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Husbandry Manual DRAFT ONLY HUSBANDRY MANUAL - PHILIPPINE TARSIER (Tarsius Syrichta) Amanda S

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Husbandry Manual DRAFT ONLY HUSBANDRY MANUAL - PHILIPPINE TARSIER (Tarsius Syrichta) Amanda S Philippine Tarsier Husbandry Manual DRAFT ONLY HUSBANDRY MANUAL - PHILIPPINE TARSIER (Tarsius syrichta) Amanda S. Embury, Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens D R A F T Key words: Philippines Tarsier, husbandry, conservation, captive management, OVERVIEW This document provides a brief summary of the available literature on the Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta), collating details published in various articles. The husbandry manual has been made possible by those institutions responding to a questionnaire seeking details of husbandry practices for the species. In some instances, details are based on findings for Tarsius bancanus or T. spectrum as there is no written information for the Philippines Tarsier. Observed differences between exhibit use and behavioural patterns for T. syrichta and T. bancanus suggest that the two species may occupy differing niches or have different social groupings (Wright et al, 1987). BACKGROUND that the tarsal region is elongated, a trait of The Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens both tarsiers and galagoes (Napier & Napier, has been working collaboratively with the 1985). Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau - Department of Environment and Natural The tarsier is unique amongst Primates in Resources of the Philippines. Several that its diet consists of essentially only live projects have been undertaken including a food items and it consumes no vegetable review of available literature on Philippine matter (Mc Nab & Wright 1987). Tarsiers to provide reference material for the captive breeding program for this The restricted distribution of tarsiers, and endangered species in the Philippines. their confinement to tropical forests which have suffered immense degradation, renders INTRODUCTION all species threatened with the Philippines The Philippine Tarsier is one of four species Tarsier being designated endangered belonging to the genus Tarsius, a genus (IUCN, 1990) [The Philippines Tarsier is confined to Indonesia and the Philippines. not listed in the 1994 Red Data Book]. Classified as a Primate, there is some confusion as to whether tarsiers should be Surprisingly little is known of tarsiers, field included as Prosimians, Anthropoids, or studies have been limited, and the species intermediate between the two major Primate have proved difficult to maintain in groups as tarsiers have features which can captivity. However, data continues to be equate it to either one. collected, field studies are underway and there are plans to expand captive A curious species, the tarsier has a tail much populations both to enable further research longer than its body and large membranous and to establish a re-introduction program. ears. The enormous saucer like eyes which dominate the face signify that tarsiers are CLASSIFICATION nocturnal in activity. Typically seen in an CLASS: Mammalia erect posture, clinging to vertical branches, ORDER: Primates tarsiers are renowned for their leaping Family: Tarsiidae ability. Genus: Tarsius Species: syrichta The name "tarsier" is derived from the fact Made available from the International Husbandry Manual Registry at: http://www.australasianzookeeping.org/ Philippine Tarsier Husbandry Manual DRAFT ONLY TAXONOMIC NOTES include tarsiers as prosimians is held by The Philippine Tarsier is one of four species Simpson (1945, after Jenkins, 1987) and within the genus Tarsius, the other three Simons (1972, after Jenkins 1987), based on species being Tarsius spectrum (Spectral the homology of tarsier chromosomes with Tarsier), found only on Sulawesi, Tarsius prosimians (Poorman et al 1985, after bancanus (Western or Malaysian Tarsier), Jenkins 1987). The reproductive cycle of found in Indonesia and a dwarf form, tarsiers shows no shared derived features Tarsius pumilis, confined to the mountain with those of anthropoids (Wright et al, forests of Sulawesi and known only from a 1986). The final theory is based on fossil few Museum specimens (Musser & Dagosto evidence (Gingerich 1973, 1974,1975a and 1987, after Jenkins, 1987) 1975b after Jenkins, 1987) which suggests that tarsiers be included in a separate group The Philippine Tarsier was thought to have intermediate between prosimians and three distinct subspecies (Niemitz 1984a), anthropoids because of similarities between but it is now considered to be a monotypic tarsiers and fossil pleisiadiforms. It has species (Jenkins 1987). been suggested that the characteristics of small mass, insectivorous or Historically, tarsiers have been associated insectivorous/frugivorous diet, low basal with rodents (jerboa), marsupials (opossum) rate and low body temperature may be or monkeys. Later it has been associated characteristics found in the earliest primates. with the prosimian Primates or alternatively The physiological similarities that tarsiers considered intermediate between lemurs and share with Prosimians may be due to similar monkeys (Jenkins 1987). Tarsius is the diet and body size rather than phylogenetic sole genus within the family Tarsiidae. association (McNab & Wright, 1987). Earliest indication of the family is found in fossils of the Eocene period from Europe GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Napier & Napier, 1985). Although there is The type locality for the Philippine Tarsier only one living genus, four fossil genera are was described as Luzon, however as there known: Microchoerus, Necrolemur, are no subsequent records of the species Nannopithex and Pseudoloris (Napier & occurring on Luzon, the type locality has Napier, 1985). It has been noted that the been disputed (Niemitz 1984, after Jenkins, genus Tarsius is possibly the oldest extant 1987). genus of mammals, having been in existence for some 50 million years (Roberts et al, (Map to be included at a later date) 1984). Today, the geographic range of the Today, the classification of tarsiers at Philippine Tarsier is somewhat restricted, suborder level remains unresolved with being confined to Mindanao, Bohol Island, three major views persisting. Initially Samar Island and Leyte Island, all in the tarsiers were grouped with anthropoids Philippines (Honacki et al 1982, Wolfheim, based on the structure of their rhinarium 1983, Jenkins, 1987). Details of (Pocock 1918 after Jenkins, 1987), the distribution are not known (Wolfheim, placentation and foetal membranes 1983). (Hubrecht 1908 & Luckett 1947a after Jenkins, 1987, and molecular and Forty to fifty million years ago, tarsier like biochemical data (Baba et al 1975 after animals were widespread, occurring in Jenkins, 1987). The second view to Europe, Asia and North America. Made available from the International Husbandry Manual Registry at: http://www.australasianzookeeping.org/ 2 Philippine Tarsier Husbandry Manual DRAFT ONLY lizards, spiders. Other species of tarsier are ECOLOGY reported to eat various other invertebrate Habitat classes. Large orthopterans are suggested As with other species of tarsier, the as being a major component of the diet Philippine Tarsier is found in tropical (Davis, 1962, after McNab & Wright, rainforest, within 10o latitude of the equator, 1987). Tarsiers have also been reported to often in low lying and coastal areas. The tackle a number of vertebrate species Philippine Tarsier usually occupies edge including snakes, bats, birds and rodents habitat or secondary growth, with preference (Niemitz, 1984). being given to areas of regenerating growth. Tarsiers tend to frequent the understorey Vision appears to play a vital role in where insects are abundant. The trunks of location of prey; tarsiers housed in total trees and larger branches are a likely darkness produce few faeces, suggesting an harbour for insects and are consequently inability to capture prey (Roberts et al, used by foraging tarsiers (Napier 1985). 1984). The tarsier will perch and watch for Bamboo thickets or dark hollows are sought moving prey items, pouncing upon them and for sanctuary during daylight hours. dispatching them quickly by biting. Tarsiers can be found between 0M and 8M Tarsiers will close their eyes to prevent above the ground, with greatest incidence injury when hunting larger insects. Tarsiers and most activity being reported for heights are remarkably successful in their ability to between 2M and 3M above ground level capture prey, of 313 observed attempts to (Niemitz, 1984). capture food, 88% were successful. Of these 20% involved "reach out and grab", Activity Rhythm: 29% involved a "single jump and catch", Nocturnal and crepuscular in character, with 51% requiring 2-3 short leaps then Philippine Tarsiers can be described as capture (Roberts 1985). It appears that inactive, spending the greater part of even tarsiers adopt a "sit and wait" strategy when their "active period" resting on vertical foraging, rather than probing about in the perches. The Philippine Tarsier has low fashion of shrews, possibly an effective way basal rates of energy expenditure and has a of minimising energy expenditure. low body temperature (McNab & Wright, 1987). There is no evidence that tarsiers Predators indulge in periods of torpor, possibly Owls are listed as the \main predator of reflecting a year round supply of adequate tarsiers (Napier & Napier, 1967), other prey items (McNab & Wright, 1987). predators include the Slow Loris, Giant Active tarsiers consume 60-80% energy Civet and various species of snake (Roberts predicted for resting animals of their body et al, 1984), undoubtably tarsiers may be mass (Roberts, 1985), and it is suggested hunted by any arboreal predator. The that their foraging technique enables Philippine Tarsier
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