Commission Du Pacifique Sud Document Technique No. 101

Commission du Pacifique Sud Document Technique No. 101

PARASITES ET PREDATEURS

INTRODUITS DANS LES ILES DU PACIFIQUE

POUR LA LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE CONTRE LES INSEGTES ET AUTRES FLEAOX

par

C. P. HOYT Technicien Charge de la lutte contre les maladies & ennemis des cultures et du betail a la Commission du Pacifique Sud

Commission du Pacifique Sud Noumea, Nouvelle-Caledonie Mars 1957 Le present rapport est publie par la Commission du Pacifique Sud a titre d!information generale. La Commission n'accepte aucune responsabilite en ce qui coneerne les assertions qui y fi- gurent. Le texte original de ce docu ment a ete redige en anglais• TABLE DES MATIERES

Page

INTRODUCTION ..•..•... (v)

I. Liste alphabetique des lies et groupes dfiles indiquant les especes de parasites et predateurs introduites 1

II, Liste systematique des especes de parasites et predateurs indiquant les lies ou groupes d'iles dans lesquels elles ont ete introduites 24

III. Liste systematique des especes d'insectes et de fleaux indiquant les especes de parasites et predateurs introduites en vue de la lutte biologique .....•••,• • . • 32

IV, Liste des plantes alimentaires et des animaux botes indiquant les insectes et fleaux qui les affeetent et contre lesquels une lutte biologique a ete tentee ...... ••*...... 39

lote: Etant donne qu'il s'agit de listes comportant pour la plupart des noms latins, nous n'avons pas juge utile de les traduire.

(in) INTRODUCTION

La methode de lutte biologique, c!est-a~dire le controle de l'ac- croissement du nombre d1insectes et de fleaux par 1!intermediaire de l1intro duction de parasites et predateurs, est souvent employee dans le Pacifique ou elle a deja mene a des resultata remarquables.

Lorsque cette methode reussit, elle est une solution ideale non seulement parce que les frais au depart sont peu eleves et qufils ne se repe- tent pas, mais encore parce que, dans les coimromautes moins developpees, les habitants ne jouissent ni de 1fexperience, ni de la possibility de se servir du materiel et de l'equipement qu!exige 1 * application d*autres methodes de lutte.

Les listes dressees ici sont un essai de collationnement de donnees dispersees concernant 1!introduction et les mouvements, a l*interieur de la region du Pacifique (a 1!exclusion des lies Hawaiennes), de parasites et predateurs dont on sfest servi pour la lutte biologique.

Je suis heureux de pouvoir remercier M. C.P. Clausen (President de la Section de Lutte Biologique de l'Universite de Californie, Station Ex perimental pour les Agrumes, Riverside), qui a mis a notre disposition ses documents concernant le Pacifique. Ces documents, ainsi que ceux de M. B.A. O'Connor^ ' (Chef entomologiste au Service Agricole de Fidji) et ceux de H. CE. Pemberton (2) (president du Comite Consultatif sur les Invertebres du "Pacific Science Board11), m!ont fourni la majeure partie du materiel dont je me suis servi pour cette compilation.

Dans lfensemble, environ 140 especes de parasites et predateurs ont ete introduites et un peu plus de la moitie s$est etablie dans les ter- ritoires dfintroduction.

L'etablissement ne suffit cependant pas a lui seul etant donne que 1'utilite des parasites et predateurs depend de la maniere dont ils con- tribuent a reduire le nombre et, partant, les degats causes par les insectes et fleaux.

Bans les cas les plus remarquables les resultats sont evidents, par exemple en ce qui concerne les lepidopteres Levuana, l'Aspidiotus destinetor et le Promecotheca reichei a Fidji, ainsi qu*Aleurocanthus spiniferus a Guam.

(1) Lutte biologique contre les insectes et les plantes adventices a Fidji, Bulletin Agricole de Fidji, Vol. 21, No. 1 et 2, 1950. (2) Rapport pour les annees 1949-54 du Comite Consultatif sur les Inverte bres du Pacifique, "Pacific Science Board", 1954 (vi)

Dans d'autres cas, ou des parasites ont reduit le nombre dfinsectes et de fleaux de fa^on moins apparentes, il est difficile d'evaluer statistiquement 1•amelioration obtenue.

II est probable que bien souvent les parasites affectent peu les insectes et fleaux- La raison en est que, bien qu'il existe des parasites pour la plupart des insectes, ils ne peuvent que dans relativement peu de cas lutter contre ces insectes suffisamment pour reduire les degats causes au point de les rendre insignifiants.

Les documents disponibles ont ete classes de diverses manieres, de sorte qu'il est possible dfen tirer lfinformation requise en prenant comme point de depart soit 1'ile, soit le parasite, soit 1'insecte, ou encore la plante.

Les renseignements donnes pour chaque lie ou groupes d'lle (Liste l) comportent les noms des insectes et fleaux, l1ordre generique et la famille dont ils font partie et la plante ou tout autre bote qui en est affecte. Les parasites et predateurs introduits pour lutter contre chacun de ces insectes et fleaux sont enumeres egaleraent avec indication de I'espece et de la famille dont ils font partie, du pays d1origins, de la date d1introduction (suivie, dans certains cas, du nom de 1'ile dfun groupe dorme ou lfintroduction a ete effectuee) et du resultat de l1introduction, cfest~a-dire I'etablissement du parasite (E), son non-etablissement (u)f ou bien le manque de donnees a ce sujet (?).

La liste II indique pour chaque parasite et predateur I'ordre ge nerique et la famille dont il fait partie, son nom, le nom de l'insecte ou du fleaux contre lequel il a ete introduit, les iles ou 1'introduction a ete ef fectuee et la date dfintroduction. Ges donnees ne se rapportent qu'aux intro ductions qui ont reussi (E).

La troisieme liste (Liste III), dans laquelle les especes dfinsec tes ou de fleaux sont enumeres alphabetiquement pour chaque ordre generique, indique toutes les lies dans lesquelles un parasite ou predateur donne a ete introduit. Pour plus de details on se referera aux listes I et II.

La quatrieme liste (Liste IV) enumere par ordre alphabetique les plantes (avec indication de leur nom en anglais et fran^ais) et les insectes ou fleaux qiii les affectent et contre lesquels des parasites et px*edateurs ont ete introduits. Des references y sont faites a la liste III qui donne les parasites et predateurs introduits et les lies dans lesquelles leur In troduction a ete effectuee.

C.P. EOIT loumea Technicien Charge de la lutte contre les maladies ITOUVSLLE-CALEDONIE ^ & ennemis des cultures et du be tail a Novembre 1956. " l^.^QBpiTOion_.du Paciflque Sud I. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ISLANDS AND ISLAND GROUPS SHOWIiS THE PARASITES A3P EREDATOR SPECIES WHICH HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED INTO EACH

Name of Pest Plant Host Introduced Date Island Result (Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

CANTON ISLAND Laphygma exempta (Walk*) Graminaceae (Lep. Agrotidae) Telenomus nawai Ashm. Hawaii 1941 E (Hym. Scelionidae) Buplectrus plathypenae (How.) Hawaii 1941 E (Hym. Eulophidae) Periplaneta americana L. Stored products (Orth. Blattidae) Evania appendigaster L* Hawaii 1940. E (Hym, E^aniidae)

CAROLINE ISLANDS (Excluding Palau Is.) Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) Citrus spp. (Hem* Coccidae) Orcus chalybeus (Boisd*) Australia 1908 (Yap) (Col. Coccinellidae) Aphididae Various (Henu Aphididae) Leis conformis (Boisd*) Australia 1907 (Tap) N (Col* Coccinellidae) Aspidiotus destructor Sign/ Cocos nucifera (Hem* Coccidae) Gryptogonus orbiculus var, nigripennis Weise T (Tap) E (Col* Coccinellidae) Brontispa mariana Spaeth Cocos nucifera (Col. Chrysomelidae) Tetrastichus brontispae Ferr. ? (Truk E (Hym. Eulophidae) Tap) lame of Pest Plant Host Introduced Bate Island Result Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family) iceryia aegyptiaca Dougl. Artocarpus altilis (Hem. Coccidae) Rodolia pumila Weise Marianas 1947- (Truk, E (Col« Coccinellidae) 48 Ulithi)

Rodolia sp« Palau 1953 (Col* Coccinellidae) seudococcus spp. (Hem. Coccidae) Various Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Hula. Australia 1907-8 (Yap) V (Col. Coccinellidae) arophagus proserpina (Kirk.) (Hem. Delphacidae) Colocasia spp. Crytorhinus fulvus Knight Hawaii 1947 (Ponape) £ (Hem. Hiridae) iscellaneous Divers Bufo marinus L. ? 1944 ? (lap) N (Amphibia)

COOK ISLANDS ssmopolites sordidus Germ. Musa sapientum (Col. Curculionidae) Plaesius javatms Rr. (Col. Histeridae) Fiji 1938-40 ? icus melanotus Coq. Citrus app. (Dipt, Trypetidae) Mrhinus (?) giffardii Silv. Fiji 1957-8 ? (Hym. Chaleididae) Syntomosphyrum indicum Silv. Fiji 1937-8 ? (%m. Eulophidae) Tetrastichus giffardiamzs Silv. Fiji 1936 ? (Hym* Eulophidae) -3 -

Name of Pest .Plant Host Introduced Date Island Result (Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

Pseudococcus spp. Various (Hem* Coccidae) Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls* New Zealand 1939 (Col. Coccinellidae) Periplaneta spp. Stored products (Ortho Blattidae) Ampulex compressa (F.) Hawaii 1955 (Bym. Ampulicidae)

FIJI Adoretus versutus Har. Various (Col« Scarabaeidae) Campsomeris marginella var* modesta Sm. Hawaii (Hym. Scoliidae) Aedes spp. Homo sapiens (Dipt. Culicidae) Toxorhynchites inornatus Walk. New Guinea 1953 (Dipt* Culicidae)

Toxorhynchites vsplendens Wied. Java 1931 (Dipt. Culicidae) Aphididae Various (Hem. Aphididae) Coccinella transversalis Australia 1924 E (Col. Coccinellidae) Leis conformis Boisd. Australia 1924 E (Colo Coccinellidae) Aspidiotus destructor Sign* Cocos nucifera (Hem. Coccidae) Aphytis chrysomphati Mercet. Tahiti 1920-1 E (Hym. Aphelinidae) and Java 1927 Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Craw. Tahiti 1920-1 (Hym. Aphelinidae) Name of Pest Plant Host Introduced Sate Island Result (Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

Aleurodothrips faaciapexinis Frankly Java 1927 N (Thysanoptera, Phioeothripidae)

Cryptogonus orbiculus var* nigripennis Weise Guam 1927 N (Col. Coccineilidae)

Comperiella unifasciata Ishii Java 1927 N (Hym. Encyrtidae)

Casca parvipemiis Gahan Java 1927 N (^yfflo Aphelinidae)

Scymnus sp* Java 1927 E (Col* Coccineilidae)

SpaMopterus crucifer Gahan Java 1927 ? (Hym* Encyrtidae) Azya trinitatus Marl, Trinidad 1928 N (Colo Coccineilidae) Cryptognatha nodieeps.Hshi, Trinidad 1928 i (Col* Coccineilidae) Cryptognatha siiaillima Sic. Trinidad 1928 E (Colo Coccineilidae) Microweisea insidiosa (Huls.) Trinidad 1928 N (Col* Coccineilidae) Scymnus aenipemnis Sic* Trinidad 1928 I (Col. Coccineilidae) Cosmopolites sordidus Chevr* Musa sapientum (Col. Corculionidae) Plaesius javanus Er„ . Java 1912-18 E (Col. Hist&ridae) Dacus spp» Fruits (Dipt* Trypetidae) Opius humilis Silv* Hawaii 1935 ? (Hym* Braconidae)

Opius tyroni Came Hawaii 1955 ? (Hym. Braconidae) - 5 -

Name of Pest Plant Host Introduced Sate Island Result (Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

Tetrastichus giffardianus Silv. Hawaii 1955 E (Hym. Bulophidae) Dirhinus giffardii Silv. India 1927 N (Hym. Chalcididae) Syntomosphyrum indicum Silv* Australia 1938 ? (Hym. Bulophidae) Opius ©ophilus Fall, Hawaii 1951 E (Hym. Braconidae) Opius formosamus Full. Hawaii 1953-4 ? (Hym* Braconidae) Onius lonsdcandatus (Ashm.) Hawaii 1955-4 ? (Hym. Braconidae) Diaspiine Coccidae Various (Hem. Coccidae) Orcus australasiae Boisd. Australia 1924 N (Col. Coccinellidae) Orcus chalybeus Boisd* Australia 1924 N (Col. Coccinellidae) Lamprosema octasema (Meyr.) Musa sapientum (Lep. Pyralidae) Microbracon omiodivorum Terry Hawaii 1925-8 (Hym. Braconidae) Cremastus sp. Java 1935 (Hym. Ichneumonidae) Lecanium sp. Various (Hem. Coccidae) Asya luteipes Mulso Hawaii 1928 (Col. Coccinellidae) Levuana iridescens B.B. Cocos nucifera (Lep. Lycaenidae) Ptychomyia remota Aid. Malaya 1925 E (Dipt. Tachinidae) - 6 - fame of Pest Plant Host Introduced Sate Island Result Order & Family) from of of Group Intro lame of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

•' Callimeras arcufer Chap. Malaya 1925 9 , (Col. Cleridae) (*) Frontina archippivora Will* Hawaii 1925 N (Dipt.Tachinidae) Eulophid sp« B. Java 1927 N (Hym, Bulophidae) Trichogramma nana Zebnt. Java 1927 N (Hym. Triohogrammatidae). usca domestica L« Homo sapiens (Dipt* Muscidae) Spaiangia sp* ? 1911 ? (Hym. Spalangiidae) Spaiangia cameroni P©rk* Hawaii 1928 I (Hym. Spalangiidae) V Spaiangia muscidarum Hioh« ? ? E (Hym. Spalangiidae) Meaembrima meridiana L* England 1951 N (Dipt. Muscidae) Gopria incertus var* procidus Say* Hawaii 1928 E (Colo Scarabaeidae) Platylister chineosis Quen. Java 1938 E (Col* Histeridae) essara viridula L. Various (Hem. Pentatomidae) Microphanurus basalia Veil. Australia 1941 E (Bym. Scelionidae) frichopoda pennipes fab. U.S.A, 1949 ? (Dipt, Tachinidae) ryetea rldnoceros L. Coeos nucifera (Col, Scarabaeidae) .Laionota Columbians Trinidad 1955-4 (Col. Histeridae)

*) Frontina archippivora Will. « Achaetoneura archippivora (Will.) Name of Pest Plant Host Introduced Date Island Result (Orde? & Family) from of ©f Group Intro- Name of Parasite ductioi (Order & Family)

Leionota quadridentata Trinidad 1953-4 ? (Colw Histeridae) Pyrophorus pellucens Trinidad 1953-4 ? (Col. Blateridae) Mecodema spinifei* New Zealand 1954 (Col. Carabidae) Scolia oryctophaga Coq. Mauritius 1954 (Hym* Scoliidae) Plutella maculipennis Curt. Brassica spp. (Lep. Plutellidae)

Diadromus collaris Grav. New Zealand 1945 (Hym* Ichneumonidae) Angitia cerophaga New Zealand 1945 (Hym. Ichneumonidae) Promecotheca reichei Baly Gocos nucifera (Col. Chrysomelidae)

Pleurotropis parvulus Ferr* Java 1955 £ (Hjym. Eulophidae) Pseudococcus spp. Various (Hem* Coccidae) Cryptolaemus montrouziere Muls. Australia 1924 E (Gol« Coccinellidae) Pseudaletia separata Walk* Graminaceae (Lep, Agrotidae) Apanteles marginiventris Cress, Hawaii 1950 E (Hym, Braconidae) Bucelatoria armigera Coq, Hawaii 1950 E (Dipt. Tachinidae) Euplectrus plathypenae How. Hawaii 1925 E (Hym. Eulophidae) Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisd.) Saccharum officinarum (Col. Curculionidae) Ceromasia sphenophori Vill. Hawaii 1910, 1912-13, (Dipt. Tachinidae) 1917 une of Pest Plant Host Introduced Date Island Result )rder & Family) from of of Group Intro- Name of Parasite (Order & Family) auction iccharicoccus sacchari (Ckll*) Saccharum officinarum (Hem* Coccidae) Anagyrus saccharicola Timb, Hawaii 1956 (Hym. Eacyrtidae) >arabaeidae Various (Colo Scarabaeidae) Campsomeris marginella modesta Sm* Hawaii 1917 E (Hym. Scoliidae) .rathaba trichogramma Meyr, Cocos nucifera (Lep, F^nralidae) Apanteles tirathabae ¥lkn. Java 1950 E (Hym. Braconidae)

Erycia basifulva Bezzi Java 1931, 1933 B (Dipt. Tachinidae)

Telenomus tirathabae Ferr. Java 1931 £ (Hym* Scelionidae)

Hemeritis palmaris Wlkn* Java 1935 E (Eym* Icheumonidae)

Sturmia painei Bar* Java 1933 N (Dipt* Tachinidae) scelianeous

Qhrysopa ramburi (Sch.) Australia 1924 E (Naur, Chrysopidae)

Trichogramma praetiosa Riley Hawaii 1925 N (Hym. Trichograiamatidae)

Brachymeria obscurata Wlk. Hawaii 1925 N (flym« Chalcididae)

Eohtbromiorpha maculipeimia Ualmg* Hawaii 1925 N (Hym* lehneumonidae):'

Casinarigi. Infrata Cress, Hawaii 1925 N (Sym« Icteeumonidae)

Ghelonus blackburni Cam. Hawaii 1925 I '{.Hym* Braconidae) - 9 -

Name ©f Pest Plant Host Introduced Date Island Result (Order & Family) from ©f ©f Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

Cremastus flavoorbitalis Cam* Hawaii 1935 E (Hym. Ichneumonidae)

Cremastus bymenae Vier. Hawaii 1935 ? (Hym. Ichneumonidae)

Bufo marinus L. Hawaii 1936 E (Amphibia)

GILBERT ISLANDS Icerya aegyptiaca Dougl. Artocarpus al tills (Hem* Coccidae) Rodolia cardinalis Muls. Fiji 1953 (Col. Coccinellidae)

GUAM Adoretus sinicus Burm. Various (Col. Scarabaeidae)

Tiphia segregata Cwf. Hawaii 1950-1 E (Hym. TIpMidas) Aedes spp. Homo sapiens (Dipt. Culicidae)

T©x©rhynchites brevipalpus Theob. Hawaii 1954 ? (Dipt. Culicidae) Toxorhynchites splendens (Wied.) Hawaii 1954 ? (Dipt. Culicidae) Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaint.) Citrus spp. (Hem, Aleurodidae) Amitus hesperidum Silv. Mexico 1952 (Hym. Platygasteridae) Eretmocerus serius Silv. Mexico 1952 ? (Hym- Aphelinidae) Prospaltella clypealis Silv. Mexico 1952 ? (Hym. Aphelinidae) Prospaltella ©pulenta Silv* Mexico 1952 ? (Hym. Aphelinidae) - 10 - me of Pest Plant Host Introduced Sate Island Result rder & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

Prospaltella smithii Silv. Mexico 1952 E (Hym. Aphelinidae) omala spp. Various (Col. Scarabaeidae) Campsomerie marginella var. modesta (Sm.)? Hawaii 1950 E (Hym, Scoliidae) hididae Various (Hem. Aphididae) Orcus chalybeus (Boisd.) Hawaii 1955 ? (Colo Coccinellidae) Platyomus lividigastsr Muls* Hawaii 1953 ? (Col. Coccinellidae) pidiotus destructor Sign. Cocos nucifera (Hem. Ceccidae) Lindorus lophanthae (Blaisd. ) Hawaii 1925 N (Col. Coccinellidae) Comperiella bifasciata How. U.S.A, 1927 N (Hym. Encyrtidae) Telsimia nitida Chapin Philippines 1927-1 E (Cole Coccinellidae) smopolites sordidus Germ. Husa sapientum (C©1» Curculionidae) Leionota sp* Trinidad 1953 (Col* Bisteridae) Flaesius javanus Er. Fiji 1947 E (Col* Histeridae) ,cu© cucuTbitae Coq. Gucurbitaceae (Dipt, frypetidae) Birhinus giffardii Silv. Hawaii 1950 ? , (Hym. Qhaleicidae) Opiusfletcheri Silv. Hawaii 1950 ? (Hym. Bivaconidae) Opius watersi Pull. Hawaii 1950, 1952 ? (Hym. Braconidae) Name ©f Pest Plant H©st Intr©duced Date Island Result (Ordey & Family) fr©m ©f ©f Group Intro Name ©f Parasite (Order & Family) duction

Dacus dorsalis Hendel Fruits (Dipt. Trypfetidae) Opius longicaudatus (Ashm.) Hawaii 1950-52 ? (Hym. Brac©nidae) Opius vandenboschi Full. Hawaii 1950-52 ? (Hysu Brac©nidae) Opius incisi Silv. Hawaii 1950-52 ? (Hym. Braconidae) Opius foraosanus Full, Hawaii 1950-52 (Hym. Brac©nidae) Opius c©mpensans (Silv.) Hawaii 1950-52 ? (Hym. Brac©nidae) Dirhinus giffardii Silv. Hawaii 1950-52 ? (Hym. Chalcididae) Synt©mosphyrum indieum Silv. Hawaii 1950-52 ? (Hjym. Eul©phidae) Diptera - Musca, St©moxys, Lyperosia Horn© sapiens (Dipt. Muscidae) and B©s taurus

G©pris incertus var. prociduus Say* ? 1953 ? (C©1. Scarabaeidae)

Spalangia philippinensis Full. Hawaii 1928-9 E (Hym. Spalangiidae) Epilacktn a philippinensis Dieke. Lycopersicum (C©1. Coeeinellidae) - esculentum Paradexodes epilachnae Aid. Mexico 1950, 1952 N (Dipt, fachinidae) Icerya spp. Various (Hem* C©ccidae) Rodolia cardinalis Huls. Hawaii 1926 E (C©1. Coeeinellidae) Rodolia sp. India 1948 ? (C©ccinellidae) - 12 - me of Pest Plant Host Introduced Date Island Result 3rder & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

Lscellaneous - Divers Bufo marinus L. Hawaii 1937 E (Amphibia) isca domestica L. Homo sapiens (Dipt. Huscidae) Spalangia philippinensis Full. Hawaii 1928 E 03ym. Spalangiidae) sriplaneta ainericana L. Stored products (Orth. Blattidae)

Ampulex compressa (F.) Hawaii 1954 ? (Hym. Ampulicidae) •odenia litura (Fabr.) Various (Lep. Agrotidae) Telenomus nawai Ashm. Hawaii 1936 E (Bfym. Scelionidae) leud© coccus spp. Various (Hem. Coccidae) Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. Hawaii 1926 E (Col. Coccinellidae) raufeta nubilaiis (Hubner) Zea mays (Lep. pyralidae) Bxeristes roborator (F.) U.S.A. 1926, 1928 (Hym. Ichneumonidae)

Lydella stabulans grisescens R.D. Japan 1950-51 (Dipt. Tachinidae) and U.S.A. 1952 Cremastus flavoorbitalis Cam. Japan 1951 E (Hym. Ichneumonidae)

Eulimnsria alkae (s & S) Manchuria 1950 (%m. Ichneumonidae)

Macrocentraa gifuensis Ashm. U.S.A. 1952 ? (Hym, Braconidae)

Horogenes punctorius (Roman) U.S.A. 1952 ? (Hym. Ichneumonidae) - 15 -

Same of Pest Plant Host Introduced Date Island Result (Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

Chelonus annulipes Wesm. U.S.A. 1952 (Hym. Braconidae) Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisd.) Saccharum ©fficinarum (Col. Curculionidae) Ceromasia sphenophori Vill. Hawaii 1926-7 N (Dipt. Tachinidae) Tarophagus proserpina (Kirk.) Golocasia spp. (Hem, Delphacidae) Cyrtorhinus fulvus Knight Hawaii 1947 £ (Hem. Miridae)

LOYALTY ISLANDS Dacus sp. Citrus spp. (Dipt. Trypetidae) Tetrastichus giffardianus Silv. Fiji 1955 (Hym. Bulophidae)

MARIANA ISLANDS (excluding Guam) Achatina fulica Bowdich Various (Moilusca) Gonaxis kibwegiensis (E.H.Smith) East Africa 1950 (Agiguan) E (lollusca) Anomala spp, Various (Col. Scarabaeidae) Campsomeris annulata F. Philippines 1940 E (Hym. Scoliidae) Campsomeris manokwariensis Philippines 1940 E (Hym. Scoliidae) Aspidiotus destructor Sign Cocos nucifera (Hem. Coccidae) Cryptogonus ©rbiculus var* nigripennis Wiese Guam 1923 (Saipan) ? (Col. Coccinellidae) - 14 - ame of Pest Plant Host Introduced Date Island Result Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Name ©f Parasite duction (Order A Family) rontispa marianae Ferr. Cocos nucifera (Col. Chrysomelidae) Haeckeliana brontispae Ferr. Java (Saipan) N (Hym. Trichogrammatidae) Tetrastichus brontispae Ferr* Java 1948 (Saipan) B (Hym. Eulophidae) acus dorsalis Hendel Citrus spp. (Dipt. Trypetidae) Dirhinus giffardii Silv. Hawaii 1950-52 (Saipan) ? (Hym. Chalcididae) ircaspis oceanica Doutt. Cocos nucifera (Hem. Coccidae) Anabrolepis oceanica Doutt. Carolines 1948 (Saipan) ? (Hym. Encyrtidae) serya aegyptiaca Dougl- Artocarpus altilis (Hem. Coccidae)

Rodolia cardinalis Hols. Formosa 1928 (Saipan) ? (Col. Coccinellidae) ispeyresia schistaceana Snell Saccharum ©fficinarum (Lap. Eucosmidae) Trichogramma chilonis IsckLi* Japan ? (Saipan) H (Hym. Trichogrammatidae) jeudococcus sp. Various (Hem. Coccidae) Cryptolaemus montrousieri Muls„ Hawaii 1926 (Saipan) E (Col. Coccinellidae) jabdoaeelua obscurua Boisd. Saccharum ©fficinarum (Col. Curculionidae)

Ceromasia sphenophori Till*. Hawaii 1926-7 (Saipan) H (Dipt. Tachinidae)

MARSHALL ISLANDS ?©ntispa chalybeipeanis (Zach.) Cocoa nucifera (Col. Chrysomelidae) - 15 -

Name ©f Pest Plant Host Intr©duced Date Island Result (Order & Family) from ©f of Group Intr©- Name ©f Parasite ducti©n (Order & Family)

Tetrastichus brontispae Perr. Saipan 1950 (Likiep) ? (Hym. Eulophidas) Icerya aegyptiaca Dougl. Art©carpus altilis (Hem. Coccidae) Rodolia pumila Weise Marianas 1947-8(Kwajalein) E (C©lo Coccinellidae) Rodolia sp« India 1948 (Hajur©) ? (G©1. Cocoinellidae) Rod©lia sp. P&lau 1955 ? (G©1. Coccinellidae) Latr©dectus geometricus Koch Homo sapiens (Arachnida) Buryt©ma latr©decti Pull. Hawaii 1950 (Kwajalein) E

(fiym0 Eurytomidae)

MIDWAY Aphididae. Various (Hem* Aphididae) C©elophora inaequalis (F*) Hawaii 1937 (Col. C©ccinellidae)

NEW BRITAIN Brontispa froggatti Sharp* C©c©s nucifera (Col. Ghrysomelidae) fetrastiohus br©ntispae Perr. Solomons 1939 E (Hym. Eulophidae) Oryctes rhinoceros Lo C©e©s nucifera (Col. Scarabaeidae)

Scolia' ©ryctophaga Coq. Mauritius 1953 ? (Hym* Scoliidae)

Scolia ruficornis P. Zanzibar 1953 E (Hyiu Scoliidae)

Pachylister ehinensis Quen« Fiji 1953 ? (Col. Histeridae) - 16 -

Same of Pest Plant Host Introduced Date Island Result (Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

Promeootheca papuana Csiki Gocos nucifera (Col* Chxysomelidae)

Pleurotropis parvulus Perk* Fiji 1938 (Hyme Bulophidae)

NEW CALEDONIA Brontispa froggatti Sharp. Cocos nucifera (Col. Chrysomelidae)

Tetrastichus brontispae Ferr« Java 1947 (Hyuu Bulophidae) Cosmopolites sordidus Germ, Musa sapientum (Col* Gurculionifiae)

Plaesius javanus Br. Fiji 1949 E (Cole Histeridae) Dacus spp. Fruits (Dipt. Trypetidae)

Tetrastiehua giffardianua SilT. Fiji 1956 (Col. Bulopfaidae) Kezara Yiridula L. Various (Hem. Pentatomidae)

Micropfeanarms basalis.Voll* Fiji 1942-3 (Hyau Scelioixidae)

NEW GUINEA

Brontispa froggatti Sharp, Cocos nucifera (Sol* Ohrysomelidae)

fetrastichus brontispae F@rr» Solomons 1959 E (Bym« Bulophidae) Sippctrioa celerio L. Ipoaoea batatas (Lap. SpMngi&ae) : ;

Bufo marinus. L* Fr, Guiana 1938 (Amphibia)

Promeootheca papuana Csiki CoCOB nucifera (Col. Chxysomelidae) -17-

Name of Pest Plant Host Introduced Date Island Result (Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

Pleurotoopis parvulus Perk. New Hebrides 1937 ? (Hym<> Eulophidae) Fiji 1937-8 E Sexava nubila Stal Cocos nucifera (Orth. Tettigoniidae)

Doirania leefmansi Waterst. Amboina 1933 (Bismarck) N (Hym. Trichogrammatidae)

Leefmansia bicolor Waterst. Amboina 1933 (Bismarck) E (Hym. Bncyrtidae)

HEW HEBRIDES Brontispa froggatti Sharp. Cocos nucifera (Col. Chrysomelidae) Tetrastichus brontispae Ferr. ? ? (Hym. Encyrtidae) Dacus sp. Fruits (Dipt, frypetidae)

Tetrastichus giffardianus Silv. Fiji 1935 (Hym. Eulophidae) Diocalandra taitensis Guer. Cocos nucifera (Col. curculionidae) Spathius apicalis Westw. Java 1949 (Hym. Braconidae) Promecotheca opacicollis Gestro Cocos nucifera (Col. Chrysomelidae) Pleurotropis parvulus Perk. Java 1957 E (Hym. Eulophidae)

PALAU ISLANDS Brontispa marianae Spaeth Cocos nucifera (Col. Chrysomelidae) Tetrastichus brontispae Ferr. Saipan 1949 (Hym. Eulophidae) Brontispa yoshinoi Barber Cocos nucifera (Col. Chrysomelidae) 18 - lame of Pest Plant Host Introduced Sate Island Result [Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

Tetrastichus brontispae Ferr. Saipan 1949 ? (Hym. Eulophidae) Icerya purchasi Mask Various (Hem* Coccidae) Rodolia cardinalis Muls. Formosa 1928 E (Col* Coccinellidae) losmopolites sordidus Germ. Husa sapientum (Col. Curculionidae) Dactylostemum hydrophiloides HcCleay Malaya 1948 N (Col. Hydrophilidae) Iryctes rhinoceros L. Cocos nucifera (Col. Scarabaeidae) Scolia patricialis plebeja Crib. Malaya 1948 (Koror) N (Hym. Scoliidae)

Scolia ruficornis F«, Zanzibar 1947-8) S (Hym. Scoliidae) B.Africa 1950-1) Pachylister chinensis Quen. ? (Col. Histeridae) Samoa 1952 Placodes ebeninus Lev. (Col. Histeridae) Zanzibar 1952 Leionota sp« (Col. Histeridae) Trinidad 1955 Bacillus popilliae Dutky (Bacteria) U.S.A. 1951 >seudococcus sp» Various (Hem. Coccidae) Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. Guam E (Col* Coccinellidae)

PITCAIRK ISLAND lesara viridula L« Various (Hem. Pentatomidae) Microphanurus basalis Well. Fiji 1952 (Hym. Scelionidae) -19 -

Name of Pest Plant Host Introduced Date Island Result (Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

SAMOA Adoretus versutus Har. Theobroma cacao (Col. Scarabaeidae)

Campsomeris marginella modesta Sm. Hawaii 1955 (Upolu) ? (Hym. Scoliidae) Icerya seychellarum Westw* Various (Hem. Codcidae) Rodolia eardinalis Muls. U.S.A. 1952 (Tutuila) (Col. Coccinellidae) Hawaii 1953 (Tutuila) Fiji 1955 (Tutuila) E Aphididae Various (Hem. Aphididae)

Archaioneda tricolor var* fijiensis Crotch Fiji 1899 ? (Col. Coccinellidae) Coccinella II - punctata L. N.Z. 1898 ? (Col« Coccinellidae) Dacus spp. Fruits (Dipt* Trypetidae)

Tetrastichus giffardianus SilT. Fiji 1955 (Hym. Eulophidae) 1937-8 Syntomosphyrum indicum Silv. Fiji 1958 (Hym. Eulophidae) Dirhinus giffardii Silv. Fiji 1957-8 (Hym« Chalcididae) Lamprosema octasema Meyr. Musa sapientum (Lep. Pyralidae)

Cremastus sp. Fiji 1955 (Hym. Ichneumonidae) Lepidosaphes beckii Newn. Citrus (Hem. Coccidae)

Anisorchus affinis Crotch Fiji 1899 (Col. Coccinellidae) - 20 *

Name of Pest Plant Host Introduced Bate Island Result (Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Same of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

Husca domestica 1. Homo sapiens (Dipt. Muscidae) Copris incertus Say. Hawaii 1933 E (Col. Scarabaeidae) Pachylister chinensis Quen. Java 1938 E (Col. Histeridae) Oryctes rhinoceros L. Cocos nucifera (Col* Scarabaeidae) Catascopus fascialis Vied. Malaya 1936 (Upolu) ? (Col* Carabidae) Scolia oryctophaga Coq. Mauritius 1939 (Upolu) K (Hym. Scoliidae) Elis romandi Sauss. Madagascar 1939 (Upolu) ? (Hym. Scoliidae) Scolia ruficornis F* Zanzibar 1945 (Upolu) E (ifym. Scoliidae) Agrypnus fuscipes P. India 1955 (Upolu) ? (Col, Blateridae) Alaus speciosus L. India 1955 (Upolu) ? (Col. Elateridae) Prodenia litura (Fabr.) Various (Lep, Agrotidae) Telenomus nawai Asfam. Hawaii 1955 (Tutuila) ? (Hyro. Scelionidae) Promecotheca reichei Baly Cocos nucifera (Col. Chrysomelidae) Pleurotropis parvulus Ferr. Fiji 1938 (fi^ym. Bulophidae) MmMo®mlm obscurus Boijsd* Saccharum officinarum (Col* Curculionidae) Ceromasia sphenophori Vill. New Guinea 1913 (Dipt. Tachinidae) Tirathaba trichogramma Meyr. Cocos nucifera (Lep. Pyralidae) - 21 -

" W.i • ""•-l lame of Pest Plant Host Introduced Date Island Result (Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family) Apanteles tirathabae tflkn. Fiji 1935 ? (Hym. Braconidae) Nemeritis palmaris Wilkn. Fiji 1935 ? (Hym* Ichneumonidae) Nezara viridula Lo (Hem. Pentatomidae) Microphanurus basalis Woll. Fiji 1953 (Tutuila) ? (Hym. Scelionidae) Various - Divers Bufo marinus L. Fiji 1953 (Tutuila) E (Amphibia) Aedes sp. Homo sapiens (Dipt. Culicidae) Toxorhynehites splendens Wied. Hawaii 1955 (Tutuila) ? (Dipt, Culicidae)

SOCIETY ISLANDS Cosmopolites sordidus Germ. Musa sapientum (Col. Curculionidae) Plaesius javanus Erich* Fiji 1937 E (Col. Histeridae) Dacus spp. Fruits (Dipt. Trypetidae) Opius tryoni Cam. ? (Hym. Braconidae) Icerya seychellarum Westw* Various (Hem. Coccidae) Rodolia cardinalis Huls. U.S.A 1902 ? (Col. Coccinellidae) ? 1948 ?

SOLOMON ISLANDS Amblypelta cocophaga China Cocos nucifera (Hem. Coreidae) - 22 -

Name of Pest Plant Host Introduced Date Island Result (Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

Ana&tatus dasyni Ferr. Java 1937-8 ? (Hym. Bupelmidae) Hadronotus homoeoceri Nixon Java 1937-8 ? (Hym. Scelionidae) Ooencyrtus malayensis Ferr. Java 1937-8 ? (Hyau Encyrtidae) Trichopoda pennipes F. U.S.A« 1940, 1949 ? (Dipt* fachinidae) Pantomophaga bicincta Australia 1938-9 ? (Dipt. Tachinidae) Axiagastus campbelli Dist* Cocoa nucifera (Hem. Pentatomidae) Microphanurus basalis Moll* Australia 1940 E (Hyuu Scelionidae) Brontispa spp* Cocoa nucifera (Col. Chrysomelidae) Tetrastichus brontispae Ferr. Java 1955-6 E (Hym. Eulophidae) Trichogramma nana Zehnt* New Guinea ? (Hym. Trichogrammatidae) lyparosia exigua Meig. Bos taurus (Dipt. Muscidae) Spalangia sundaica Graham Australia 1934-6 ? (Hym. Spalangiidae) Spalangia orientalia Graham Australia 1934 ? (Hym. Spalangiidae) Spalangia cameroni Perk. Fiji 1933 ? (Hym. Spalaogiidae) Pachylister chinensia Queau Java 1938 ? (Col* Histeridaa) Pseudococcus spp. (Bern, Coccidas) Cryptolaemus montroussieri Muls* Australia 1915 (Golc Goccinellidae) -25-

Name of Pest Plant Host Introduced Date Island Result (Order & Family) from of of Group Intro Name of Parasite duction (Order & Family)

Miscellaneous Bufo marinus L. Fiji 1940 E (Amphibia)

TONGA Armyworms (Lep. Agrotidae) Apanteles marginiventris Cress. Fiji 1952 ? (Hym. Braconidae) Cosmopolites sordidus Germ. Musa sapientum (Col. Curculionidae) Plaesius javanus Erich. Fiji 1952 (Col. Histeridae) Nezara viridula L. Various (Hem. Pentatomidae)

Mierophanurus basalis Woll. Fiji 1941 E (Hym. Scelionidae) Plutella maculipennis Curt. Brass!ca spp. (Lep. Plutellidae)

Diadromus collaris Grav. Fiji 1945 (Hym. Ichneumonidae) Promecotheca reichei Baly Cocos nucifera (Col. Curculionidae) Pleurotropis parvulus Perk. Fiji 1938 (Hym. Eulophidae)

WALLIS ISLAND Oryctes rhinoceros L. Cocos nucifera (Col. Scarabaeidae) Plaesius javanus Erich. Tahiti 1947 (Col. Histeridae) II. SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE PAfciASITE AMD PREDATOR SPECIES SHOWING THE ISLANDS OR ISLAND GROUPS INTO WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED

PARASITES I*"'1 'W • • imfiwimii

Order Introduced Date Result Family into Parasite species (Pest Species)

Diptera Tachinidae Ceromasia sphenophori Vill.(Rhabdoscelus obscurus) Fiji 1912,1927 £ Samoa 1915,1918 Guam 1926-7 Marianas 1926-7 Erycia basifulira Bezzi (Tirathaba trichogramma) Fiji 1931,1953 £ Eucelatoria armigera Coq. (Pseudaletia separata) Fiji 1950 (*)Frontina archippiirora Will*(Levuana iridescens) Fiji 1925 Lydella stabulans var* grisescens R.D« (Pyrausta nubilalis ) Guam 1930-1,1952 E Paradexodes epilachr.ee (Epilachna phillipinensis) Guam 1950,1952

Pentomophaga bicincta (Amblypelta cocophaga) Solomons 1938-9 Ptyebopyia remota Aid* (Levuana iridescens) Fiji 1925 £ Sturmia painei Bar* (firathaba trichogramma) Fiji 1935 Zriohopoda pesonipes F. (Amblypelta coeophaga) Solomons 1940,1949

Hvmenoptera Chalcidoideft

Aphyiis chroaomphali Mercet. (Aspidiotus destructor) Fiji 1920,1927 E Aspidiotiphagus citrixms'Craw*(Aspidiotus destructor) Fiji 192),1921 Casca parvipennis Gah» (Aspidiotus destructor) Fiji 1927 Iretmoeerua aerius Silv* (Aleurocanthus spiniferus) Guam 1952 Prospaltella clypealis Silv.(Aleurocanthus spiniferus)Guam 1952 Prospaltella opuleata Silv,(Aleurocanthus spiniferus) Guam 1952 Prospaltella smithii Silv. (Aleurocanthus spiniferus) Guam 1952 E (#) Froatiaa arahippivora Will, • Aehaetoneura archippiirora (Will.) - 25 -

Order Introduced Bate Result Family into Parasite species (Pest Species)

Chalcididdae Brachymeria obscurata Wlk. (Lepidopters spp.) Fiji 1925 Dirhinus giffardii Silv. (Dacus spp.) Fiji 1937 Cooks 1937-8 Samoa 1957-8 Guam 1950

Encvrtidae Anabrolepis oceanica Doutt. (Farcaspis oceanica) Marianas 1948 Anagyrus saccharicola Timbo(Saccharicoccus sacchari) Fiji 1956 Comperiella bifasciata How.(Aspidiotus destructor) Guam 1927 Comperiella unifasciata Ishii (Aspidiotus destructor) Fiji 1927 Leefmansia tricolor Waterst. (Sexava nubila) New Guinea 1937 E Ooeneyrtus malayensis Ferr. (Amblypelta cocophaga) Solomons 1937-8 Spaniopterus crucifer Gah. (Aspidiotus destructor) Fiji 1927 E

Bulophidae Bulophid sp. B. (Levuana iridescens) Fiji 1927 Euplectrus plathypenae How. (Pseudaletia separata) Fiji 1925 E Canton 1941 E (Laphygma exempta) ia) Samoa ? E Ootetrastichus megameli Full.(Tarophagus proserpina) Samoa Fiji 1955 E Pleurotropis parvulus Perk. (Promecotheca spp.) New Guinea 1958 Samoa 1958 E Tonga 1958 New Britain 1958 E Syntomosphyrum indicum Silv. (Dacus spp.) Fiji 1958 ?E Cooks 1957-8 Samoa 1958 Guam 1950,1952 Tetrastichus giffardianus Silv. (Dacus spp.) Fiji 1955 E Cooks 1956 Loyalty- 1955 New Caledonia 1936" New Hebrides 1955 Samoa 1955,1958 - 26 -

Order Introduced Date Result Family into Parasite species (Pest Species)

Tetrastichus brontispae Ferr, (Brontispa spp.) Solomons 1955-6 E New Guinea 1959 E New Britain 1959 E New Hebrides ? Carolines ? Palau 1949 Marianas 1948 E Marsha]Is 1950 New Caledonia Eupelmidae ? Anastatus dasyni Ferr* (Ambiypelta cocophaga) Solomons 1937-8 Eurytomidae Eurytoraa latrodecti Pall* (Latrodectus geometricus)Marshalls 1950 £ Spalangiidae Spalangia cameroni Perk, (Kusca spp.) Fiji 1928 Solomons 1953 Spalangia museidaru& (Musca spp.) Fiji E Spalangia orientalis (Lyperosia exigua) Solomons 1934 Spalangia philippinensis Full* (Muscidae) Guam 1929 E Spalangia sp* (Musca spp.) Fiji 1911 Spalangia sundaica Graham (Lyperosia exigua) Solomons 1934,1956 Trichcgramiaatidae Boirania leefmansi Water* (Sexava nubila) lew Guinea 1933 Trichogramma nana Sebnt* (Levuana iridescens) Fiji 1929 E Trichogramma nana Zehnt, (Brontispa spp,) Solomons ? Trichogramma praetiosa Eiley (Miscellaneous) Fiji 1925 Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Laspeyresia schistaceana) Marianas 1955 Haeckeliana brontispae Ferr* (Brontispa mariaaae) Marianas 1948 Ichneumoncidea Braconidae Apanteles laarginiYentris Cress. (Pseudaletia separata) Fiji 1950 E Tonga 1952 Apanteles tirathabae Wlkn. (Tirathaba trichogramma) Fiji 1930 Samoa 1935 Chelonus annulipes Vesm, (Pyrausta nubilalis) Guam 1952 Ghelonus blackburni Cam* (Misc. Lep.) Fiji 1925 Macrocentrus gifueasis Ashnu (Pyrausta nubilalis) Guam 1952 - 27 -

Order Introduced Date Result Family into Parasite species (Pest Species)

Microbracon omiodivorum ferry (Lamprosema octasemat)) Fiji 1925-8 Opius compensans Silv. (Dacus spp*) Guam 1950,1952 Opius fletcheri Silv. (Dacus spp*) Guam 1950 Opius formosanus Full* (Dacus spp.) Guam 1950,1952

Opius humilis Silv* (Dacus spp0) Fiji 1955 Opius incisii Silvo (Dacus spp*) Guam 1950,1952 Opius longicaudatus Ashiru (Dacus spp ) Guam 1950,1952 Fiji 1955-4 Opius oophilus Full* (Dacus spp*) Fiji 1951 Opius tyroni Cam* (Dacus spp.) Fiji 1955 Society ? Opius vandeaboschii Full, (Dacus spp*) Guam 1949-50 Opius watersi Full* (Dacus spp*) Guam 1950-52 Spathius spiealis tfestw, (Diocalandra taitensis) Hew Hebrides 1949 Evaniidae

Evania appendigaster Le (Periplaneta americana) Canton 1940 E Samoa ? E lohneumonidae Angitia cerophaga (plutella maculipennis) Fiji 1945 Casinaria i&festa Cress. (lisc. Lep.) Fiji 1925 Cremastus flavoorbitalis Cam* (Pyrausta nubilalis)I Guam 1951 E (Hisc* Lep.) Fiji 1955 E Cremastus hymenae Vier. (Misc. Lep.) Fiji 1955 Cremastus sp«, (Lamprosema octasema) Fiji 1955 Samoa 1955 Diadromus collaris (Plutella maculipennis) Fiji 1945 Tonga 1945 Echthromorpha maculipennis Holmg. (Misc.) Fiji 1955 Eulimneria alkae B. & So (Pyrausta nubilalis) Guam 1950 Exeristes roborator F« (Pyrausta nubilalis) Guam 1926-8 Horoge&ae ptmctorius (Roman) (Pyrausta nubilalis) Guam 1952 Nemeritis palmaris Wlko (Tirathaba trichogramma) Fiji 1955 E Serphoidea Platygasteridae Amitus hesperidum Silv. (Aleurocanthus spiniferus) Guam 1952 ?E Scelionidae Hadronotus homoeoceri (Amblypelta cocophaga) Solomons 1957-8 Microphanurus basalis Woll. (Axiagastus campbelli) Solomons 1940 (Nezara viridula) Fiji 1941 - 28 -

Order Introduced Date Result Family into Parasite species (Pest species)

Hlcrophanurus basalis Well. (Nesara viridula)- (Ctd.)Tonga 1941 E New Caledonia 1942-3 Pitcairn 1952 Samoa A. 1954 Telenomus navai Ashisw (Prodenia litura) Guam 1936 S Samoa A. 1955 Telenomus nawai Ashm. (j#aphygma exempta) Canton 1941 E Telenomus tirathabae Ferr* (Tirathaba trichogramma) Fiji 1931 E Sphecoidea Ampulicidae Ampulex compressa F» (Periplaneta americarta) Guam 1954 Cooks 1955 Veapoidea Dryinidae Haplogonatopus vitiensis Perk, (Tarophagus pfoserpina)Samoa ? Scoliidae Campsomeris annulate F. (Anomala spp») Marianas 1940 E Campsomeris maaokwariensis (Anomala spp«) Marianas 1940 E Campsomeris marginella var* modesta Sm»(Anomala spp.>p.)) Guam 1950-1 E (Adoretus versutusis)) Fiji 1917 E W.Samoa 1952 Elis romandi Sauss* (Oryctes rhinoceros) W.Samoa 1939 Scolia oryctophaga Goq» (Oryctes rhinoceros) W.Samoa 1939 Hew Britain 1953 Fiji 1954 Scolia patricialis var. plebaja Crib. (Oryctes rhinoceros) Palau 1948 Scolia ruficomis F» (Oryctes rhinoceros) W.Samoa 1945 E Palau 1947-8,1950-1 E New Britain 1952 E Tipfaiidae fiphia segregata Cwf. (Adoretus sinicus) Guam 1950-1 E

PREDATORS Coleoptera Carabidae Catascopus fascialis Wied* (Oryctes rhinoceros) W.Samoa 1956 Mecodema spinifer (Oryctes rhinoceros) Fiji 1954 - 29 -

Order Introduced Date Result Family into Parasite species (Pest species)

Cleridae Callimerus arcufer Chap. (Levuana iridescens) Fiji 1925 Coccinellidae

Anisorcfcns affinis Crotch (Lepidosaphes beckii) Samoa 1899 Archaioneda tricolor var* fijiensis Crotch (Aphididae)Samote)Samoa 1899

Azya luteipes Mulsc (Lecanium sp») Fiji 1928 Azya trinitatis Marl* (Aspidiotus destructor) Fiji 1928 Coccinella transversalis F. (Aphididae) Fiji 1924 E Coccinella Il-punctata L. (Aphididae) Samoa 1898 Cryptogonus orbicuius var. nigripennis Weise (Aspidiotus destructor) Marianas 1927 Carolines ? £ Cryptognatha nodiceps Mshl* (Aspidiotus destructor) Fiji 1928 E Cryptogaatha siB&llima (Aspidiotus destructor) Fiji 1928 E Cryptolaesrus montrouzieri Muls«{Pseudococcus spp«) Carolines 1907-8 Fiji 1924 Guam 1926 E Marianas 1926 E Solomons 1915 Cooks 1958-40 E Palau ? E Samoa A. ? E Leis conforms Boisd* (Aphids) (Pseudococcus spp*) Carolines 1907 Fiji 1924 Lindorus lophanthae Blaisd. (Aspidiotus destructor) Guam 1925 Orcus chalybeus Boisd* (Aonidiella aurantii) Carolines 1908 (Coccidae) Fiji 1924 (Aphididae) Guam 1955 Orcus australasiae Boisd. (Coccidae) Fiji 1924 Pentilia insidiosa Muls* (Aspidiotus destructor) Fiji 1928 Platyonus lividigaster Muls.(Aphididae) Guam 1955 Rodolia cardinalis Muls* (Icerya spp.) Guam 1926 E Marianas 1928 Palau 1928 E Society 1902,1948l Gilbert 1955 A.Samoa 1955 E Rodolia pumila Weise (Icerya spp*) Carolines 1947-8 E Marsballs 1947-8 E -30-

Order Introduced Date Result Family into Parasite species (Pest species)

Rodolia sp. (Icerya sp.) Guam 1948 Marshalls 1948 Carolines 1955 Marshalls 1955 Scymnus aenipennis Sic. (Aspidiotus destructor) Fiji 1928 Scyxanus sp. (Aspidiotus destructor) Fiji 1927 E Telsimia nitida Chap. (Aspidiotus destructor) Guam 1927-8 Elateridae Agrypnus fuscipes F. (Oryctes rhinoceros) W.Samoa 1955 Alaus speciosus L. (Oryctes rhinoceros) W.Samoa Pyrophorus pelluceng (Oryctes rhinoceros) Fiji 1955 Histeridae Leionota columbiana (Oryctes rhinoceros) Fiji 1955-4 Leionota quadridentata (Oiyctes rhinoceros) Fiji 1955-4 Leionota sp. (Oryctes rhinoceros) Palau 1955 Leionota sp. (Cosmopolites sordidus) Guam 1955 Placodes ebeninus Lew. (Oxyct^s rhinoceros) Palau 1952 Plaesius javanus Er. (Cosmopolites sordidus) Fiji 1915>1918 £ Society 1927 Cook 1958,1940 Guam 1947 E Wallis 1947 New Caledonia 1949 Tonga 1952 Pachylister chinensis Quen. (Diptera) Fiji 1958 E Samoa 1958 E Solomons 1958 (Oiyctes rhinoceros) Palau 1952 New Britain 1955 (Diptera & Oryctes rhinoceros) A.Samoa 1954 Hydrophilidae Dactyldsternom hydrophiloides KcCleay (Cosmopolites sordidus) Palau 1948 Scarabaeidae Copris incertus var. prociduus (Say.) (Diptera) Fiji 1928 E Samoa 1955 E Guam 1955 Samoa A. 1954 - 51 -

Order Introduced Date Result Family into Parasite species (Pest species)

Diptera Culicidae Toxorhynchites brevipalpus Theo. (Aedes sppo) Guam 1954 Toxorhynchites inornatus Wlk* (Aedes spp.) Fiji 1933 Toxorhynchites splendens Wied. (Aedes spp.) Fiji 1931 Guam 1954 Samoa A. 1955 Muscidae Mesembrima meridiana L.« (Musca domestica) Fiji 1931 Hemiptera Miridae Cyrtorhinus fulvus Knight (Tarophagus proserpina) Carolines 1947 Guam 1947 E Beuroptera Chrysopidae Chrysopa r&mburi (Sch.) (Miscellaneous) Fiji 1924 E TtorsanQptera Phloeothripida© Aleurodothrips fasciapennis Franklo(Aspidiotus destructor) Fiji 1927 Amphibia Bufo marinus (Miscellaneous) Fiji 1936 E Guam 1937 B lew Guinea 1938 E Solomons 1940 E Carolines 1944 E A* Samoa 1953 E *llusca Gonaxis kibweziensis E.Ao Smith (Achatina fulica) Marianas 1950 B Bacteria Bacillus popilliae Dutky (Oryetes rhinoceros) Palau 1951 III. SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE PEST SPECIES SHOWING THE PARASITE AND PREDATOR SPECIES INTRODUCED AGAINST THEM

Order Introduced Pest Species into Parasite Species

Coleoptera Adoretus sinicus TipMa segregata Guam Adoretus versutus Campsomeris marginella modesta Fiji, W.Samoa Anomala spp. Campsomeris annulata Guam Gampsomeris manokwariensis Guam Campsomeris marginella modesta Guam Brontispa ehalybeipenois Tetrastichus brontispae Marshalls Brontispa froggatti Tetrastichus brontispae New Britain, New Caledonia, Carolines Brontispa marianae Haeckeliaaa brontispae Marianas Tetrastichus brontispae Marianas Brontispae spp. Tetrastichus brontispae Solomons Triehogramma nana Solomons Cosmopolites sordidus Plaesius javanus Fiji, Cook, Guam, New Caledonia, Society, Tonga Dactylosternum hydrophiloides Palau Leionota sp. Guam Epilachma pMlippinensis Faradexodes epilachnae Guam -33 -

Order Introduced Pest Species into Parasite Species

Oryctes rhinoceros Agrypnus fuscipes W.Samoa Alaus speciosus W* Samoa Bacillus popilliae Palau Catascopus fascialis W.Samoa Elis romandi W.Samoa Leionota Columbiana Fiji, New Britain Leionota quadridentata Fiji Leionota sp. Palau Mecodema spinifer Fiji Placodes ebeninus Palau Pachylister chinensis W.Samoa, Palau, New Britain Pyrophorus pellucens Fiji, New Britain Scolia oryctophaga W.Samoa, New Britain, Fiji Scolia patricialis plebeja Palau Scolia ruficornis W.Samoa, New Britain, Palau

Promecotheca opacicollis Pleurotropis parvulus New Hebrides Promecotheca papuana Pleurotropis parvulus New Britain, New Guinea

Promecotheca reichei Pleurotropis parrolus Fiji, W.Samoa, Tonga

Rhabdoscelus obscurus Ceromasia sphenophori Fiji, Guam, Marianas, Samoa

Mocalandra taitensis Spathius apicalis New Hebrides Diptera Aedes spp* Toxorhynchites brevipalpus Guam, Samoa Toxorhynchites inornatus Fiji Toxorhynchites splendens Fiji, Guam, Samoa - 34

Order Introduced Pest Species into Parasite species

Dacus spp. Dirhiiius giffardii Fiji, Cook, Samoa, Guam Opius compensans Guam Opius fletcheri Guam Opius fonaosaixus Guam Opius humilis Fiji Opius incisii Guam Opius longicaudatus Guam Opius eophilus Fiji Opius tyromi Fiji, Tahiti Opius vandenboschi Guam Opius watersi Guam Opius spp. Guam Musca and Lyperosia Copris incertus prodiduus Fiji, Guam, Samoa Pachylister chinensis Fiji, Hew Britain, Palau, Samoa, Solomons Spalangia cameroni Fiji, Solomons Spalangia museidarum Fiji Spalangia orientalis Solomons Spalangia philippinensis Guam Spalangia sundaica Solomons Spalangia Sp. Fiji lesembrina meridiana Fiji Hemiptera Aleurocanthus spiniferus Azaitus hesperidum Guam Eretmocerus serius Guam Proapaltella clypealis Guam Prospaltslla opulenta Guam Prospaltella smithii Guam Amblypelta cocophaga Aitastatus dasymi Solomons B&dronotus homoeoceri Solomons Ooencyrtus malayensis Solomons Pentomophaga bicincta Solomons Trichopoda pennipes Solomons - 35 -

Order -• _ . . , Pest species Zt Parasite species Aonidiella aurantii Orcus australasiae Fiji Orcus chalybeus Fiji, Carolines Aphididae Archaioneda bicolor fijiensis Samoa Coccinella transversalis Fiji Coccinella Xl-punctata Samoa Leis conformis Carolines, Fiji Orcus chalybeus Guam Platyomus lividigaster Guam

LOO vJ. U.W bUJL Aleurodothrips fasciapennis Fiji Aphytis chrysomphali Fiji Aspidiotiphagas citrinus Fiji Azya trinitat&s Fiji Casca parvipennis Fiji Comperiella bifasciata Guam Comperiella unifasciata Fiji Cryptogn&tba nodiceps Fiji Cryptognatha simillima Fiji Cryptogonus orbiculus nigripennis Carolines Lindorus lophanthae Guam Microweisea imsidiosa Fiji Scymnus aenipenni.8 Fiji Seymnus sp« Fiji Spaniopterms crucifer Fiji Telsimia nitida Guam Axiagastus campbelli Mierophanurus basalis Solomons Furcaspis oceanica Anabrolepis oceanica Marianas Icerya aegyptiaca Rodolia cardinalis Guam, Marianas, Palau, Gilberts, AoSamoa Rodolia pumila Carolines,MarshalJLs Rodolia sp* Guam, Marshalls Rodolia spe Carolines,Marshalls -36-

Order Introduced Pest species into Parasite species

Icerya seyehellarum Rodolia cardinalis A.Samoa, Society Leeanium sp*

Aaya luteipes Fiji Lepidosaphes beckii Anisorchus affinis Samoa Nesara viridula Fdcrophanurus basalis Fiji, New Caledonia Pitcairm, Tonga* Solomons, Samoa

Trichopoda pennipes Fiji Pseudococcus spp* Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Carolines, Cooks, Guam, Marianas, Palau Saccharicoccus sacchari Anagyrus saccharicola Fiji Tarophagus proserpina Cyrtorhiaus fulvus Carolines, Guam Haplcgonatopus vitiansis Samoa Ootetrastichus megameli Samoa Lepidoptera Hippotion celerio Buf o marinus New Guinea Lamprosema octasema Oremastus sp* Fiji, Samoa Mcrobracom omiodivorum Fiji Laphygma exempta Buplectrus plathypenae Canton Telenomus nawai Canton Laspeyresia schistaceana Trichogramma chilonis Fiji - 37 -

Order Introduced Pest species into Parasite species

Levuana iridescems Gallimerus arcufer Fiji - Eulophid sp. Bo Fiji (*)Frontina archippivora Fiji Ptychomyia remota Fiji Trichogramma nana Fiji Plutella maculipennis Angitia cerophaga Fiji Diadromus collaris Fiji, Tonga Prodenia litura Telenomus nawaii Guam, A.Samoa Pseudaletia separata Apanteles marginiventris Fiji, Tonga Bucelatoria armigera Fiji Euplectrus plathypenae Fiji Pyrausta mubilalls CheionuB anrxulipes Guam Cremastus flavoorbitalis Guam Eiiiimneria alkae Guam Bxeristes roborator Guam Horogenes pumctorius Guam Lydella stabulams grisescens Guam Maoroeentrus gifuensis Guam Tirathaba trichogramma Apanteles tirathabae Fiji, Samoa Rrycia basifulva Fiji lemeritis palmaris Fiji Sturmia painei Fiji Telenoiais tirathabae Fiji

Orthoptera Periplaneta americaaa Ampulex coMpressa Guam, Cooks Bvamia appemdigaster Canton, Samoa

(*) Frontima archippivora Will. * Achaetoneura archippivora (Will.) - 38 ~

Order Introduced Pest species into Parasite species

Sexava aubila Doirania leefmaasi New Guinea Leefmansia bioolor New Guinea Miscellaneous Brachymeria obscurata Fiji Buf o marinus Fiji, Guam, Carolines, New Guinea, A.Samoa, Solomons Casinaria infesta Fiji Chelonus blackburni Fiji Chrysopa ramburi Fiji Cremastus flavoorbitalie Fiji Cremastus hymenae Fiji Echthromorpha maculipennis Fiji Trichogramma praetiosa Fiji Nom-Inaect Arachnida Latrodectus geometricus Euryto&a latrodecti Marshalls

Mollusca Acfaatiaa fulica Gomaxis kibweziensis Marianas iVo LIST OF THE FOOD PLANTS AMD ANIMAL HOSTS SHOWING THE PESTS OF EACH FOR WHICH BIOLOGICAL CONTROL HAS BEES ATTEMPTED

Plant Host Plant Host (Botanical Name) Common Name Common Name Pest Species (English) (French)

Artocarpus altilis Breadfruit Arbre a pain Icerya aegyptiaca Icerya seychellarum

Brassica SPP» Cabbage, Cauliflower, etc. Chou, chou-flenr Plutella maculipennis Citrus sppo Citrus Aleurocamthus spiniferus Aonidiella aurantii Dacus spp« Icerya spp« Lepidosaphes beckii Cooos nucifera Coconut Cocotier Amblypelta eocophaga Aspidiotus destructor Axiagastus oampbelli Brontisp& spp. Diocalandra taitensis Furcaspis oceanica Levuana iridescens Oryetes rhinoceros Promecotheca spp* SexaTa mubila Tirathaba thichogramma Colocasta spp. Taro Taro Hippotiom celerio Tarophagus proserpina Prodemia litura Gramimaceae Grasses Graminees Laphygma exempta Pseudalelia separata Lycopersicum esculentum Tomato Tomate 4 Epiladhma philippiftensis - 40 -

Plant Host Plant Host (Botanical Same) Common Hai&e Common Name Pest Species (English) (French)

Htasa sapiantum Banana Bananier Cosmopolites sordidus Lamproseaa octasema Saccharum officinarum Sugar cane Camne a Sucre Laspeyresia schistaceaiaa Rhabdoscelus obscurus Zea mays Maize Mais Anomala spp. Pyrausta mufoilalis Various Plants Various Divers Achatina fulica Adore teas spp* Apfcddidae Lecamium sp* Nezara viridula Pseudopoccus spp.

MISCELLANEOUS Bos taurua Ox Boeuf Lyperosia ejdLgoa HojMO, sapiens Man Homme Aedes s°p*p* Musca Latrodectua geometricus Stored Products Periplaneta american^i DOCUMENT TECHNIQUE Ho, 101 DE LA COMMISSION DU PACIFIQUE SUP:

ERRATUM

Le manuscrit original du Document Technique Parasites et predateurs introduits dans les lies du Pacifique pour la lutte biologique contre lea insectes et autres ennemis des cultures et du betail« a ete prepare par M. L«Jc Dumbleton, qui etait Charge de la Quarantaine des Animaux et Vege- taux a la Commission avant son depart en juin 1955*

Son successeur, M. C.P. Hoyt, Technicien Charge de la Lutte con tre les Maladies et Ennemis des Cultures et du Betail, a revu et corrige le manuscrit et lfa mis a jour.

Etant donne que le manuscrit original et la version revue et corrigee n'etaient pas signes et que M. Hoyt se trouvait a Madagascar au mo ment de la publication du document, c'est M. Hoyt qui, par erreur, a ete cite comme l'auteur de ce document au lieu de M. Dumbleton,

w * u n n n'J • A.H.J. Kroon Noumea, Nouvelle-Caledome -. , , n - ,. ~ ,* \ ^r-« Directeur de la Section 2 decembre 1957 T7—n r~"£ : Developpement Economique. SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION TECHNICAL PAPER No ,101

ERRATUM

The original manuscript of this Technical Paper, Parasites and Predators Introduced into the Pacific Islands for the Biologi cal Control of insects and Other Pests, was prepared by Mr, L.J. Durable ton as the Commission's Plant and Animal Quarantine Officer before he left the Commission in June 1955.

His successor, Dr* C.P. Hoyt, Technical Officer (Pests and Diseases) has corrected the manuscript and brought it up to date.

The fact that the original and the corrected manuscripts were unsigned, together with the fact that Dr„ Hoyt was in Madagas car when the paper was published, has led to the very regrettable ? error that Drc Hoyt*s name appears instead of Mr« Dumbleton s as that of the author.

AJLJ. Kroon Executive Officer for Economic Development Noumea, New Caledonia * 2nd December, 1957.