August 1986 Vol. 31, No. 3
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Fed Males Increase Oviposition in Female Hawkmoths Via Non-Nutritive Direct Benefits
Animal Behaviour 112 (2016) 111e118 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav Fed males increase oviposition in female hawkmoths via non-nutritive direct benefits * Eran Levin a, , Chandreyee Mitra a, b, c, Goggy Davidowitz a, b a Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, U.S.A. b Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, U.S.A. c Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, U.S.A. article info Direct benefits provided by males have large effects on the fitness of females and their offspring in many Article history: species. Here, we examined whether mating or feeding experience of male Carolina sphinx moths, Received 17 July 2015 Manduca sexta (Sphingidae), affects the quality of direct benefits that males provide to their mates. We Initial acceptance 24 August 2015 mated virgin females with fed and unfed, virgin and previously mated males. Feeding experience Final acceptance 13 October 2015 affected male mating success, spermatophore size and flight muscle size. In addition, females mated to Available online fed males laid more eggs than females mated to unfed males, and females mated to virgin males laid MS. number: A15-00612R more eggs than females mated to previously mated males. Using 13C-enriched glucose in the nectar of the fed males, we found that the second and third spermatophores of males were strongly labelled, but Keywords: this labelled glucose was not present either in the female's fat body or in her eggs. Therefore, although d13 C fed males provided females direct benefits from the sugar in the nectar, the sugar was not used as a fecundity nutrient by females. -
PETER MARLER 24 February 1928 . 5 July 2014
PETER MARLER BETHANY DANIELS / COLLEGE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UC DAVIS 24 february 1928 . 5 july 2014 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VOL. 160, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2016 Marler.indd 437 11/30/2016 12:39:58 PM biographical memoirs ETER MARLER died on 5 July 2014. He pioneered the study of animal communication, which until his involvement had been P rather anecdotal. He set up a logical framework that looked at all aspects of the signals used (i.e., their physical structure, who produced them, in what context, and what responses they elicited). Answers to all of these questions then helped researchers infer what information the signals conveyed as well as the intention, or at any rate the benefit to the signaler. In the case of a male songbird singing in the spring, the message was species identity, individual identity, breeding condition, and marital status (e.g., single, shall welcome a mate). To other males, it stated, “This is my territory and I shall defend it.” In this manner, the same message could mean different things to different listeners. Marler came upon this area of interest while working on his first Ph.D. (University College, London, 1952), which involved vegetation surveys of potential nature reserves in Britain, France, and the Azores. In his spare time, he collected recordings of chaffinch song from the same localities. It was while doing this work that he realized the variability in chaffinch song was not random. For example, the song of chaffinches in the Azores was simpler than that in Britain or France. -
Evolution of Deceit by Worthless Donations in a Nuptial Gift-Giving Spider
Current Zoology 60 (1): 43–51, 2014 Evolution of deceit by worthless donations in a nuptial gift-giving spider Paolo Giovanni GHISLANDI1, Maria J. ALBO1, 2, Cristina TUNI1, Trine BILDE1* 1 Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark 2 Laboratorio de Etología, Ecología y Evolución, IIBCE, Uruguay Abstract Males of the nursery web spider Pisaura mirabilis usually offer an insect prey wrapped in white silk as a nuptial gift to facilitate copulation. Males exploit female foraging preferences in a sexual context as females feed on the gift during copula- tion. It is possible for males to copulate without a gift, however strong female preference for the gift leads to dramatically higher mating success for gift-giving males. Females are polyandrous, and gift-giving males achieve higher mating success, longer copulations, and increased sperm transfer that confer advantages in sperm competition. Intriguingly, field studies show that ap- proximately one third of males carry a worthless gift consisting of dry and empty insect exoskeletons or plant fragments wrapped in white silk. Silk wrapping disguises gift content and females are able to disclose gift content only after accepting and feeding on the gift, meanwhile males succeed in transferring sperm. The evolution of deceit by worthless gift donation may be favoured by strong intra-sexual competition and costs of gift-construction including prey capture, lost foraging opportunities and investment in silk wrapping. Females that receive empty worthless gifts terminate copulation sooner, which reduces sperm transfer and likely disadvantages males in sperm competition. The gift-giving trait may thus become a target of sexually antagonistic co-evolution, where deceit by worthless gifts leads to female resistance to the trait. -
Masakazu Konishi
Masakazu Konishi BORN: Kyoto, Japan February 17, 1933 EDUCATION: Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, B.S. (1956) Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, M.S. (1958) University of California, Berkeley, Ph.D. (1963) APPOINTMENTS: Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Tübingen, Germany (1963–1964) Postdoctoral Fellow, Division of Experimental Neurophysiology, Max-Planck Institut, Munich, Germany (1964–1965) Assistant Professor of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison (1965–1966) Assistant Professor of Biology, Princeton University (1966–1970) Associate Professor of Biology, Princeton University (1970–1975) Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology (1975– 1980) Bing Professor of Behavioral Biology, California Institute of Technology (1980– ) HONORS AND AWARDS (SELECTED): Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1979) Member, National Academy of Sciences (1985) President, International Society for Neuroethology (1986—1989) F. O. Schmitt Prize (1987) International Prize for Biology (1990) The Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award, Brandeis University (2004) Edward M. Scolnick Prize in Neuroscience, MIT (2004) Gerard Prize, the Society for Neuroscience (2004) Karl Spencer Lashley Award, The American Philosophical Society (2004) The Peter and Patricia Gruber Prize in Neuroscience, The Society for Neuroscience (2005) Masakazu (Mark) Konishi has been one of the leaders in avian neuroethology since the early 1960’s. He is known for his idea that young birds initially remember a tutor song and use the memory as a template to guide the development of their own song. He was the fi rst to show that estrogen prevents programmed cell death in female zebra fi nches. He also pioneered work on the brain mechanisms of sound localization by barn owls. He has trained many students and postdoctoral fellows who became leading neuroethologists. -
Worthless Donations: Male Deception and Female Counter Play in a Nuptial Gift-Giving Spider
Albo et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:329 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/329 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Worthless donations: male deception and female counter play in a nuptial gift-giving spider Maria J Albo1,2*, Gudrun Winther1, Cristina Tuni1, Søren Toft1 and Trine Bilde1 Abstract Background: In nuptial gift-giving species, benefits of acquiring a mate may select for male deception by donation of worthless gifts. We investigated the effect of worthless gifts on mating success in the spider Pisaura mirabilis. Males usually offer an insect prey wrapped in silk; however, worthless gifts containing inedible items are reported. We tested male mating success in the following experimental groups: protein enriched fly gift (PG), regular fly gift (FG), worthless gift (WG), or no gift (NG). Results: Males that offered worthless gifts acquired similar mating success as males offering nutritional gifts, while males with no gift experienced reduced mating success. The results suggest that strong selection on the nuptial gift-giving trait facilitates male deception by donation of worthless gifts. Females terminated matings faster when males offered worthless donations; this demonstrate a cost of deception for the males as shorter matings lead to reduced sperm transfer and thus give the deceiving males a disadvantage in sperm competition. Conclusion: We propose that the gift wrapping trait allows males to exploit female foraging preference by disguising the gift content thus deceiving females into mating without acquiring direct benefits. Female preference for a genuine prey gift combined with control over mating duration, however, counteracts the male deception. Background the evolution of male “deception” by the use of token Differences in the evolutionary interests between the gifts. -
The Evolution of Animal Nuptial Gifts
ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR, VOL. 44 The Evolution of Animal Nuptial Gifts Sara Lewis and Adam South department of biology, tufts university, medford, massachusetts, usa Rich gifts wax poor when givers prove unkind William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (3.1.101) I. INTRODUCTION A. WHAT ARE NUPTIAL GIFTS? Nuptial arrangements in many human cultures include gift-giving tradi- tions (Cronk and Dunham, 2007; Mehdi, 2003), and this behavior plays an important role in the mating systems of other creatures as well (Boggs, 1995; Fabre, 1918; Gwynne, 2008; Lack, 1940; Thornhill, 1976; Vahed, 1998, 2007; Zeh and Smith, 1985). In species widely distributed across the animal kingdom, males transfer many different non-gametic materials to females during courtship and mating. Such materials can include lipids, carbo- hydrates, proteins, peptides, amino acids, uric acid, minerals, water, anti- predator defensive compounds, anti-aphrodisiac pheromones, and neuroendocrine modulators of recipient physiology. These nuptial gifts are an important aspect of reproductive behavior and animal mating sys- tems (Andersson, 1994; Thornhill and Alcock, 1983). However, when com- pared to more conspicuous sexually selected traits such as male weaponry or ornamentation, such gifts have received relatively little attention from behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary research. Nuptial gifts heighten male reproductive investment, thus limiting male mating rates and altering courtship sex roles and sexual size dimorphism (Boggs, 1995; Gwynne and Simmons, 1990; Leimar et al., 1994). Selection acts on both gift-givers and receivers to shape nuptial gift structure and biochemical composition, as well as gift-giving behaviors. Not only do nuptial gifts form the basis for dynamic coevolutionary interactions between the sexes, but they also link 53 0065-3454/12 $35.00 Copyright 2012, Elsevier Inc. -
Peter Marler (1928–2014) Pioneering Interpreter of Animal Language
COMMENT OBITUARY Peter Marler (1928–2014) Pioneering interpreter of animal language. hite-crowned sparrows to Japan to study macaques. Marler sing in distinct dialects himself spent time studying colobus in different parts of Cali- monkeys in Uganda and then, with Wfornia. African vervet monkeys use primatologist Jane Goodall, the social various alarm calls to signal different behaviour of chimpanzees in Tanza- dangers, such as snakes, mammalian nia. He had hoped to glean insights predators or birds of prey. Peter Robert on human language. He learned much Marler chronicled these phenomena about the signals that chimpanzees to establish ideas about how animals use, but felt that human language communicate. He hoped to find clues remained in its own class. about the biology of human language. Marler astutely realized that if he OF ROCKEFELLER ARCHIVE CENTER COURTESY How does language acquisition blend shifted his focus from language to innate knowledge and learning? vocal learning, then birds had much Marler, who died on 5 July, first to offer. Early on, he noticed that became interested in animal sounds songbirds were picky about what as a doctoral student in botany at sounds they imitated, and that choice University College London. Survey- often occurred during the first year ing potential nature reserves in Scot- of life. Moreover, the stages of vocal land, UK, he noticed that the song of learning were set. This explained why the chaffinch Fringilla coelebs changed from I was enthralled when I first heard Marler the dialects of his chaffinches disappeared valley to valley. This led to a second PhD, in lecture at Berkeley. -
Vol. 16, No.3 August, 1971 NEWSLETTER ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
Vol. 16, No.3 August, 1971 NEWSLETTER ANIMAL BEHAVIOR SOCIETY SECTION (DIVISION) ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND SOCIOBIOLOGY Benjamin Dane, Editor Ecological Society of America Department of Biology, Tufts University American Society of Zoologists Medford, Massachusetts 02155 1971 AAAS MEETINGS: The 1971 AAAS meeting will be held on December 26 through 31 at Philadelphia. The deadline for submitting papers for this meeting is September 1, 1971. Please read and abide by the instructions on the ASZ Transmittal Form enclosed with this newsletter. The August Newsletter is being published early to ensure adequate time for the members to prepare and submit abstracts. Normally the transmittal forms are included with the May newsletter, but the forms were not printed in time this year. ABS will sponsor a symposium "Parental Ontogeny of Behavior" arranged by Gilbert Gottlieb, at this meeting. Do not forget to send the transmittal form to the Program Officer: C. Richard Terman, Department of Biology, William and Mary College, Williams burg, Va. 23185 by September 1, 1971. DELAY IN PUBLICATION OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR: Paul Siegel, Treasurer, has instructed me to inform the membership of the delay in receiving copies of ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR. The publishers are many months behind in publication due at least partially to the British mail strike. SECOND NATIONAL BIOLOGICAL CONGRESS: The Second National Biological Con gress will be held 23-26 October, 1971, at the Fountainebleau Hotel, Miami Beach, Florida. The theme of the congress follows that of the first, Man and Environment II. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR FILMS: Edwin Gould, Chairman of the Film Committee, has sent the following information about Animal Behavior Films. -
Peter Marler Correspondence D-483
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c88k7ddv No online items Inventory of the Peter Marler Correspondence D-483 University of California, Davis Library, Dept. of Special Collections 1st Floor, Shields Library, University of California 100 North West Quad Davis, CA 95616-5292 [email protected] URL: https://www.library.ucdavis.edu/archives-and-special-collections Inventory of the Peter Marler D-483 1 Correspondence D-483 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: University of California, Davis Library, Dept. of Special Collections Title: Peter Marler Correspondence Creator: Marler, Peter. Identifier/Call Number: D-483 Physical Description: 20 linear feet Date (inclusive): 1960-2008 Abstract: Correspondence relating to Professor of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior Peter Marler's research on animal communication and his involvement with professional organizations. Researchers should contact Archives and Special Collections to request collections, as many are stored offsite. Biography Professor of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis (1989-1994). Scope and Contents Correspondence relating to Marler's research on animal communication and his involvement with professional organizations. Access Collection is open for research. Processing Information Liz Phillips encoded this finding aid with help from student assistant Aditi Sinha. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Peter Marler correspondence, D-483, Archives and Special Collections, UC Davis Library, University of California, Davis. Publication Rights All applicable copyrights for the collection are protected under chapter 17 of the U.S. Copyright Code. Requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Head of Special Collections. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Regents of the University of California as the owner of the physical items. -
Science in the Service of the Far Right: Henry E. Garrett, the IAAEE, and the Liberty Lobby
Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 54, No. 1, 1998,pp. 179-210 Science in the Service of the Far Right: Henry E. Garrett, the IAAEE, and the Liberty Lobby Andrew S. Winston* Universily of Guelph Henry E. Garrett (1894-1973) was the President of the American Psychological Association in 1946 and Chair of Psychology at Columbia Universityfrom 1941 to 1955. In the 1950s Garrett helped organize an international group of scholars dedi- cated to preventing race mixing, preserving segregation, and promoting the princi- ples of early 20th century eugenics and “race hygiene.” Garrett became a leader in the fight against integration and collaborated with those who sought to revitalize the ideology of National Socialism. I discuss the intertwined history the Interna- tional Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics (IAAEE),the journal Mankind Quarterly, the neofascist Northern League, and the ultra-right- wing political group, the Liberty Lobby. The use of psychological research and expertise in the promotion of neofascism is examined. No more than Nature desires the mating of weaker with stronger individu- als, even less does she desire the blending of a higher with a lower race, since, if she did, her whole work of higher breeding, over perhaps hun- dreds of thousands of years, might be ruined with one blow. Historical ex- perience offers countless proofs of this. It shows with terrifying clarity that in every mingling ofAryan blood with that of lowerpeoples the result was the end of the culturedpeople. , , , The result of all racial crossing is there- fore in brief always thefollowing: Lowering of the level of the higher race; *Portions of this paper were presented at the annual meeting of CHEIRON, the International Soci- ety for the History of Behavioral and Social Sciences, at the University of Richmond in June 1997. -
Selection, Gene Interaction, and Flexible Gene Networks
Downloaded from symposium.cshlp.org on November 11, 2009 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Selection, Gene Interaction, and Flexible Gene Networks R.J. GREENSPAN The Neurosciences Institute, San Diego, California 92121 and The Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0526 Correspondence: [email protected] Recent results from a variety of different kinds of experiments, mainly using behavior as an assay, and ranging from labora- tory selection experiments to gene interaction studies, show that a much wider range of genes can affect phenotype than those identified as “core genes” in classical mutant screens. Moreover, very pleiotropic genes can produce specific phenotypes when mild variants are combined. These studies also show that gene networks readily change configuration and the relation- ships between interacting genes in response to the introduction of additional genetic variants, suggesting that the networks range widely and have a high degree of flexibility and malleability. Such flexibility, in turn, offers a plausible mechanism for the molding of phenotypes through microevolution, as a prerequisite to making a suitable environment for the acceptance of newly arising large-effect mutations in the transition from microevolution to macroevolution. The concept of single-gene mutant analysis to study the can (and do) affect phenotype than those normally consid- mechanisms of behavior is now so deeply embedded as an ered to be core genes. Such findings have some interesting analytical approach that its history of being challenged implications for the molding of phenotypes through seems unimaginable. This is the legacy of Seymour Ben - microevolution, as well as for ways of thinking about the zer’s foray into the behavior of the fruit fly 40 years ago. -
Nature-Nurture, IQ, and Jensenism
1 NATURE-NURTURE. I.Q., AND JENSENISM: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE By RICHARD STEPHEN RI CHARDE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1979 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express appreciation to my committee members, Dr. Robert E. Jester, Dr. Richard J. Anderson, and Dr. Arthur Newman for their support in this project. I would also like to thank Dr. Robert R. Sherman and Dr. William B. Ware for their assistance in my research. Special thanks fo my wife, Lee, for her moral support and typing skills. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii ABSTRACT iv PROLOGUE 1 I WHY BE CONCERNED? 6 II THE ORIGIN OF THE CONTROVERSY: A HISTORICAL VIEW FROM PHILOSOPHY 12 III NINETEENTH CENTURY BIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY: THE SCIENCE OF RACISM 34 IV A BRANCHING PATH: GENETICS VS. EUGENICS 58 V A VIEW FROM PSYCHOLOGY: THE MENTAL TESTING MOVEMENT IN AMERICA 82 VI JENSEN AND JENSENISM: ANACHRONISTIC HERESY 148 Jensen's Mentors 156 Level I and Level II Abilities 164 Jensen's Advocates 167 The Range of Opposition 169 Psychology and Education 170 Cultural Anthropology 187 Quantitative Genetics 190 The Contribution ol Jensen 212 VII FROM THE PROMETHEAN LEGACY TO A NEW OPTIMISM APPENDIX LIST OF REFERENCES BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH iii Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of Florida V in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy NATURE-NURTURE, I.Q., AND JENSENISM- A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE By Richard Stephen Ri Charde December 1979 Chairman: Robert E.