Opera Rock. Genere Di Confine

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Opera Rock. Genere Di Confine Corso di Laurea magistrale in Musicologia e Scienze dello Spettacolo Tesi di Laurea Opera Rock. Genere di confine Relatore Prof.ssa Valentina Carla Re Co-relatore Prof. Paolo Pinamonti Laureanda Ambra Agnoletto Matricola 805436 Anno Accademico 2011 / 2012 A mio padre, sempre al mio fianco 5 Opera Rock. Genere di confine INDICE Introduzione 10 Capitolo 1. Opera Rock. Genere di confine 1.1 “La pellicola stregata” 15 1.2 A ritmo di Rock’n’roll 19 1.2.1 Appunti per un quadro storico: i Rock Film 19 1.2.2 Gli anni Cinquanta 21 1.2.3 Anni ’60 e ’70: la svolta 22 1.2.4 Gli anni ’80 e la rivoluzione del videoclip 25 1.2.5 Gli anni ’90: un “ibrido sonoro” 27 1.2.6 Il Film Rock nel nuovo millennio 28 1.3 Musical e cultura Rock 30 1.4 Concept Album : matrice per l’Opera Rock 33 1.4.1 Breve cronologia delle origini: dai progenitori alla nascita del Rock 35 1.4.2 Oggetto sonoro, oggetto estetico, progressive 37 1.4.3 Codificare il concept album : gli anni ’70 38 1.4.4 Il declino del concept 40 1.5 Rock Opera: un incontro fra tre mondi 40 1.5.1 Dal concept album all’adattamento teatrale e/o cinematografico: Jesus Christ Superstar e Tommy 40 1.5.2 Agli albori della Rock Opera: S.F. Sorrow ed Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire) 45 1.5.3 Un tentativo di definizione dell’Opera Rock 47 Capitolo 2. The Wall 2.1 Introduzione 50 2.2 Pink Floyd/ Concept /Light-Show 51 2.2.1 Da The Dark Side of the Moon ad Animals 51 6 2.2.2 Lo show “multimediale” 55 2.3 Progettare “il Muro” 58 2.3.1 Concept album 58 2.3.2 Il live concert : Pink Floyd “The Wall Tour” (1980-1981) 62 2.4 Pink Floyd The Wall : l’alienazione della rockstar secondo Roger Waters, Alan Parker e Gerald Scarfe 65 2.4.1 Sinossi 65 2.4.2 Il making of 66 Capitolo 3. Hedwig and the Angry Inch 3.1 Introduzione 72 3.1.1 Sinossi 73 3.2 Genesi e storia del progetto 75 3.3 Teatro e Cast album 81 3.3.1 Mise en scène 81 3.3.2 Cast album project 87 3.3.3 Hedwig , oltre Mitchell e Trask 88 3.4 Hedwig al cinema 91 3.4.1 Produrre e strutturare Hedwig 91 3.4.2 Analisi formale della pellicola 96 Capitolo 4. Il caso italiano. Tito Schipa jr., Orfeo 9 4.1 Introduzione 115 4.2 La situazione italiana 117 4.3 Sinossi 119 4.4 Orfeo 9 . La storia in breve 121 4.4.1 Teatro e doppio LP 121 4.4.2 Orfeo 9 in pellicola 123 4.5 Analisi formale dell’opera 128 4.5.1 Atto 1 129 4.5.2 Atto 2 135 7 4.6 Orfeo 9 , dopo Venezia 142 4.7 Una risposta inaspettata 144 Epilogo Da Pink ad Orfeo 147 Galleria 153 Bibliografia Volumi 170 Articoli 171 Sitografia 174 Materiali di consultazione 175 Filmografia 176 Discografia 178 8 Rivelare i tuoi fallimenti, le tue debolezze, e le tue umiliazioni, vuol dire chiederti chi sei. (M.C.) 9 Introduzione Costruire passo dopo passo questa tesi di laurea magistrale ha significato, sin dall’inizio, accettare una sfida con me stessa. Assumermi la responsabilità di condurre una ricerca tutt’altro che consueta – visto che l’argomento da me affrontato è poco indagato sia negli studi di settore musicale che in quelli d’ambito cinematografico, ed è stato trattato sino a qualche anno fa esclusivamente in relazione ad altre forme narrative che uniscono in modo specifico la dimensione filmica e quella della musica rock’n’roll – è stata per me una scelta logica, dato che cercavo da tempo un tema originale attraverso il quale potermi mettere completamente in discussione come studentessa e come (mi auguro) futura figura professionale in campo critico/analitico. Ho anche rischiato ed investito molto però, impegnandomi nelle ricerche e nella stesura del mio lavoro con determinazione ed entusiasmo, ma soprattutto approcciandomi senza preconcetti ad un percorso dimostratosi per nulla lineare, lastricato di dubbi, difficoltà iniziali nel reperire i materiali di studio e cambi di prospettiva per gestire al meglio le diverse fasi di scrittura. Ho inoltre temuto di non essere in grado di andare oltre una mera analisi “di superficie”, ottenendo di conseguenza un risultato finale approssimativo e molto disordinato; sforzandomi però di osservare la mia indagine da un punto di vista differente, più neutrale e distaccato, ho acquisito fiducia e consapevolezza, accorgendomi delle potenzialità dell’elaborato man mano che quest’ultimo prendeva forma, e mi auguro di essere riuscita a fornire un quadro abbastanza esauriente sull’ Opera Rock . L’Opera Rock (o ugualmente detta Rock Opera) appartiene, come sottogenere, alla macro-categoria del “ Film Rock ”, un insieme costituito da numerosi esempi di pellicole e documenti audiovisivi che esplorano il complesso legame che intercorre tra i due soggetti cardine. Considerata generalmente un prodotto di nicchia, la rock opera è in realtà un tassello fondamentale all’interno della stessa categoria, poiché rappresenta un’idea innovativa di «colonna sonora visualizzata», 1 caratteristica che condivide in parte con il genere del musical rock, al quale spesso viene associata ed amalgamata. Per cercare quindi di comprendere a fondo la natura composita di questa particolare 1 La definizione è del giornalista Renato Marengo, il quale la utilizza nel suo articolo dedicato al progetto di Tito Schipa jr. Orfeo 9 (1973), che affronterò nel quarto capitolo. RENATO MARENGO, Pop in Tv: il mito di Orfeo , «Ciao 2001», 25 novembre 1973, reperibile nel sito ufficiale dell’opera Orfeo 9 , all’indirizzo http://www.orfeo9.it/?p=750. 10 tipologia narrativa – che nasce appunto dall’accostamento di più ambiti espressivi come il teatro, il rock ed il cinema – ho protratto la mia ricerca nel corso di vari mesi, consultando dapprima testi, saggi ed articoli e poi soffermandomi a lungo su una notevole mole di materiale audiovisivo, ovvero documentari, approfondimenti ed interviste, contenuti in buona parte nelle edizioni speciali in dvd di due delle tre pellicole da me scelte come casi particolari di studio, The Wall (1982, Alan Parker) e Hedwig and The Angry Inch (2000, John Cameron Mitchell) e nel supporto dove è stato riversato Orfeo 9 (1973, Tito Schipa jr.), terzo caso di studio, consultato presso l’Archivio Storico delle Arti Contemporanee – ASAC, della Biennale di Venezia. Vorrei subito sottolineare che ho deciso di circoscrivere la mia analisi a questi tre esempi, curando nel dettaglio la descrizione di tutte le fasi di sviluppo dei differenti progetti, e soffermandomi infine sulle rispettive trasposizioni filmiche (tramite un lavoro di découpage ), 2 poiché si tratta di opere estremamente peculiari, a mio avviso uniche, anche rapportate al loro genere d’appartenenza; ho utilizzato dunque un criterio di scelta personale, ma anche di coerenza cronologica – individuando un’opera significativa per ciascun decennio, a partire dagli anni ’70 ed arrivando al 2000 – ed ho tenuto presente possibili legami di trama e significato tra le pellicole. Inoltre, devo specificare che sono stata costretta a concentrare la mia attenzione solo su un numero ridotto di casi, dato che l’elenco di rock operas prodotte dalla fine degli anni ’60, associate anche ai vari rock musical, è oltremodo vasto; di conseguenza, non sarebbe stato possibile in nessun modo elaborare uno studio completo sui singoli lungometraggi (e sulle opere rimaste “incompiute”) in questa sede, ma questo spunto potrebbe diventare senza dubbio d’ispirazione per un’indagine futura. Come ho precedentemente accennato, in corso d’opera ho dovuto rivoluzionare più volte la mia idea iniziale di “struttura” per l’elaborato, ed adattarla soprattutto ad esigenze di tempo e di carichi di lavoro, rinunciando per questo motivo ad inserire negli esempi scelti per le analisi Tommy (1969) degli Who, e l’omonima pellicola diretta dal visionario regista inglese Ken Russell ( Tommy , 1975), scomparso alla fine del 2011. È 2 Ho scelto di occuparmi principalmente dei film e non degli spettacoli teatrali (e dei live ) – sebbene questi siano altrettanto importanti – perché sarebbe stato estremamente laborioso dare forma ad un’analisi unitaria tenendo conto anche delle varie rappresentazioni e pièce allestite nel corso dei decenni, essendo a rigor di logica uniche e irripetibili, ognuna diversa dall’altra. Per coerenza con tale principio, avrei infatti dovuto prendere in esame singolarmente ogni spettacolo successivo all’originale ed avrei dovuto dedicare più di un approfondimento alle diverse evoluzioni nel tempo di ciascuna opera considerata, rendendo così l’elaborato eccessivamente pesante ed esteso. 11 stato necessario procedere per sottrazione e “limatura” del materiale per poter arrivare ad un tentativo di definizione dell’argomento principale, tenendo ben presenti il periodo favorevole nel quale la rock opera è emersa, le caratteristiche peculiari del genere musicale di riferimento, ed infine l’influenza esercitata sul soggetto dalla forma del musical classico. Mi sono inoltre resa conto, a progetto avviato, di essermi imbattuta negli stessi problemi di ricerca e stesura incontrati da molti degli autori da me studiati (in particolare dalla docente e saggista americana Elizabeth Wollman), 3 ed ho dovuto io stessa “forzare” alcune considerazioni, scegliendo nelle fonti una prospettiva che si accostasse il più possibile all’intento del mio lavoro; fortunatamente, ho trovato numerosi riscontri sia nell’indispensabile saggio del compositore e musicologo Cosimo Colazzo, Musica al cinema: l’opera rock ,4 unico testo incentrato esclusivamente sulla rock opera, sia nel bellissimo volume del critico e docente torinese Umberto Mosca, Cinema e rock . Pop Culture e film d’autore, immaginario giovanile e «visioni» del mondo ,5 nel quale l’autore scompone e cataloga l’intera categoria del Film Rock .
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