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Natural Resource Use As a Coping and Adaptation Strategy to Floods of Vulnerable Populations in the Eastern Cape

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Natural Resource Use As a Coping and Adaptation Strategy to Floods of Vulnerable Populations in the Eastern Cape NATURAL RESOURCE USE AS A COPING AND ADAPTATION STRATEGY TO FLOODS OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS IN THE EASTERN CAPE Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE at RHODES UNIVERSITY by Mwazvita Tapiwa Beatrice Sachikonye October 2014 Supervisor: Professor C.M. Shackleton TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ i LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................... vi DECLARATION ................................................................................................................... vii GENERAL ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 1.1 Chapter overview .................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Floods as natural disasters and their distribution .................................................... 2 1.2.1 Flooding in southern and South Africa ............................................................. 3 1.3 Governmental institutional responses to flooding in South Africa ............................ 6 1.4 Causes and consequences of flooding ................................................................... 7 1.4.1 Land use patterns and their relationship to flooding ......................................... 7 1.4.2 The role of land use change in exacerbating incidence and intensity of flooding in South Africa ................................................................................................. 8 1.5 Ecosystem services, disservices and natural resource role in coping and adaptation to flooding ............................................................................................................... 9 1.5.1 Vegetation cover in flood disaster mitigation .................................................... 9 1.5.2 Natural resource role as daily net, safety net and insurance .......................... 11 1.6 Conceptualising risk and vulnerability ................................................................... 14 1.7 The sustainable livelihood framework (SLF) ......................................................... 15 1.8 Natural disasters and livelihoods .......................................................................... 17 1.8.1 Climate change adaptation, risk and vulnerability .......................................... 19 1.9 Problem statement ................................................................................................ 21 1.10 Aim and objectives ................................................................................................ 21 10.1.1 Aim ................................................................................................................ 21 1.10.2 Objectives and key questions ........................................................................ 21 CHAPTER 2. STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 23 2.1 Chapter overview .................................................................................................. 24 2.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 24 2.3 Study area ............................................................................................................ 27 2.3.1 Grahamstown ................................................................................................ 27 2.3.2 Port St Johns ................................................................................................. 29 2.3.3 Port Alfred ..................................................................................................... 30 2.4 Sampling .............................................................................................................. 30 2.4.1 Purposive sampling ....................................................................................... 31 2.4.2 Snowball sampling ......................................................................................... 31 2.4.3 Stratified random sampling ............................................................................ 32 2.5 Data collection ...................................................................................................... 33 2.5.1 Primary documents ........................................................................................ 33 2.5.2 Questionnaires .............................................................................................. 33 2.6 Data analysis ........................................................................................................ 34 2.6.1 Thematic analysis .......................................................................................... 34 2.7 Reliability and validity of study .............................................................................. 35 i CHAPTER 3. COPING AND ADAPTATION (RECOVERY) STRATEGIES OF VULNERABLE EASTERN CAPE POPULATIONS TO FLOODING, AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES .............. 37 3.1 Chapter overview .................................................................................................. 38 3.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 38 3.3 Methods ................................................................................................................ 39 3.3.1 Data analysis ................................................................................................ 39 3.4 Results ................................................................................................................. 42 3.4.1 Demographic profiles of the study population ............................................... 42 3.4.2 Damage and loss relative to income ............................................................. 43 3.4.3 Coping and adaptation strategies used by the population ............................. 45 3.4.4 Quantification of the contribution of natural resources to post flood recovery 47 3.4.5 Characteristics of vulnerability within the study population............................ 47 3.4.6 Factors influencing use of natural resources in recovery efforts ................... 49 3.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................ 50 3.5.1 Aspects of assets and livelihoods affected by recent flooding in relation to vulnerability ................................................................................................... 50 3.5.2 Capacity (coping), natural resources and ecosystem services ...................... 52 4.6 Conclusion and recommendations ........................................................................ 55 CHAPTER 4. THE INFLUENCE OF LAND COVER TYPES, PROXIMITY TO STREAMS AND HOUSEHOLD TOPOGRAPHICAL LOCATION ON FLOODING IMPACT IN THE EASTERN CAPE ................................................................................................................ 56 4.1 Chapter overview .................................................................................................. 57 4.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 57 4.3 Study area and methodology ................................................................................ 58 4.3.1 ArcGIS ........................................................................................................... 58 4.3.2 Statistical analysis ......................................................................................... 60 4.4 Results ................................................................................................................. 61 4.4.1 Spatial differences between towns and settlements ....................................... 61 4.4.2 Risk assessment of households..................................................................... 66 4.4.3 Influence of land cover patterns, slope factor and proximity to water bodies on physical impact on housing structures ........................................................... 69 4.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................ 70 4.6 Conclusions and recommendations ...................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS ................................. 73 5.1 Chapter overview and introduction ........................................................................ 74 5.2 Summary of methods ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3 Vulnerability and exposure to flooding .................................................................. 75 5.4 Patterns of land cover types and household topographical location effect on physical impacts of flooding .................................................................................
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