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Geology and Geomorphology of the Murray River Region Between Mildura and Renmark, Australia

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Geology and Geomorphology of the Murray River Region Between Mildura and Renmark, Australia — https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1973.34.01 9 May 1973 GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE MURRAY RIVER REGION BETWEEN MILDURA AND RENMARK, AUSTRALIA By Edmund D. Gill Deputy Director, National Museum of Victoria, and Director of Chowilla Research Project Introduction an abandoned part of the course of the Murray. At present it is used as a water storage (1 1,200 "To a person uninstructed in natural history, hectares). his country or seaside is a walk through a gal- This Research Project was triggered by the lery filled with wonderful works of art, nine- commencement of building operations at the tenths of which have their faces turned to the Chowilla Dam site. The Trustees thought that wall". So said T. H. Huxley. Although in- this little-known area where three States meet structed in natural history, we found the area should be investigated before it was inundated. studied in this Memoir so dry in its time of deep The undertaking was therefore a salvage one, drought when we first went there, so flat, and but on a scale not attempted in Australia be- so unvaried compared with other research areas, fore. The area to be flooded plus a necessary that we wondered what story it had to yield. marginal area gave a total of 2600 km 2 to be However, it was judged that this country, like studied. As a result, the study had to be of a all others scientists have investigated, would reconnaissance nature, with more detailed at- have a useful and fascinating story when it had tention to significant sites. No account of the been deciphered. So it proved to be. geomorphology, geology and archaeology of the area has been given before, but there are The Research Project numerous incidental references in a wide The flattest continent in the world is Aus- literature; an attempt has been made to provide tralia, and it is also the driest. Put these two a bibliography of the more important refer- facts together, and it can be inferred that the ences. The stated aim of the Project was to major river system is somewhat unusual. Such collect data and materials that would have been the Murray/Darling system certainly is, as the lost as a result of the construction of the dam, sequel clearly shows. The river tract between but the ultimate aim was to achieve a funda- Mildura and Renmark is a significant part of mental understanding of this tract of country this system. Here the Darling River and the how it came into existence and what the pre- Darling Anabranch enter the Murray. Here sent processes are. A contribution to this aim the valley is 15 to 30 km wide, then suddenly is set out in this Memoir. narrows to five kilometers, so making the pro- The Project was successful beyond expecta- posed Chowilla Dam possible. So flat is this tion. The fundamental geology is of wide ap- 2 area that, if the dam is completed, 1370 km plication. The palaeontology is making import- will be inundated. Lake Victoria, a giant billa- ant contributions to knowledge, e.g. Late bong (oxbow) system, is on an anabranch Pliocene (?) fish remains include Neoceratodus, formed by the Frenchman's Creek and the and the skeletons of extinct marsupials make Rufus River. It has acted as a massive sand possible the indentification of post-skeletal trap, so that a large dune tract lies on its E. material previously not referable to any species. bank, emplaced and remodelled over 20,000 Some skeletons were still articulated. The years at least by the persistent W. winds of that archaeology reveals middens back to 18,000 country. Under natural conditions Lake Vic- years ago. The Aborigines of the area were very toria is half dry (except in flood time) being conservative and kept to their old core/flake KDMUND D. GILL culture, eschewing the new blade culture with cause the branch river (Darling) is 160 km hafted tools. An Aboriginal skeleton with longer than the main river (Murray), which is gypsum widow's cap proves use of this device 2570 km long. back to c. 750 years at least. The palaeoclima- Moreover, Australia is the world's driest con- tology permits recognition of the beginning of tinent with 75 per cent of its land surface arid the present aridity. or semi-arid. That Australia is so fiat and so This extensive research operation would not dry, explains many of the unusual features of have been possible without supporting funds. the Murray/Darling. Both rivers rise in high The William Buckland Foundation made the rainfall areas of the Great Dividing Range. chief contributions, and the Sunshine Founda- The Murray rises in the temperate zone on the tion also contributed. E. D. Gill received a Kosciusko Plateau. The Darling rises in the grant from the Nuffield Foundation towards the subtropical to tropical areas further north. geological research. Sir Robert Blackwood, After only 300 km or so these rivers flow Chairman of Trustees (now President of the with a very low grade (because the continent Council under a new Act), took a special in- is so flat) through 1500-2500 km of river terest in the Project, and joined most of the course which contributes little or no water (be- field expeditions; he has presented in this cause the continent is so dry). Along the course Memoir his work with K. N. G. Simpson on the of the Darling River from the Queensland excavation of Aboriginal skeletons. The funds border to where it joins the Murray River at provided by the Foundations made it possible Wentworth is about 2170 km over which it to employ Mr. K. N. G. Simpson as Field Of- falls only 120 m. Thus over a long distance the ficer. We are grateful to the scientists who remarkably low mean declivity of 5 6 cm per have contributed papers to this Memoir, and to km is maintained. those whose assistance is acknowledged in the The Murray River at Albury has a fall of appropriate places. Mr. G. Douglas of Werrimul 14 2 cm per km which is reduced to the gave us a great deal of assistance in the field. minimum of about 1 6 cm per km for the last We are much indebted to the people on the 160 km. The water at Albury takes a month land. Their hospitality, their assistance when to reach the sea. That in the headwaters of the needed, and their fund of local information Darling takes two months or more to reach its greatly assisted us. Through their help we were conjunction with the Murray at Wentworth. able to achieve much more than would other- Water from the Dartmouth dam being con- wise have been possible. structed on the Mitta Mitta River will take An account of this investigation was given in six to eight weeks to reach S. Australia. The ten radio lectures requested by the Australian Murray/Darling system has an average annual Broadcasting Commission. These were later run-off of only 3 2 15,000 m per km . The published under the title "Rivers of History" Yangtze-Kiang River in China has a run-off of (Gill 1970). G 3 1 19 x 10 m per km 2 per annum. In the area under study between Mildura Major river system of the flattest continent (Victoria) and Renmark (S. Australia) the Our planet has six continents of which two valley of the Murray River (PL 1) widens to are islands Australia and Antarctica. — In 32 km, including Lake Victoria which is a average elevation above the sea, Antarctica is former meander system, then narrows to 4 8 the highest and Australia the lowest. More than km at the Chowilla Dam site. Further down- half of Australia is below 300 m, and only about stream it narrows to 16 km. It is a significant five per cent is above 600 m. Australia is the part of the course because here the Darling and flattest continent in the world, which fact has its Anabranch join the Murray, the effects of a profound effect on its major river-system, tectonics on the river course can be studied, the Murray/Darling. The names of the two the cliffs reveal the essential stratigraphy, many rivers are commonly linked in this manner be- fossil localities have been discovered, and Lake GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE MURRAY RIVER Arepunog Fig. 1 —Locality map of study area. EDMUND D. GILL Victoria with its large lunette on the E. side Only once in living memory (Mawson 1950, constitutes a phenomenon of unusual interest. Bonython 1955) has Lake Eyre been filled. depression For much of its course the substrate of the Lake Eyre occupies a very shallow river systems is clay (Browne 1934). If the a little below sealevel. What would be a small Darling and the Murray ran into deep sandy or negligible flexure on most terrains, here country they could well be swallowed up, be- created a huge drainage basin because if the cause the volume of water carried is relatively flatness of the country. small, and the evaporation is high (^1-8 m To the SE. is the smaller Murray Basin p.a.). The Darling travels in what is virtually (Fenner 1934), which can be defined ap- an aqueduct of clay which prevents loss by proximately by the 180 m contour. A wide soakage. Some irrigation channels in sandy northern part is occupied by the Darling River areas lose 80-90 per cent by soakage, which and its tributaries.
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