Generation of a 3D City Model of Baalbek/Lebanon Based on Historical Photos

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Generation of a 3D City Model of Baalbek/Lebanon Based on Historical Photos Generation of a 3D city model of Baalbek/Lebanon based on historical photos Vorgelegt von Dipl.-Ing. AHMED ALAMOURI Von der Fakultät VI-Planen Bauen Umwelt der Technischen Universität Berlin Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaft (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Univ. Prof. Dr. Ing. DOROTHÉE SACK Berichter: Prof. Dr. Ing. Dr. h. c. LOTHAR GRÜNDIG Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. THOMAS H. KOLBE Berichter: Prof. Dr. Ing. ORHAN ALTAN Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 27.01.2011 Berlin 2011 D83 ii PhD-Thesis by Alamouri Generation of a 3D city model of Baalbek/Lebanon based on historical photos Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Univ. Prof. Dr. Ing. DOROTHÉE SACK Berichter: Prof. Dr. Ing. Dr. h. c. LOTHAR GRÜNDIG Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. THOMAS H. KOLBE Berichter: Prof. Dr. Ing. ORHAN ALTAN Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 27.01.2011 Berlin 2011 D83 PhD-Dissertation by Alamouri iii iv PhD-Thesis by Alamouri ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the outset, I would like to express my profound and gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Eng. Dr. h. c. Lothar Gründig for his supports and advices during my doctoral research. He has constantly kept me to remain focused on achieving the research aims. His observations and comments helped me to establish the overall direction of the research and to move forward with the investigation in depth. Giving me the opportunities to participate in many workshops, meetings and conferences, he has raised my self-confidence and experience of making presentations at scientific meeting. As well, I would like to express my great thanks to Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Thomas H. Kolbe who assisted me during the past five years. Very special thanks for his constant interest and encouragement; which helped me complete this thesis. Furthermore, my deep appreciation also expressed to Dipl. Inform. Gerhard König who was helping to solve and overcome the problems arisen during the research work. In addition, many thanks expressed to all colleagues at the Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation at the Technical University of Berlin, Germany. I am grateful also to Mr. Dipl.-Eng. Frank Henze (BTU-Cottbus) and to colleagues at Institute of Francais du Proche Orient (IFPO) in Damascus for providing the materials used in this research. In addition, thanks to University of Aleppo, Syria for the finance support during my PhD program in Germany. Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my parents who supported me mentally and patiently during my research time in Berlin. Thanks are extended to my family and friends for sharing with me the happy moments and opinions about the life while in Germany. Ahmed Alamouri 2011, Berlin - Germany PhD-Dissertation by Alamouri v PREFACE The work presented by this thesis was funded by the coorporation between the University of Aleppo (Syria), Technical University of Berlin (Germany) and Brandenburg Technical University of Cottbus (Germany) in the research area “the evaluation of digital photogrammetry in the documentation of the cultural heritage”. The investigation and the implementation of experiments are based on the data of the historical graphical materials of the city Baalbek in Lebanon. This work was presented from October 2005 until September 2010 at the Berlin Institute of Technology, University of Berlin and has been supervised by Prof. Dr. Eng. Dr. h. c. Lothar Gruendig. With this thesis, three main problems will be posed and investigated: The first, how can the orientation process of different historical image types be best achieved (with respect to the poor properties of the images used)? Second, the combination between the different historical image types of Baalbek to achieve an optimal 3D object reconstruction will be discussed. Finally, it will be investigated: in which Level of Detail (LOD) Baalbek’s data set can be modelled with respect to requirements of CityGML (City Geography Markup Language). The thesis comprises eight Chapters; the first one includes an introduction about the research motivation and objectives. Some theory and mathematical background of camera calibration will be presented in the 2nd Chapter. In the third one a new approach for relative orientation of non-calibrated historical photos of Baalbek will be described. The fourth and fifth Chapters describe the orientation process based on the combination between different image types. 3D object acquisition, quality assessment of Baalbek’s data sets as well as a 3D modelling will be discussed in the 6th and 7th Chapters. In 8th Chapter, concluding remarks and results are summarized. In addition, perspectives, remaining open questions and problems for future works are addressed. vi PhD-Thesis by Alamouri ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Auswertung von historischen Bildern unterschiedlichster Art zur Dokumentation von Objekten des Weltkulturerbes. Beispielhaft wurde verfügbares Bildmaterial (vertikale, terrestrische und Schrägaufnahmen) der Stadt Baalbek in Lebanon verwendet und photogrammetrisch ausgewertet. Bei der Verarbeitung des historischen Bildmaterials tritt eine Vielzahl von Problemen auf, deren Ursache in der Aufnahmesituation (wie zum Beispiel: unterschiedliche Aufnahmezeitpunkte, unterschiedliche Bildmaßstäbe, verschiedene Flughöhen und verschiedene Kameras) bzw. in der Beschaffenheit der Bilder zu sehen ist (unterschiedlicher Kontrast der Grauwerte in den Bildern, Bildrauschen). In der Regel sind keine Daten über die verwendeten Kameras bekannt, was eine Auswertung wesentlich erschwert. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Strategie entwickelt, die einen Beitrag zur kombinierten Auswertung von historischen Bildern liefert. Der Lösungsansatz sieht drei Stufen vor: Unter diesen Bedingungen von den verwendeten Bildern wird in dieser Arbeit eine entsprechende Strategie basiert auf verschiedenen Klassen von historischen Bildern zur Kamerakalibrierung und Bildorientierung entwickelt. Diese Strategie liefert einen effektiven Beitrag für den relativen Orientierungsprozess, da diese kombinierte Auswertung von den historischen Bildern bisher nur unzureichend untersucht wurde. Sie bildet daher einen Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit. Zunächst müssen die verfügbaren Bilder im Koordinatensystem Baalbeks gemeinsam orientiert werden, um die unbekannten Parameter der inneren sowie der äußeren Orientierung zu bestimmen. Diese Parameter werden durch einen speziellen Algorithmus auf Basis der Bündelblockausgleichung berechnet und somit die Verzerrungsparameter (radial und dezentral) ermittelt. In der Arbeit wird untersucht, wie die Näherungswerte der Unbekannten optimal geschätzt werden und wie weit sie die erforderliche Genauigkeit und Zuverlässigkeit beeinflussen. Zur relativen Orientierung der historischen Bilder von Baalbek wurde ebenfalls die Methode der Bündelblockausgleichung angewendet, da sie den Zusammenhang zwischen den Bildkoordinaten (als Beobachtungen) und den Objektkoordinaten direkt, d.h. ohne Umweg über Modellkoordinaten, herstellen kann. Dieser Zusammenhang lässt sich durch die PhD-Dissertation by Alamouri vii mathematische Beziehung zwischen den Beobachtungen (z. B. Bildkoordinaten, Passpunkten, usw.) und den Unbekannten (wie z. B. die Parameter der inneren und äußeren Orientierung) präsentieren. Diese Beziehung kann mathematisch als funktionales Modell dargestellt werden, welches als die im Ausgleichungsprozess angewendete Hauptform gilt. Generell ist der funktionale Ansatz nichtlinear, deshalb wird im Rahmen der Arbeit der Lösung dieses Problems spezielle Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Unter der Annahme, dass die Ausgleichung generell mit linearen Funktionen gelöst werden kann, wird ein Linearisierungs- prozess eingeführt. In den jetzt orientierten Bildern können räumliche Objektkoordinaten gemessen werden, um 3D-Objekte zu rekonstruieren. In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, in wie weit durch die Kombination der verschiedenen historischen Bilder eine beste 3D-Objektrekonstruktion möglich ist. Die 3D-Daten Baalbeks liefern den Input zu einer 3D-Modellierung basierend auf CityGML (City Geography Markup Language). Daher beleuchtet die Arbeit, welcher Detaillierungsgrad (Level of Detail-LOD) bei der Modellierung erreicht werden kann. Darüber hinaus werden, soweit möglich, CityGML-Objekte (CityGML-Entitäten) der Stadt Baalbek durch semantische Informationen angereichert (z. B. Kategorie, Name und Adresse des Objekts), da sie einen wesentlichen Mehrwert für die Analyse der historischen Entwicklung der Stadt liefern. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde erreicht, dass die interne geometrische Konfiguration der unterschiedlichen verwendeten Kameras unter Berücksichtigung der Linsenverzerrung bestimmt werden konnte, und somit eine integrierte dreidimensionale Vermessung auf der Basis historischer Bilder möglich ist. Als weiteres anwendungsbezogenes Ergebnis wurde ein 3D-Stadtmodell von der historischen Stadt auf der Basis von CityGML in zwei verschiedenen LODs generiert. viii PhD-Thesis by Alamouri ABSTRACT Within this research the combined evaluation of different types of historical photos for the documentation of cultural heritage sites is discussed. For this purpose the historical photos of Baalbek in Lebanon have been used which can be classified into three types: vertical, oblique and terrestrial photos. Due to the poor properties of these photos (such as: different cameras used and no primary data of cameras’ parameters, different image scales, different altitudes of the flight, the contrast of the gray values and the image noise
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