quality, Agency for Toxic Substance recommendations about how the forms Her telephone number is 301-435-0940, and Disease Registry, Centers for might be revised. and her email address is Disease Control and Prevention, Food Comments will be accepted until [email protected]. ❖

450 The Physiologist APS Web News

New Web Site, New URL

APS is excited to announce its com- Visit our site at http://www.The- is happening at APS and don’t forget to pletely redesigned web site and its new APS.org! Check back often to see what reset your bookmarks. ❖ URL http://www.The-APS.org. The website became available to the public October 1, ending a five-month project and completing the Society’s first step in revamp- ing its web-based technology. The new site has a clean look that sim- plifies navigation. A reduced num- ber of images decreases the load- ing time, and the new server, implemented earlier in 2000, increases the speed of the search- es. Completing this step will allow APS to implement a complete array of web-based forms, ranging from award and membership appli- cations to journal subscriptions.

Books Received Atlas of Functional Neuroanatomy Clinical Applications. McLean, VA: Degnon, 2000, 764 pp., Water J. Hendelman. Robert H. Notter. illus., index, $79.95. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 2000, 258 pp., Lung Biology in Health and Disease. ISBN: 0-9656837-2-9. illus., index, $39.95. New York: Dekker, 2000, 444 pp., illus., ISBN: 0-8493-1177-2. index, $150.00. Sleep Apnea: Implications in ISBN:0-8247-0401-0. Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Development, Function and Evolution of Disease. Teeth Neuronal Growth Cones. T. Douglas Bradley and John S. Floras Mark F. Teaford, Moya Meredith Smith, Phillip R. Gordon-Weeks. (Editors). and Mark W. J. Ferguson (Editors). Developmental and Cell Biology Ser. Lung Biology in Health and Disease, New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000, New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000, Vol. 146. 314 pp., illus., index, $100.00. 260 pp., illus., index, $90.00. New York: Dekker, 2000, 554 pp., illus., ISBN: 0-521-57011-5. ISBN: 0-521-44491-8. index, $195.00. ISBN: 0-8247-0299-9. Hearing: Its Physiology and Pulmonary and Peripheral Gas Pathophysiology Exchange in Health and Disease. Textbook of Endocrine Physiology, 4th Aage R. Moller. Josep Roca, Roberto Rodriguez-Roisin, Ed. San Diego, CA: Academic, 2000, 515 and Peter D.Wagner (Editors). James E. Griffin and Sergio R. Ojeda, pp., illus., index, $79.95. Lung Biology in Health and Disease, Editors. ISBN: 0-12-504255-8. Vol. 148. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000, New York: Dekker, 2000, 822 pp., illus., 479 pp., illus., index, $31.95. Image Analysis Sourcebook. index, $225.00. ISBN: 0-19-513541-5. John Keith Beddow. ISBN: 0-8247-0335-9. Santa Barbara, CA: Am. Univ. Sci.& Unconventional Collagens. Technol.,1997, 390 pp., illus., index, Rome II: The Functional Gastrointestinal Sylvie Ricard-Blum, Bernard Dublet, and $110.00. Disorders, 2nd Ed. Michel van der Rest. ISBN: 0-9617531-7-X. Douglas A. Drossman, Enrico Corazziari, New York: Oxford University Press, Nicholas J. Talley, W. Grant Thompson, 2000, 155 pp., illus., $60.00. Lung Surfactants: Basic Science and William E. Whitehead (Editors). ISBN: 0-19-850545-0.

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 451 Positions Available

Postdoctoral Fellow: The Center for Cell and Molecular Postdoctoral Positions: Two positions are available imme- Signaling at Emory University is seeking a postdoctoral fel- diately in a laboratory in the Department of Medicine at the low to join studies of ion channels defective in cystic fibro- Mayo Clinic in the area of hepatic vascular biology. The sis. The focus of this specific project is to develop an under- focus of the laboratory is to understand the regulation of standing of the mechanisms of permeation and gating in the nitric oxide production in the liver with an emphasis on reg- CFTR channel, using a structure/function approach (see J. ulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase as it relates to Exp. Biol. 203: 1947-1962). Jointly with the Principal cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The first position focuses Investigator, the candidate will plan and perform experiments on the molecular regulation of endothelial nitric oxide syn- using molecular biological and biochemical approaches and thase. Expertise in cellular biology including immunofluo- electrophysiological analysis of channels expressed in resence techniques and cell fractionation is required, as well oocytes and/or mammalian cells. Experience in electrophys- as experience in standard biochemistry and molecular biol- iological methods (two-electrode voltage clamp, ogy techniques. The second position focuses on nitric oxide, single-channel patch clamp) and/or molecular biological hepatic hemodynamics and experimental models of liver techniques is required. Training will be provided where disease. Experience with in vivo hemodynamic measure- experience is lacking. A quantitative and experimental back- ments and in vitro pharmacology in rodent models is ground is strongly desired. The candidate must be interested required. Please forward curriculum vitae and letter of inter- in performing experiments. The position is available imme- est to: Vijay Shah, MD, Alfred 2-435 GI Research Unit, diately. Send curriculum vitae plus contact information for Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905. Email: three professional references to: Dr. Nael A. McCarty, [email protected]. [EOE/AA]. Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322. Tel: 404-727-1372; fax: 404-727-2648; email: [email protected].

Senior Research Assistant: The Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, University of Iowa College of Medicine, is seeking a Senior Research Associate or Assistant Professor: The Assistant to support and conduct complex experimental Departments of Biophysics and research in the natural or health sciences. This person will Physiology at Boston University School function as a specialist or technical expert on one or more of Medicine seek an experienced teacher phases of the project(s) directed towards measuring levels and scientist to join our faculty at the and activities of novel therapeutic agents in biological sam- Associate or Assistant Professor level. The appropriate indi- ples, discerning the mechanisms that underlie these activi- vidual is expected to have considerable experience in the ties, and assisting in the management of one or more phases teaching of human physiology at the medical or graduate of the research and development efforts. This position level. The primary responsibility will be to assist in the requires the academic knowledge of a field or discipline teaching of a team-taught, organ system-based Medical generally associated with a Master’s degree plus advanced Physiology course offered to our first-year medical class. study and accumulated knowledge of application in a field The course is taught in a lecture and laboratory/discussion of learning or an equivalent combination of education and format, which runs from February to June and consists of progressively responsible work experience. Qualities four 4.5-hour sessions per week. Additional teaching assign- desired include considerable (3-5 years) experience with the ments in dental physiology and a two-semester undergradu- following methods: tissue culture techniques, cell prolifera- ate course may also be necessary. An active research pro- tion assays, clonogenic assays, enzymatic assays, protein gram would be an advantage but is not required. The area of fractionation, molecular biology techniques (including RT- research is open. Departmental research interests include PCR, Northern blot hybridization, RNA isolation, gel elec- cell and structural biology. Applications including a letter trophoresis, cDNA preparation and cloning, and in situ with a brief description of teaching experience and philoso- hybridization), and immunohistochemical techniques phy, a curriculum vitae, and the names of three references (including light, confocal, and electron microscopy). Please should be forwarded to: Dr. Paul O'Bryan, Department of send resume and cover letter indicating #44431 to: Carol Physiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Wehby, Human Resources, Internal Medicine, E400 GH, Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118-2526. Email: 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1081. Women and [email protected]. [EOE] minorities are strongly encouraged to apply. [AA/EOE]

452 The Physiologist Positions Available

Postdoctoral Position: The Department of Physiology, The Research Physiologist: The Thermal and Mountain University of Tennessee, Memphis, has a position available Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of immediately to study local and global calcium signaling in Environmental Medicine invites applicants for a Research arterial smooth muscle: modulation of sarcolemmal ion Physiologist Position. Applicants should have a strong back- channels and regulation of cellular contractility (for review ground in systems/integrative physiology; experience with see Jaggar et al., Am. J. Physiol. 278: C235-C256, 2000). molecular/genomics research and physiological simulation Qualifications include a PhD in physiology or a related field. modeling are desirable. Applicants should have postdoctor- Experience with patch-clamp, confocal microscopy, or cal- al experience with a strong record of publications and grant cium fluorescence is beneficial. Please send a curriculum writing. This is a civilian (contingent to six years) position vitae and three letters of reference to: Jonathan H. Jaggar, that could become permanent; salary range of $51,9898 to PhD, Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, $80,367 depending on qualifications. The successful candi- Memphis, 894 Union Avenue, Suite 426, Memphis, TN date will develop a human research program regarding ther- 38163. Fax: 901-448-7126; email: [email protected]. moregulation, physical performance, adaptations and mal- edu. The University of Tennessee is an EEO/AA/Title adaptations to cold exposure. Thermal and Mountain VI/Title IX/Section 504/ADA/ADEA employer. Medicine Division consists of approximately 50 scientists organized into program units studying Cold Stress Physiology, Heat Stress Physiology, Mountain Stress Physiology, Environmental Genetics and Environmental Pathophysiology. Women and minorities are strongly encouraged to apply. Send curriculum vitae to Dr. Michael N. Sawka, Chief, Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Kansas Street, Natick, MA 01760-5007. Tel: 508-233-5665; Email: [email protected]. Biological Science Assistants: The US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) in Natick, MA has multiple positions available for qualified Biological Animal Physiologist—Ecological Toxicologist: The Sciences Assistants. USARIEM conducts basic and applied Department of Biological Sciences at Capital University in research concerning optimization of performance under Columbus, Ohio, invites applications for a tenure-track posi- stressful conditions and avoidance of associated medical tion at the assistant professor level in Animal Physiology— problems. The positions require enlistment into the US Ecotoxicology to begin Fall 2001. Candidates should pos- Army for six years with the assignment at USARIEM, which sess a PhD at the time of appointment. We are seeking a col- is in the Boston suburbs. Educational requirement is a legial animal physiologist with a specialization in ecological Bachelor’s or Master’s Degree in biology, physiology, toxicology and a strong commitment to liberal arts under- microbiology, exercise science, nutrition, biomechanics or graduate education. A background in environmental chem- biochemistry. Applicants should have a history of high aca- istry, invertebrate physiology, numerical modeling, and/or demic achievement and be highly motivated. Previous expe- environmental risk assessment would be an asset to the posi- rience as a research technician employing procedures relat- tion. The successful candidate will be expected to teach ed to either human, animal, tissue and/or molecular research across the curriculum and mentor undergraduate research is desired. Benefits include student loan repayment of up to projects. Send applications (curriculum vitae, copy of tran- $55,000, housing, medical care, graduate educational oppor- scripts, three letters of reference, and a statement of teach- tunities, as well as excellent research experiences in a vari- ing and research experience, teaching philosophy, and inter- ety of scientific disciplines, including environmental and ests) to: Dr. Terry Lahm, Chair of the Search Committee, exercise physiology, nutrition and metabolism, pathophysi- Department of Biological Sciences, Capital University, 2199 ology, genomics, and molecular biology. The open positions East Main Street, Columbus, OH 43209-2394. Inquiries are located in the Military Performance Division, Military may be directed to Dr. Lahm at 614-236-6800 or Nutrition Division, and Thermal and Mountain Medicine [email protected]. Review of applications will begin Division. Candidates can obtain further information by send- December 1, 2000. More information on Capital University ing a letter of interest and resume or CV to: Dr. Kent B. and the Department of Biological Sciences may be obtained Pandolf, Senior Scientist, US Army Research Institute of at http://www.capital.edu/arts/biology/biology.html. Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760-5007. Tel: Applications from women and minorities are strongly 508-233-4832; Email: [email protected]. encouraged. [EOE]

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 453 Positions Available

Systems Biologist: An immediate job opening is available Senior Research Officer: An opportunity exists for a career with Entelos, Inc. Entelos provides computer-based disease research scientist to join the research team in the simulation models called Entelos PhysioLabs, which simu- Department of Respiratory Medicine at Westmead Hospital, late the physiology of disease and the consequences of a research center of the Westmead Millennium Institute in interventions. Entelos is seeking life scientists for systems Sydney, Australia. This National Health and Medical biologist positions on our Adipocyte CytoLab Development Research Council-supported position offers the successful Staff. The systems biologist works with biologic modelers candidate an opportunity to develop a research program in and other systems biologists to develop and assess our math- the fields of respiratory physiology, upper airway physiolo- ematical models. He/she evaluates and interprets data, gy, and/or sleep medicine. The appointee will act as team describes relevant biochemistry and physiology, finds litera- leader for the Department’s animal-based research projects, ture references to build and support the model, writes syn- as well as contributing to both strategic and operational opses of the physiology and pathophysiology, and evaluates aspects of basic and applied research across the spectrum of model simulations. The systems biologist instructs other the Department’s research activities. Essential skills/knowl- team members and customers on the relevant physiology edge include a PhD in respiratory physiology or related area, and in use of the model. The ideal candidate would have a excellent oral and written communication skills, the ability PhD in physiology, biochemistry, diabetes, nutrition, or to work effectively in a team environment, the ability to endocrinology; 2-3 years of experience in pharmaceutical, write to a standard for publication in academic journals, biopharmaceutical, government, or academic research set- good organizational and interpersonal skills, demonstrated ting; a deep understanding of lipid metabolism, adipocyte attention to detail, and excellent analytical and problem- metabolism, or hormone signaling; knowledge of the meta- solving skills. Desirable skills/knowledge include experi- bolic and endocrine derangements that occur in obesity or ence in respiratory physiology research, experience in ani- diabetes; experience in integrating multidisciplinary mal-based research, advanced computer skills, and bioengi- research with perspectives ranging from clinical medicine to neering skills. This full-time position, offered at the level of molecular biology; a clear understanding of experimental NH&MRC Senior Research Officer, is available initially for protocols, methods, and designs; very strong communica- one year with potential for a further 12 months. Further con- tion skills, both oral and written, including technical writing tinuance will, in part, be dependent on the applicant’s abili- and presentation; the ability to work in a diverse, cross-func- ty to attract funding. Closing date: Monday, October 9, tional team environment; comfort with college mathematics 2000. For enquiries, contact: Dr. Terry Amis, Tel: +02-9845- and literature search engines; an interest in teaching with 6797, email: [email protected]. Send appli- significant experience in academic or professional settings; cations to: Ms. Kath Butler, Clinical Sciences, Westmead an interest in pursuing a technical career path outside a wet Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145 Australia. Tel: lab environment; and strong leadership, communication, +02-9845-6018; email: [email protected]. facilitation and presentation skills and an enjoyment of understanding key details while thinking broadly about whole systems. Upon hiring, proof of eligibility to work in the US is required. For more information, please contact: Director, Human Resources, Entelos, Inc., 4040 Campbell Avenue, Suite 200, Menlo Park, CA 94025. Fax: 650-330-5262; email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.entelos.com. [EOE]

Postdoctoral Position: A postdoctoral position available sequencing, and mouse genetics is highly desirable. immediately. Project involved understanding diabetic vascu- Interested candidates should send a letter of interest and laropathy in a mouse model. Study approaches involve nor- experience along with a resume to: John C. Rutledge, MD, mal and transgenic/knockout mouse models using microvas- Division of Endocrinology, Clinical Nutrition, and Vascular cular perfusions coupled with microscopic imaging of tis- Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Way, sues and cellular and molecular analyses. Experience in TB 172 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA 59616. Tel: 530-752-0717; small-animal surgery, immunocytochemistry, Northern and fax: 530-752-3264; email: [email protected]. Southern blotting, PCR, gel electrophoresis, cloning,

454 The Physiologist Positions Available

Assistant Professor Tenure-Track: The Section of Postdoctoral Fellow or Research Associate: Postdoctoral Cardiovascular Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine or Research Associate needed to work on plasticity in the Department of Medicine, invites applications to participate visual cortex, using slices of rat and mouse cortex. For a in research relating to the cell molecular biology of cardio- description of the general area, see Visual Development by vascular injury and repair. Preference will be given to can- Nigel Daw. We have implicated NMDA receptors, didates with a broad understanding of cardiovascular injury metabotropic glutamate receptors, and protein kinase A in from both a clinical and fundamental research perspectives. plasticity in the visual cortex, using monocular deprivation in The applicant must have a strong background in cell or whole animals. This leads to questions about the mecha- molecular biology and provide evidence of an independent nisms involved, which need to be answered by experiments research direction. Candidates should have a doctoral at a more cellular level, in some cases utilizing mutant mice. degree, a minimum of 3 years of postdoctoral training, and The general goal of the laboratory is to investigate mecha- be prepared to establish an independent, extramurally fund- nisms of plasticity, not confined to the three factors listed ed program as well as participate in the graduate program. above, with a combination of the most appropriate tech- Salary is $50,000+ commensurate with experience. niques. The appointee will work in a small laboratory within Application should include a curriculum vitae, the names the neurobiology community at Yale. This community is and addresses of 3 references, and a statement of research known for work on development in general, and the visual program. Please send to: Dr. Mark L. Entman, Section of system in particular. Candidates need a PhD or MD. Cardiovascular Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Experience in electrophysiology is essential, and experience Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. [AA/EOE] with whole cell recordings is desirable. The position will be filled within the next six months. Salary will depend on Faculty Position, Department of background. Qualified candidates should send a CV and cov- Physiology: National University of ering letter by mail or email to: Nigel Daw, Department of Singapore invites applications for full- Ophthalmology, Yale University Medical School, 330 Cedar time tenure-track faculty positions in the Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8061. Email: Department. The Department of [email protected] Physiology has teaching commitments to medical, dental, and science students and has an active graduate research pro- Chair, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology: gram. Faculty members have an excellent reputation in The School of Medicine at the University of North Carolina tumor biology, apoptosis, cell differentiation and develop- at Chapel Hill is searching for an outstanding individual to ment, iron transport, energy homeostasis, neuroscience, provide academic and administrative leadership for the clinical physiology and drug target identification. The research and teaching programs of the Department of Cell Department has close collaborative links with research insti- and Molecular Physiology. This fine department has excel- tutes and biotechnology companies in Singapore and lent facilities and strong collaborative relationships with research groups internationally. We are looking for out- other departments, research centers, and institutes within the standing faculty members with an MD or PhD degree (or University. Other academic and industrial institutions in the equivalent) and at least 2 years of postdoctoral experience. Research Triangle enhance the scientific environment, and He/she is expected to teach human physiology at both the UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine is enjoying robust undergraduate and graduate levels, conduct independent growth. Minimum qualifications for this position include a research, and compete successfully for research funding. PhD or MD degree and a distinguished record of scientific Research experience in molecular biology, cancer biology, research and extramural funding. Consideration of candi- genomics, or proteomics will be an advantage. dates will begin immediately, and will continue until the Remuneration will be commensurate with qualifications and search is successfully concluded. Applicants should submit experience. Interested parties should send applications, sup- a detailed curriculum vitae, a description of their adminis- ported by a resume, detailed research plan, and 3 letters of trative experience, research goals and teaching interests, and references immediately to: Head, Recruitment Committee, the names and addresses of four references to: Richard C. Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine. National Boucher, MD, Chair, Department of Cell & Molecular University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Republic of Physiology Search Committee, C/O Office of the Dean, Singapore 117597. Visit http://www.nus.du.sg/NUSinfo/ School of Medicine, CB # 7000, 243 MacNider Hall, The Appoint/med-phys.htm for information on the Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, the University, terms and conditions of service, and an appli- NC 27599-7000, Attention: Bethany Cowan. Women and cation form. Only shortlisted candidates will be notified. members of minority groups are encouraged to apply. [EOE]

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 455 Positions Available

Postdoctoral Position: Postdoctoral position is available in Associate Professor, Exercise Science: A tenure-tract the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Johns appointment is available in the School of Exercise, Leisure Hopkins University. Primary area of research is mechanisms and Sport, Kent State University, to begin August 2001 in of cardiovascular deconditioning associated with exposure exercise science with a specialization in physiology in an to a zero gravity environment The candidate will be established program offering the PhD. The incumbent will involved in studies utilizing rodent models of cardiovascular teach advanced courses in exercise physiology and advise deconditioning. Techniques will include integrated cardio- the research of students. A PhD in Exercise Science is vascular physiology and in vitro vascular studies including required. The candidate must be qualified for full graduate vascular imaging. Cellular mechanisms will also be investi- faculty status and serve as an academic and research advisor gated. Please contact Dr. Artin Shoukas, Department of to masters and doctoral students. Research interests should Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School complement the research of present faculty (metabolism, of Medicine. Tel: 410-955-2871. nutrition, environmental physiology, and body composi- tion); an opportunity may exist for research in the area of exercise and aging. Research competency must be demon- strated by related published research in the applicant’s spe- cialization. Pursuit of extramural funding is expected. Review of applicants will begin on November 20, 2000 and continue until the position is filled. Send a letter of applica- tion, curriculum vitae, three letters of reference, and five ref- Tenure-Track Faculty Pharmacology Positions: The ereed articles that represent a focus of research to: Dr. Ellen Department of Physiology of the Northeastern Ohio Glickman-Weiss, School of Exercise, Leisure and Sport, Universities College of Medicine (NEOUCOM) is seeking Kent State University, 262 Gym Annex, PO Box 5190, Kent, applicants to fill two tenure-track (assistant/associate pro- OH 44242-0001. fessor level) positions in cardiovascular or pulmonary phar- macology. The Department has a cardiopulmonary research focus and invites applicants who are using modern cellular and/or molecular biology techniques to address integrative physiological problems that complement ongoing research Assistant Professor: The Department of Physiology, programs. Of particular interest for one of the positions are Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New candidates having skills in receptor binding methodology. Orleans seeks outstanding candidates for a tenure-track Candidates must have a PhD and/or MD with appropriate position at the Assistant Professor level. The successful can- postdoctoral fellowship training, a strong record of research didate must have a PhD or equivalent, postdoctoral research accomplishment, and the ability to establish an independent experience, and a strong record of research accomplish- externally funded program. Excellent opportunities exist ments. We are seeking individuals with expertise in the within the department and institution for collaboration. pathophysiology of inflammation, shock, trauma, or infec- Medical student teaching responsibilities will be to partici- tion, but other areas of interest will be considered. Expertise pate in teaching the medical pharmacology course. in modern molecular biological techniques and experience Department faculty are members of the graduate faculty in in regulatory mechanisms important to disease processes are programs leading to the PhD through the School of desired. The successful candidate will be expected to main- Biomedical Sciences at Kent State University. The success- tain an active extramurally funded research program, to ful candidate will have the opportunity to develop graduate complement the existing research strengths of the depart- courses that relate to his/her specialty. Further information ment, and to participate in the department’s teaching pro- about the department and institution can be obtained from gram. Excellent start-up package, competitive salary, state- the NEOUCOM web site at http://www.neoucom.edu. of-the-art instrumentation, and opportunity to affiliate with Candidates should send a letter of application describing existing Alcohol Research Center and Training Grant are research experience and goals, accompanied by a curricu- available. Candidates should submit, by November 15,a lum vitae, and the names and addresses of three references curriculum vitae, a brief statement of research interests, and by October 1, 2000 to Human Resources: c/o Michael B. career goals and have letters of reference sent from at least Maron, PhD, Professor and Chairperson, Department of three individuals who know the work of the candidate to: Dr. Physiology, Northeastern Ohio Universities, College of J. R. Lancaster, Jr., Chair, Search Committee, Department of Medicine, P.O. Box 95, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095. Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St., [AA/EOE] New Orleans, LA 70112. Email: [AA/EOE]

456 The Physiologist People & Places

Biophysical Society Elects New Council The Biophysical Society has elected Susan Hamilton is the Professor and Medicine. Hamilton’s research is in seven new Council members, two of Interim Chair of Molecular Physiology excitation contraction coupling in skele- which are APS members, Mordecai D. and Biophysics at the Baylor College of tal and cardiac muscle. Blaustein and Susan Hamilton. They have been elected to serve three-year terms (2001-2003)for the Society. Mordecai D. Blaustein is the Professor and Chairman in the Department of Physiology at the University of Maryland. Blaustein con- ducts research in calcium and sodium transport, calcium homeostasis, and cal- cium signaling in neurons, glia and vas- cular smooth muscle and sodium-calci- Mordecai D. Blaustein Susan Hamilton um exchange.

Accepting a position with the & Development, Groton, CT. Audoly Irshad H. Chaudry was originally Department of Pharmacology, Merck was with the Department of Medicine, associated with Surgical Research, Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, Duke University Medical Center, Brown University Rhode Island Magdalena Alonso-Galicia has moved Durham, NC. Hospital, Providence, RI. Currently, from the Department of Physiology, Chaudry is with the Center for Surgical Medical College of Wisconsin, Joining the Department of Sport and Research, University of Alabama at Milwaukee, WI. Exercise Science, University of Bath, Birmingham. England, Alan M. Batterham has Steven Sung-Chur An has joined the moved from the Department of Sport Associating with the Department of Department of Physiology Program, and Exercise Science, University of Physiology and Endocrinology, Harvard University School of Public Teesside, Middlesbrough, England. Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Health, Boston, MA. An was with the GA, Kanchan A. Chitaley has moved Department of Molecular Pharmacolo- Harry Colbert Blair has accepted a from the Department of Physiology, gy, Physiology & Biotechnology, new position with the Department of University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Brown University, Providence, RI. Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Blair formerly was with Joining the Department of Scientific Formerly with the Department of the Department of Pathology, Peer & Advisory Review Service, Surgery, Hospital of University of University of Alabama at Birmingham. American Institute of Biological Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Harry Sciences, Sterling, VA, William L. L. Anderson, III is now with the Accepting a position as Professor and Daniels has moved from Military and Department of Surgery, St. Luke’s Chair, Department of Biology, Morgan Emergency Medicine, Casualty Care Hospital, Bethlehem, PA. State University, Baltimore, MD, Research Center, Uniformed Services Ricardo A. Brown has left his former University Health Science, Bethesda, Matthew Tucker Andrews has moved post, the Department of Physiology, MD. from the Department of Genetics, North Wayne State University School of Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Medicine, Detroit, MI. Having accepted a position with the to the Department of Biochemistry and Division of Kinesiology, University of Molecular Biology, University of Currently the Director of Marshfield Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, Donald Minnesota School of Medicine, Duluth, Medical Research & Education R. Dengel has left the Geriatrics MN. Foundation, Marshfield, WI, Michael Research Education and Clinical D. Caldwell was formerly with the Research, Ann Arbor VA Medical Laurent Pascal Audoly has accepted a Department of Surgery and Center, Ann Arbor, MI. position with the Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Inflammation, Pfizer Global Research Minneapolis, MN.

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 457 People & Places

Accepting the position of Editor-in- Joining the Division of Science and Yoshinori Marunaka has accepted a Chief, New England Journal of Math, Centre College, Danville, KY, position with the Cellular and Medicine, Boston, MA, Jeffrey M. Daniel Robert Henderson has moved Molecular Physiology Department, Drazen has left the Department of from the Department of Comparative Kyoto Prefectural University of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Bioscience, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. Prior to his Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Medicine, Madison, WI. new position, Marunaka was with the Boston, MA. Hospital for Sick Children Research Brent Justin Fong Hill has affiliated Institute Lung Biology, University of Esther E. Dupont-Versteegden recent- with the Department of Biology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ly joined the Department of Geriatrics, Augustana College, Rock Island, IL Reynolds Center on Aging, Little Rock, Prior to his new position, Hill was with Accepting a position with the AR. Prior to her new position, Dupont- the Department of Physiology, Department of Exercise and Movement Versteegden was affiliated with the University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Department of Geriatrics, University of OR, Christopher T. Minson has left Arkansas Medical Science, VA Accepting a position with the the Department of Anesthesia Research, Hospital, Little Rock, AR. Department of Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, Claire T. Farley has accepted a posi- Jeffrey Lee Jasperse has moved from Taketoshi Morimoto has become the tion with the Department of the Department of Physiology, President of Kobe Women’s Junior Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. College, Chuoku Kobe, Japan. Prior to University of Colorado-Boulder, his new position, Morimoto was with Boulder, CO. Prior to her new position, After accepting a position with the the Department of Physiology, Kyoto Farley was with the Department of Department of Georgia Tech/Emory Prefectural University of Medicine, Integrative Biology, University of Biomedical Engineering, Emory Kamigyoku, Kyoto, Japan. California, Berkeley, CA. University, Atlanta, GA, Hanjoong Jo moved from the Department of Suichi Ono is presently with the Associating with the Neural Science Pathology, University of Alabama at Department of Internal Medicine, Ono Program, Indiana University, Birmingham. Medical Clinic, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Bloomington, IN, Joshua Michael Japan. Prior to his new position, Ono Gulley has moved from the Department Following his appointment to the was with Jichi Medical School, of Pharmacology, University of Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kawachi-gun, Tochigi, Japan. Colorado, Health Science Center, Cornell University College of Denver, CO. Veterinary Medicine, Michael I. Affiliating with the Department of Kotlikoff moved from the Department Stomatology, University of California- Accepting a position with the of Animal Biology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, Department of Internal Medicine and Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Luanna Kathryn Putney has moved Cardiology, Southwestern Medical from the Department of Human Center, Dallas, TX, Thomas James Romulo Leite has accepted a position Physiology, University of California- Hawke has moved from the with the Federal University of Minas Davis, Davis, CA. Department of Human Biology and Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Nutritional Science, University of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Prior to his Relocating to the Department of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. move to Brazil, Leite was associated Kinesiology, University of Southern with the Department of Pharmacology, California, Los Angeles, CA, Blake B. Appointed to the Department of University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Rasmussen has moved from Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Metabolism Unit-Shriner’s Burn Hong Kong, Peoples Republic of China, Joining the Department of Kinesiology, Institute, University of Texas Medical Guo-Wei He has moved from his posi- McMaster University, Hamilton, Branch, Galveston, TX. tion with Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ontario, Canada, Maureen Jane University of Hong Kong, Grantham MacDonald has left the Department of Accepting a position with the Hospital, Aberdeen, Hong Kong. Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Anesthesiology, Strong Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Memorial Hospital, Rochester, NY, Ontario, Canada. Professor James L. Robotham has

458 The Physiologist People & Places moved from the Department of University of Western Ontario, London, The Cardiovascular Institute, Michael Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ontario, Canada. Reese Hospital, Chicago, IL. Hammersmith Hospital, London, England. John G. Sikora has joined the Office of Jacques Van Dam has moved from the Clinical Research, Northwestern Department of Medicine and Having joined the Department of University, Chicago, IL. Prior to his Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, new assignment, Sikora was with the School, Brigham and Women’s Ontario, Canada, James W.E. Rush has Department of Medicine, Nephrology Hospital, Boston, MA, after accepting a moved from Department of Veterinary Division, Indianapolis, IN. position with Clinical Gastroenterology, Biomedical Science, University of Stanford University Medical Center, Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, MO. Having accepted a position with the Palo Alto, CA. Department of Pathology, University of John M. Russell has joined the Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Cecilia After joining the Department of Department of Physiology and Louise Speyer has left the Department Environmental Medicine, the Biological Research Laboratory, of Surgery, Wayne State University, University of Rochester School of Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY. Detroit, MI. Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, Formerly, Russell was associated with Kerst Stelwagen moved from the Dairy Alice Renee Villalobos has moved the Department of Physiology, MCP Science Group, Research Station for from the Department of Physiology and Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Cattle, Sheep & Horse Husbandry, Neurobiology, University of Connecti- PA. Lepystad, Netherlands, to the cut, Storrs, CT. Rita M. Ryan recently affiliated with Department of Food Science, Ag the Division of Neonatology, Children’s Research, Hamilton, New Zealand. Accepting a position in the Division of Hospital of Buffalo/Kaleida Health, Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Buffalo, NY. Prior to her new appoint- Lance S. Terada has joined the Dallas Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, ment, Ryan was with the Department of Veterans Administration Medical NY, Daniel Villarreal has moved from Pediatrics and Neonatology, University Center, Dallas, TX. Prior to his new the Department of Physiology, of Rochester, Rochester, NY. position, Terada was with the University of Missouri Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Webb Waring Columbia, MO. After associating with the Department Institute, University of Colorado, of Gynecology & Obsterics, University Denver, CO. Ping Wang recently relocated from the of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Jean- Center for Surgical Research, Brown Claude Schellenberg moved from the Accepting a position with the Division University and Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and of Physiology, Pharmacology and Providence, RI, to the Department of Gynecology, Center of Reproductive Toxicology, University of Manchester Surgery, The University of Alabama at Medicine, National Women’s Hospital, School of Biological Sciences, Birmingham, as Professor of Surgery, Auckland, New Zealand. Manchester, United Kingdom, Frank Physiology, and Pathology. Thevenod has left the Department of Chandan K. Sen has accepted a posi- Physiology, University of Saarland Louise Wilson has recently accepted a tion as Director, DNA Microarray & Medical Faculty, Homburg, Saarland, position with Cotton Respiratory Genetics Facility with the Laboratory of Germany. Medicine, Airedale Hospital, Steeton, Molecular Medicine, Ohio State England. Prior to her new position, University Medical Center, Columbus, Robert D. Toto has moved from the Wilson was with the Intensive Care OH. Formerly, Sen was with the Department of Internal Medicine, Unit, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Lawrence Berkeley National Dallas Nephrology Associates, Dallas, Edinburgh, Scotland. Laboratory, University of California, TX, after accepting a position with the Berkeley, CA. Department of Internal Medicine, Scott D. Zimmerman has moved from University of Texas Southwestern the Department of Medicine, University Joining the Department of Medicine as Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX. of California at San Diego, La Jolla, Physician-In-Chief, Sunnybrook and CA, after accepting a position with the Women’s College Health Sciences Bruce D. Uhal has joined the Department of Biology, University of Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Physiology, Michigan Wisconsin, Stout, Menomonie, WI. William J. Sibbald has moved from the State University, East Lansing, MI. London Health Science Center, Prior to his new position, Uhal was with

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 459 News From Senior Physiologists

Letters to Eugene Renkin “To begin at the beginning. Having survived the Holocaust, in 1948 I was lucky to be able to move from my native Christian W. Zauner writes: Hungary to The Netherlands, where I “Effective 1 August 1999 I retired as studied medicine at the University of Dean of the School of Health and Amsterdam. I started research at the Human Performance at East Carolina Pharmaco-Therapeutic Institute in the University in Greenville, North years 1953 to 1956, during the waiting Carolina. Presently I am living with periods between stages of clinical clerk- “We are traveling a fair amount. My Betty, my spouse of 44 years, in ships. My first article appeared in 1955, consulting work takes me off from time Corvallis, Oregon, in the same home we illustrated with tracings on smoked to time. We have been to Reno to watch occupied when I was a department chair paper made with a Palmer kymograph. I our granddaughter swim in a regional (Exercise and Sport Science) at Oregon wonder how many readers of The meet. The winter of 1999 found us State University. My daughter, her hus- Physiologist today know what that seeking a bit of sunshine in Puerto band, and our four grandchildren reside instrument was. In 1956 we moved to Vallarta, Mexico. In a couple of weeks in Portland, Oregon, and so retirement New Zealand with my first wife and her we will be in the Czech Republic where location was an easy decision. two young daughters from a previous we will visit old friends and colleagues “Presently I operate two consulting marriage. Airplane engines had pistons while restocking Betty’s business. In firms, one dealing with entrepreneurial then, and the journey to Dunedin on the October we will travel to Norfolk to administration in higher education and South Island took more than a week, visit my oldest son who is in the Navy the other with design and management including several stopovers. and stationed there at the moment. of sport and recreational facilities. In “At the University of Otago the chair- While on the East coast we hope to see addition, I am working with Human man of Physiology was Archie old friends in Greenville, North Kinetics Publishers (HK) to formulate a McIntyre, from whom I learned neuro- Carolina, Gainesville, Florida, and to database in sports medicine for the new physiological techniques, including the visit my sisters as well. HK web page (eSportMed.com). My then-new intracellular recording from “Am short on words of wisdom. wife continues to operate her business, central neurons. The five-man depart- Younger colleagues are better trained import and sales of Central and Eastern ment maintained a respectable research than ever was I, and find themselves in European folk and fine art, and permits output while teaching 2nd and 3rd year an academic environment more accept- me, with trepidation, to assist in that medical, science and dental students, ing of exercise physiologists than I endeavor. I fear that my scientific including small discussion groups and a experienced most of my professional research is finished since I have no lab- practical course spanning 5 trimesters. life. Older colleagues, should they be oratory. The one in which I worked for Subsequently, in the USA, I never com- about to retire, might want to hear that years, particularly in summers, at plained about having to teach too much. there is no shortage of stuff to do out Charles University, Prague, The Czech My two younger daughters were born in here, and that you don’t have to do the Republic is pretty much out of business New Zealand. They are ‘Kiwis’ trash you don’t like.” due to economic conditions in Czech although you can’t hear it on their Academe. This is a shame, since we had George Somjen writes: “Thank you for accents anymore. some very interesting preliminary data asking me to contribute to the ‘News “At the end of 1962 we traveled on showing a relationship between skeletal from Senior Physiologists’ column. board the Willem Ruys, one of the last muscle fiber distribution and hyperten- This is a welcome opportunity to cast a passenger liners in regular service, from sion. My colleagues in Prague are in glance backward, as one is supposed to New Zealand to the USA. Christmas contact with those at East Carolina and do at our age. At present we are, with was spent in New York, in those days a perhaps some way will be found to con- my wife, in Amsterdam where I am safe and welcoming city. All of 1963 tinue the work. spending what could be called a post- and the summer months of 1964 I “Betty and I spend much time with retirement sabbatical in the institute of worked in a fruitful and exciting collab- our grandchildren. The three girls are Wytse Wadman, dividing my time oration with Elwood Henneman at all models. The oldest (11) is a top- between the ‘wet’ laboratory and com- Harvard Medical School in Boston. I notch age group swimmer, the middle puter simulations, helped in both was then appointed assistant professor one (8) plays soccer, and the youngest endeavors by talented youngsters who at Duke University by Dan Tosteson, (5) is into everything. Our only grand- do all the hard work. These activities effective January 1964. son was born April just past and has no leave evenings free for writing letters, “I stayed at Duke ever since, a choice track record of note. and such. never regretted. I was privileged to do

460 The Physiologist News From Senior Physiologists research or to teach for longer or shorter interim periods “In 1980 I decided to leave my academic position and join abroad, with Kresimir Krnjevic at McGill in Montreal, twice Astra Hässle as a member of the company’s research man- with Anthony Taylor at St. Thomas’s in London, the agement team. However, I was fortunate to be able to main- University of Ibadan in Nigeria, at Port Moresby in Papua tain a part-time association with my group in Lund as an New Guinea, and most recently on several occasions with adjunct professor. This continued essentially unchanged till Wytse Wadman at the Institute of Neurobiology of the my formal retirement at the age of 65 when the adjunct pro- University of Amsterdam, from where I am writing this letter. fessorship expired. Over the years I had somewhat varying For a while I was running the teaching commission of the positions in the Astra Hässle management and was happy to International Union of Physiological Sciences, a job that see a remarkable growth of the company both in its cardio- brought many friendships around the globe. vascular and its gastrointestinal sectors. “Working in research is like reading a very slow mystery “During the recent five years I have continued to work part- story. The trouble is, you can never find out how the story time as a senior scientific advisor to the preclinical R&D unit ends. In my lifetime the workings of the nuts and bolts of the of the company and have done so also after the AstraZeneca central nervous system have been, in outline at least, merger. revealed, but we still have no idea how the system as a whole “I cannot say that I am doing active research myself any- works. One can but wish the best of luck and the best of times more, but I am enjoying my life and I try to keep in touch to the young generation of neuroscientists trying to solve this with some of the remarkable developments that occur in greatest of mysteries, and to the generations yet unborn.” physiology nowadays. I use the cardiovascular section of AJP, Circulation Research, Science, and Nature to inform Letters to G. Edgar Folk, Jr. me. I may even remember a few percent of what I read last week.” ❖ Robert C. Little writes: “Thank you for your kind words on my 80th birthday. My wife, Claire, and I enjoy traveling and have attended at least a dozen Elderhostel programs. We keep busy exercising (both weight lifting and walking), gardening and going to concerts. “Since my retirement from The Medical College of Georgia my professional activities are largely limited to attending Medical Ground Rounds at the Medical College and serving on the Health Service Committee of the Life Care Community where we live.”

Börje E.G. Johansson writes: “Thank you for your kind let- ter of July 24, 2000. My 70th birthday on July 29 was a nice event that I spent with a well-selected crowd of relatives and friends. “In response to your request I shall try to sum up the major mile stones of my professional life and my current situation. “After finishing medical school in Göteborg, Sweden, I joined the group of Professor Björn Folkow in the Physiology Department of Göteborg University and finished my PhD there in 1962. A most important step of my further training in physiology was a year as a research associate with Dr. David Bohr at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor in 1964-65. “Back in Sweden I became a professor of physiology at the Medical Faculty of the University of Lund in 1970, continu- ing my research on the physiology and pharmacology of vas- cular smooth muscle that was initiated through my work with Dave Bohr. At that time I was also a consultant for AB Hässle in Mölndal, a small but growing pharmaceutical research company belonging to the Astra group.

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 461 Announcements

Sandler Program for Asthma Research Last year, the Sandler Program for Asthma Research initi- the field, we do not require prior studies regarding asthma. ated individual Awards for the support of asthma research. We do require excellence, innovation, and relevance to asth- This is to inform you of a second round of Awards for year ma. Applications are due February 15, 2001 for funding July 2001. The Sandler Program seeks in particular to support 1, 2001 Two categories of investigators will be sponsored: excellent bench investigators from outside the field of asth- Senior Investigators $250,000/year for three years ma. This reflects our goal to support innovative approaches to Junior Investigators $125,000/year for three years the study of asthma. You are encouraged to apply. The appli- For further information, log onto the website: www.sandler- cation is streamlined (7 pages total), with a fast turnaround research.org or contact Mee Mee Wong at 415 514-0730. ❖ time. Because we seek to attract investigators from outside

Online Service to Showcase Tools for Science and Discovery ALSSA Online–Fall Edition, a free online source for the maceuticals, chemicals, food and beverage, biotechnology analytical and life science measurement systems industry’s and semiconductors. new and latest product introductions, was launched In describing the new program, ALSSA Chairman Jay September 12, 2000. This new service can be accessed Flatley said “ALSSA Online provides a significant value to through the industry association’s (ALSSA) web site— users of our industry’s products. ALSSA Online offers one http://www.alssa.org. It will provide easy and quick access to online source of comprehensive and up-to-date information information on dozens of companies’ new products without about our newest products and what the leading suppliers are leaving the office or lab. introducing this season. At the same time, attendees at the ALSSA Online will highlight the latest in instruments, con- Fall conferences and product expositions will find ALSSA sumables and software for analysis and measurement from Online especially useful in organizing their visit.” leading suppliers like Affymetrix, Agilent, Amersham With headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia, USA, the Pharmacia Biotech, Bruker, Dionex, Invitrogen, Life Analytical and Life Science Systems Association (ALSSA) is Technologies, PE Biosystems, PerkinElmer, Promega, QIA- the industry trade association for the leading suppliers of GEN, Roche, Sigma-Aldrich, Varian, Waters and many, many instruments and systems including consumables, reagents, more. These products enable science, drug discovery and and informatics used for analysis and measurement in chem- genetics research, and advance new product development and istry applications and the life sciences. For more information, state of the art production in many industries including phar- consult their web site at http://www.alssa.org. ❖

Wellcome Visiting Professorships in the Basic Medical Sciences 2001-2002 The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology invites nominations from US medical schools, uni- versities and other nonprofit scientific research institutions NIH Minority Mentoring Program for Burroughs Wellcome Fund Visiting Professorships in the The NIH has long been concerned about the under-repre- Basic Medical Sciences. BWF encourages institutions to sentation of minority scientists participating in biomedical nominate women and members of minority groups that are and behavioral research. Through its Research Supplements underrepresented in the sciences. Individuals cannot apply for Underrepresented Minorities Program, investigators with for this program. For application procedures and informa- NIH grants may receive research support for underrepresent- tion, contact Rose P. Grimm, Executive Office, Federation ed minorities on their grants. In order to facilitate the use of of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 9650 this program among behavioral and social scientists, the Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3998. Tel: 301-530- OBSSR has developed a web page that will link underrepre- 7090; fax: 301-530-7049; Email: [email protected]. sented minority students with potential research mentors Deadline for institutions to apply is March 1, 2001. (http://www4.od.nih.gov/research/) ❖ Sponsored by The Burroughs Wellcome Fund. ❖

462 The Physiologist Announcements

Summer Programs in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan for US Graduate Students in Science and Engineering Sponsors: National Science Foundation, National Institutes scheduled to complete at least one full academic year in a of Health, and US Department of Agriculture master's degree program at the end of the calendar year of Overview: The Summer Institute in Japan, the Monbusho application; and pursuing studies in fields of science or engi- Summer Program, the Summer Institute in Korea, and the neering that are supported by NSF, NIH or USDA. Summer Institute in Taiwan provide graduate students in sci- Support: International travel costs to and from Japan, Korea ence and engineering first-hand experience in Japanese, or Taiwan; in-country living costs (accommodations, food Korean and Taiwan research environments, an introduction to and professional travel); and an allowance of $2,500. the science and science policy infrastructure of the respective Deadline: December 1, 2000 countries, and language and cultural training. For more information: go to http://www.nsf.gov/cgi-bin/ Eligibility: Applicants must be US citizens or permanent res- getpub?nsf99152 or http://www.twics.com/~nsftokyo/ Direct idents; be enrolled at a US institution in a science or engi- questions to Thomasina Edwards at NSF; Email: ted- neering PhD program, be enrolled in a MD program and have [email protected]; or Tel.: 703-292-8704. ❖ an interest in biomedical research, or be enrolled in and

Fifth Biennial International Association of Medical Science Educators July 21-24, 2001—Rochester, Minnesota

This year’s meeting will be joint-sponsored and hosted by Mayo Clinic. International speakers will address topics on understanding the process of teaching and learning of basic science throughout the continuum of medical training. Contact: Roger W. Koment, President, IAMSE Administrative Office, 5535 Belfast Place, Suite A, Springfield, VA 22151.; Tel.: 703-333-5223, Fax: 703-333- 5224, Email: [email protected], URL: http://www.iamse. org/conf5_menu.htm. ❖

Nobel Centennial Exhibit Seeks Materials The Smithsonian Museum in Washington and the German Museum in Bonn and Munich are having a joint exhibition in October 2001 in honor of Alfred Nobel's 100th birthday. The focus will be on Nobel prize winners and science. The people developing the exhibit have already interviewed 31 Nobel prize winners in physics, chemistry and medicine and are now trying to find general footage about experimental biology, physics, or chemistry. They want animations about certain experiments or interesting looking videos that could contribute to inspire young people for science in general. If you have any suggestions for them, please contact the curators: Daniela Creutz, or Neil Hollande; 341 West 24th Street, Suite 20F, New York, NY 10011. Tel 212-675-2527, Fax 212-675-3192; [email protected] [email protected]. ❖

Vol. 43, No. 5, 2000 463 Announcements

Gift Planning Opportunities The American Physiological Society is ✺ Life Income Gifts: Gift annuities, ✺ Gifts by Will: Bequests of a percent- pleased to invite the membership to deferred payment gift annuities, chari- age of estate, stated dollar amount or consider including the APS in their gift table remainder trusts, charitable specific property or assets. giving plans. Over the last several remainder unitrusts, and charitable years, the Society has received dona- annuity trusts. For more information on gift giving tions of land and securities, all of which to the APS, please contact Martin have been used to launch the Society’s ✺ Gifts of Insurance: Ownership of life Frank, Executive Director (Tel. 301- various young investigator award pro- insurance policies can be donated, or 530-7118, Email: [email protected]), grams. the APS can become the beneficiary of or Robert Price, Director of Finance Many options exist if you are inter- policies owned by others. (Tel. 301-530-7160, Email: rprice@ ested in including the APS and its aps.faseb.org). Endowment Fund in your financial or ✺ Designated Gifts: Gifts given to estate planning. Some options include: honor or memorialize an individual or an organization and can include schol- ✺ Immediate Gifts: Cash, gifts of arships, programs, etc., which are spec- appreciated securities, gifts of closely ified for support and named for individ- held stock, gifts of tangible personal uals. property, retirement assets, charitable lead trusts and gifts of real estate.

IUPS Congress Travel Awards Available APS Careers Brochure to be Updated The US National Committee for the International Union of Physiologial Sciences is seeking applications for travel awards for the XXXIV IUPS Congress in Christchurch, New Zealand, August 26-31, 2001. Information and a The APS Careers in preliminary program about the Congress are available at Physiology brochure is http://www.iups2001.org.nz. going to be updated in the upcoming year. We would The Committee will screen the applications, and the like to include scientific awards will be made by The American Physiological graphics, instruments and Society (APS), which is raising funds for the travel. The resulst used in physiologi- travel awards will be approximately $1,000 to help cal research. We would cover the majority of the airfare to New Zealand. also like to include the The awards are intended for individuals resident to the career profiles of a few United States who have no other source of funds to attend physiologists. the Congress. Federal employees are eligible. It is anticipat- We need your help! If ed that more applications will be received than can be fund- you have attractive art- ed. In addition, APS Council approved funds for a travel work samples, or would award program for APS members who reside outside of the like to share an interesting US. For an application, see http://www.the-aps.org/ story about how you got meetings/internat/mtg_iups2001.htm. interested in physiology, please send it in. They The deadline for submissions of applications for travel may submitted to APS, awards is January 31, 2001. All applicants must submit Education Office, 9650 six copies of the application to USNC/IUPS, National Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Academy of Sciences, Attn: Paul Turner, 2101 MD 20814. Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418.

464 The Physiologist Scientific Meetings and Congresses

October 16 1037 Chestnut Street, Newton Upper Falls, MA 02464. Tel: Obesity (Institute of Medicine 30th Anniversary Annual 617-630-1300 or 888-999-6288; fax: 617-630-1325; email: Meeting), Washington, DC. Information: Donna Duncan, [email protected]; Internet: http://www.healthtech.com. National Academy of Sciences 320, Institute of Medicine, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418. Fax: November 15-16 202-334-1694. Advance registration requested but not Application of Genomics to Animal Models for required. No fee. Pharmaceutical Studies, Boston, MA. Information: Cambridge Healthtech Institute, 1037 Chestnut Street, October 22-26 Newton Upper Falls, MA 02464. Tel: 617-630-1300 or 888- REGPEP 2000: 13th International Symposium on Regulatory 999-6288; fax: 617-630-1325; email: [email protected]; Peptides, Cairns, Queensland, Australia. Information: ICMS Internet: http://www.healthtech.com. Pty Ltd, 84 Queensbridge Street, Southbank, Victoria, Australia 3006, Tel: +61 3 9682 0244; Fax: +61 3 9682 0288; November 21-25 email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.icms.com. 13th Asian Colloquium in Nephrology and Advanced au/regpep. Course in Nephrology, Bali, Indonesia. Information: Secretariat, PO Box 888, JAT 13000, Jakarta, Indonesia. Tel: October 23-24 +62-21 3149208 or 3141203; fax: +62-213155551 or VEGF-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors—New 3152278; email: [email protected]. Discoveries in Regulation and Inhibition, Philadelphia, PA. Information: The Knowledge Foundation, Inc., 18 November 29-30 Webster Street, Brookline, MA 02446 USA, Tel: 617-232- Research Informatics 2000: Optimizing and Integrating 7400; Fax: 617-232-9171; email: rfamigli@knowledgefoun- Informatics for Drug -Development, Philadelphia, PA. dation.com; Internet: http://www.knowledgefoundation.com/ Information: Cambridge Healthtech Institute, 1037 Chestnut vegf2000.html. Street, Newton Upper Falls, MA 02464. Tel: 617-630-1300 or 888-999-6288; fax: 617-630-1325; email: November 4-9 [email protected]; Internet: http://www.healthtech.com. 30th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, LA. Information: Society for Neuroscience, 11 December 1 Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC 20036. Clinical Informatics, Philadelphia, PA. Information: Internet: http://www.sfn.org. Cambridge Healthtech Institute, 1037 Chestnut Street, Newton Upper Falls, MA 02464. Tel: 617-630-1300 or 888- November 6-9 999-6288; fax: 617-630-1325; email: [email protected]; Chips to Hits 2000, Philadelphia, PA. Information: IBC Internet: http://www.healthtech.com. USA Conferences, Inc., One Research Drive, Suite 400A, PO Box 5195, Westborough, MA 01581-5195. Tel: 508-616- December 9 5550; fax: 508-616-5522; email: [email protected]; Internet: Eleventh Annual Neurology for the Primary Practitioner, http://www.chipstohits.com. Baltimore, MD. Information: Conference Coordinator, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Office of November 8-11 Continuing Medical Education, Turner 20, 720 Rutland Jackson Cardiovascular-Renal Meeting 2000, Jackson, Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195. Tel: 410-955-2959; fax: MS. Information: Meeting Secretariat, Center for Excellence 410-95500807; email: [email protected]; Internet: in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi http://www.med.jhu.edu/cme. Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216- 4505. Tel: 601-984-1803; fax 601-984-1817; email: 2001 [email protected]; Internet: http://cecr. umsmed.edu. January 3-7 Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology 2001 November 13-14 Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL. Information: Society for Functional Genomics: Application of Genomic Integrative and Comparative Biology. Tel: 800-955-1236 or Technologies to the Understanding of Biological Systems, 703-790-1745; fax: 703-790-2672; email: SICB@BurkInc. Boston, MA. Information: Cambridge Healthtech Institute, com; Internet: http://www.SICB.org.

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