A study of impact of ashram schools on development of nomadic tribal community in Kolhapur district (1999 - 2009) A thesis submitted to Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.) In Social Work Subject Under the Board of Social Work Studies Submitted By Miss. Sonal Vilas Mangal Under the Guidance of Dr. Devanand V. Shinde Professor Karve Institute of Social service, Pune. August 2017 I DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis entitled "A Study of Impact of Ashram Schools on Development of Nomadic Tribal Community in Kolhapur District (1999 - 2009)" completed and written by me has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree of other similar title upon me of this or any other University or examining body. Place: Pune Researcher Date : (Miss. Sonal Vilas Mangal) I CERTIFICATE This is to certified that thesis entitled "A Study of Impact of Ashram Schools on Development of Nomadic Tribal Community in Kolhapur District (1999 - 2009)" which is being submitted herewith for the award of the Degree of Vidyavachaspati (Ph. D.) in Social Work of Tilak Maharashtra University, Pune is the result of original research work completed by Miss. Sonal Vilas Mangal under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge and belief the work incorporated in this thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree or similar title of this or any other University of examining body upon her. Place : Pune Research Guide Date : (Dr. Devanand V. Shinde) I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is my first duty to notice the name Late Dr. B. S. Ghatage who inspired for this research. His guidance created zeal in me to do the research work. He inspired me for choosing the research subject related to social work. The researcher will be thankful to Tilak Maharashtra University, Pune for giving an opportunity to research work. The researcher thanks Dr. Devanand V. Shinde who guided valuable for the present research. He gave the confidence to complete this work. He has a lion’s share in the researcher’s work and it is possible with the guidance of him. University Grant Commission chose the researcher for Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship. That is why, researcher got economical help to complete the present research work, so the researcher thanks University Grant Commission. The researcher thanks the Social Justice Department’s officers and staff because I could get information of the Secondary Ashram Schools with their permission. So, I could complete the present research work. I thank the voluntary institution runners of secondary Ashram Schools and Superintendent, Head Masters, Teaching and Non - teaching staff for their valuable cooperation. I am also thankful of secondary Ashram Schools students for their valuable response. I thank the Libraries for providing reference material and the books which indirectly helped the researcher. The Libraries which availed the rare books for the research work, Dr. Balasaheb Khardekar Library, Shivaji University, Pune University library and Karveer Nagar Vachanalay Kolhapur. I thank my family members - mother Mrs. Alka Vilas Mangal and father Mr. Vilas Maruti Mangal, brother Pradeep and Vishal, my sister in law Vaishali and Shubhangi and My sister Rupali and brother in law Mr. Anand Aiwale. I am very much thankful to my in laws family members - mother in law Mrs. Yashoda Tukaram Devkule, father in law Mr. Tukaram Govind Devkule and my husband Mr. Amit Tukaram Devkule for their important and valuable mental and emotional support. I thank my well-wishers who supported, inspired me for the present research work. Place : Pune Researcher Date : ( Miss. Sonal Vilas Mangal ) I Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION A) VJNT (Vimukt Jati Bhatkya Jamati) - Background B) Ashram School - At glance The Company government ended in 1757 after the war of Plasi and British rule started in India. British became the ruler of our country. They concentrated on the trade so the social arrangement collapsed of India. The thieves, criminals started to get benefit of the present situation. The people of the country were harassed, so they complained against the criminals. But the government was not stable so, no any solution was found. At last in 1871, the British government passed the Criminal law after special inquiry. Through this law 14 castes were decided the criminal out of 42 castes. The government established the colonies with wire fences for these 14 castes. The criminal caste were tied under the law. The people were harassed in the colonies. The distresses of the people were reached to the then Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, then seeing the roubles in colonies, he ordered to free the people. The 14 caste were escaped from that date. Such caste which became free from the wire fences were called Vimukt Jati (Denotified Tribes). But those 14 caste and other 28 total 42 caste had no their own village for living, not permanent sourced for their livelihood, such castes were got involved in the trouble social, economic and educational difficulty. Till today, these caste are wandering village to village for their livelihood. Such deprived community has created their independent world. They are tied with their traditions and conditions. This community is far away from the development so they are facing the problems of health, education, economic and social. This community has only one way to overall development that is education. Education is a medium of social change. This community wander here and there so they cannot get education properly. They are socially and economically backward due to illiteracy. The Maharashtra government has applied more welfare policies for the complete development of Vimukt Jati Bhatkya Jamati. The government started the Ashram School for the propaganda of education for the castes from 1953. The voluntary institutions supported the government for giving the education to the 1 nomadic tribes. Ashram School is run by granted voluntary institution. Such Ashram Schools are as primary, secondary and junior college. The students of these schools are from Vimukt Jati Bhatkya Jamati. The free living and free meal are given to the resident students. The School uniform, writing material, books, oil, soap, bed are provided free of cost. Other caste students are also given admission, the students who known as day scholar. But the day scholar students only get education; other facilities are not given to them. 14 primary Ashram School, 8 secondary Ashram School and 1 junior college are running through voluntary institution in Kolhapur district in Maharashtra. For the present research researcher selected 8 secondary Ashram School from Kolhapur district. 1. Secondary Ashram School, Rajputwadi, Taluka Karvir. 2. Secondary Ashram School, Pachgav, Taluka Karvir. 3. Secondary Ashram School, Petwadgav, Taluka Hatkangale. 4. Secondary Ashram School, Hatkangale, Taluka Hatkangale. 5. Secondary Ashram School, Jaishingpur, Taluka Shirol. 6. Secondary Ashram School, Danwad, Taluka Shirol. 7. Bhaveshwari Secondary Ashram School, Chimgav, Taluka Kagal. 8. Styashodhak Prof. Ramesh Dhavre Secondary Ashram School, Kushire, Kagal. The title of the research is "A study of impact of Ashram Schools on development of nomadic tribal community in kohapur district. (1999 - 2009)" The given facilities for the residential students in the Ashram School, the problems of the residential students and the barriers and problems in Ashram School administration are studied in this research as well as the need of social work intervention in the educational field is also studied in this research. The present research work is arranged into six chapter. Chapter 1. Introduction A) VJNT (Vimukt Jati Bhatkya Jamati) - Background B) Ashram School - At Glance. Chapter 2. Review of literature. Chapter 3. Research Methodology. Chapter 4. Kolhapur District - Profile. Chapter 5. A) Data analysis and interpretation B) Hypothesis testing C) School social work intervention need / co- relation and last Chapter 6. Findings and Suggestions. This research will be helpful for the voluntary institution to run Ashram school as well as other voluntary institution can take inspiration by this research. The researchers who study about Ashram School can research easily with the help of this research. Social workers can guide the Vimukt Jati Bhatkya Jamati to get education, due to this research. This work will help the government system to bring such deprived children to the school and arrange various policies and schemes. 2 A) VJNT(Vimukt Jati Bhatkya Jamati) - Background 1.1 The History of VJNT (Vimukt Jati Bhatkya Jamati) The man has lived his life through different steps of development from the creation of the nature. The man was as an ape. He used his front legs as hand and created weapons. In this way, man developed himself and created modern machines and technology. The man is always unsatisfied so, he used the rules of nature for his comfort and developed himself from cave man to computer man. Security from wild animals and good income in farming with easy work, he used to live stable life with group on the fertile region and bank of rivers. He started to establish the towns having his skills and new technology. The numbers of towns were increased due to the facilities, modern technology and sources of livelihood. But due to lack of place, they attacked on the forest. In the forest, the hunters, cattle guardian used to live. The undeveloped man group who was living in the forest was divided into two parts. One of them used to live in town life using his skills and by begging. Another has to roam in the forest. We see the nomadic tribes in India today; they are groups of the people who search for food, cattle guardian and hunters.1 The Arya entered in India before nearby 2000 years. The tribes of Arya attacked on India for long time. The Dravid people were living in India before the entrance of Arya.