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State of the Mountain Lion a Call to End the Trophy Hunting of America’S Lion STATE of the MOUNTAIN LION 1 Front Cover: a Wild Mountain Lion in Montana

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State of the Mountain Lion a Call to End the Trophy Hunting of America’S Lion STATE of the MOUNTAIN LION 1 Front Cover: a Wild Mountain Lion in Montana State of the Mountain Lion A call to end the trophy hunting of America’s lion STATE OF THE MOUNTAIN LION 1 Front cover: A wild mountain lion in Montana. ImageBroker/ Alamy Stock Photo Abstract State of the Mountain Lion: A Call to End Trophy Hunting of America’s Lion details the current plight of mountain lions (Puma concolor)—who are also commonly known as cougars, catamounts and panthers—across the United States. This report provides a valuable resource to support the long term protection and conservation of mountain lions with never-before amalgamated materials, including: Geographic information system (GIS) maps that identify potential suitable habitat and optimal population sizes for mountain lions, by state A detailed legal review of mountain lion regulations in every U.S. state The report highlights major threats to the species, including rampant trophy hunting which kills thousands of mountain lions each year in the U.S., and reports on the tens of thousands legally killed over the past three decades. The HSUS’sState of the Mountain Lion delves into mountain lion biology, current state-management efforts and the majority public’s highly positive perceptions of this iconic species. The report dispels commonly held myths and provides valuable coexistence strategies for residents, recreationists and ranchers. Mountain lions, once the most common large mammal in North and South America, are restricted to breeding populations in only 16 states. The report details how they are managed in those jurisdictions, which includes the West, parts of the Midwest and Florida. State of the Mountain Lion provides important policy recommendations for decision Hollywood mountain makers to better protect mountain lions and conserve the species for lion. National Geographic future generations. photographer Steve Winter makes this iconic image with his carefully-placed, remote camera and captures a radio collared mountain lion in Griffith Park, California. Steve Winter 2 STATE OF THE MOUNTAIN LION 3 Table of Contents List of figures and tables Abstract 01 Pg. Figures 112 27: TX1: Potential mountain lion habitat – Texas 13 1: U.S. mountain lion range 114 28: UT1: Potential mountain lion habitat – Utah 03 List of Tables and figures 27 2: Potential mountain lion habitat in the west 115 29: UT2: Mountain lion mortality, Utah, 2005-2014 28 3: Mountain lion trophy hunting states 117 30: WA1: Potential mountain lion habitat – Washington Executive summary 30 4: Number of mountain lions trophy hunted (1984-2014) ranked by most (ID) 118 31: WA2: Mountain lion mortality, Washington, 2005-2014 04 to least (ND) killed 120 32: WY1: Potential mountain lion habitat – Wyoming 30 5: Total trophy hunt mortality (2005-2014) 121 33: WY2: Mountain lion mortality, Wyoming, 2005-2014 BODY 34 6: Mountain lion trophy hunting by method 39 7: Cattle mortality by rank Sandy’s story: A mountain lion on the move Pg. Appendix Tables 08 39 8: Sheep mortality by rank 77 1: AZ1: Arizona maximum potential habitat 10 The natural history of mountain lions in the U.S. 78 2: AZ2: Arizona maximum potential habitat Pg. Tables 80 3: CA1: California maximum potential habitat 26 1: Potential statewide habitat and population size 81 4: CA2: California maximum potential habitat State management of mountain lions 16 29 2: Trophy hunting regulations by state 83 5: CO1: Colorado maximum potential habitat 31 3: 2016 Resident and non-resident mountain lion tag costs 84 6: CO2: Colorado maximum potential habitat 24 The state of mountain lion populations in the U.S. 38 4: Comparison of non-predator vs. predator mortality for cattle and sheep 86 7: FL1: Florida maximum potential habitat 46 5: Interpretation of mountain lion behaviors 86 8: FL2: Florida maximum potential habitat 49 6: Utah residents surveyed: views on hunting mountain lions 28 Trophy hunting and other threats to the species’ survival 89 9: ID1: Idaho maximum potential habitat 90 10: ID2: Idaho maximum potential habitat 92 11: MT1: Montana maximum potential habitat Dispelling mountain lion myths Pg. Appendix Figures 38 71 1: A1: Potential mountain lion habitat in the west 92 12: MT2: Montana maximum potential habitat 72 2: A2: Available mountain lion prey in the west 95 13: NE1: Nebraska maximum potential habitat Coexisting with mountain lions 42 73 3: A3: Western united states terrain ruggedness index 95 14: NE2: Nebraska maximum potential habitat 74 4: A4: Western united states USGS human footprint 98 15: NV1: Nevada maximum potential habitat 48 Evolving attitudes toward mountain lions 76 5: AZ1: Potential mountain lion habitat – Arizona 99 16: NV2: Nevada maximum potential habitat 77 6: AZ2: Mountain lion mortality, Arizona, 2005-2014 102 17: NM1: New Mexico maximum potential habitat 52 A call to action: Six ways to support mountain lions’ survival 79 7: CA1: Potential mountain lion habitat – California 102 18: NM2: New Mexico maximum potential habitat 82 8: CO1: Potential mountain lion habitat – Colorado 104 19: ND1: North Dakota maximum potential habitat 83 9: CO2: Mountain lion mortality, Colorado, 2005-2014 104 20: ND2: North Dakota maximum potential habitat Bibliography 58 85 10: FL1: Potential mountain lion habitat – Florida 107 21: OR1: Oregon maximum potential habitat 88 11: ID1: Potential mountain lion habitat – Idaho 108 22: OR2: Oregon maximum potential habitat APPENDIX 89 12: ID2: Mountain lion mortality, Idaho, 2005-2014 110 23: SD1: South Dakota maximum potential habitat 91 13: MT1: Potential mountain lion habitat – Montana 111 24: SD2: South Dakota maximum potential habitat Appendix A: Potential habitat GIS methodology 70 92 14: MT2: Mountain lion mortality, Montana, 2005-2015 113 25: TX1: Texas maximum potential habitat 94 15: NE1: Potential mountain lion habitat – Nebraska 113 26: TX2: Texas maximum potential habitat 76 Appendix B: State by state review 95 16: NE2: Mountain lion mortality, Nebraska, 2005-2015 115 27: UT1: Utah maximum potential habitat 97 17: NV1: Potential mountain lion habitat – Nevada 116 28: UT2: Utah maximum potential habitat 123 Appendix C: U.S. mountain lion mortality data 98 18: NV2: Mountain lion mortality, Nevada, 2005-2015 118 29: WA1: Washington maximum potential habitat 100 19: NM1: Potential mountain lion habitat – New Mexico 118 30: WA2: Washington maximum potential habitat 124 Appendix D: National population data, state agency estimates and potential estimates 101 20: NM2: Mountain lion mortality, New Mexico, 2005-2015 121 31: WY1: Wyoming maximum potential habitat 103 21: ND1: Potential mountain lion habitat – North Dakota 121 32: WY2: Wyoming maximum potential habitat 104 22: ND2: Mountain lion mortality, North Dakota, 2005-2014 123 33: C1: 10 year mountain lion total mortality, 2005-2014 Appendix E: U.S. mountain lion laws and regulations 126 106 23: OR1: Potential mountain lion habitat – Oregon 123 34: C2: 10 year mountain lion trophy hunt mortality data, 2005-2014 107 24: OR2: Mountain lion mortality, Oregon, 2005-2014 124 35: D1: U.S. mountain lion population data: state agency estimates and potential estimates 109 25: SD1: Potential mountain lion habitat – South Dakota 126 36: E1: United states mountain lion laws and regulations 110 26: SD2: Mountain lion mortality, South Dakota, 2005-2014 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY STATE OF THE MOUNTAIN LION 5 State oversight of mountain lions Mountain lions (Puma concolor) are, for most though most Americans value mountain lions, Americans, an iconic species and a symbol of they are predominantly threatened by human- wild nature. Highly sentient and familial, a caused activity, primarily trophy hunting and mother will spend up to 24 months raising and habitat loss. provisioning her kittens before they disperse State of the Mountain Lion provides a to find their own home ranges. Biologists are comprehensive review of the status of mountain starting to unravel how complex and interactive lions in the U.S., including their natural history, lion families are—within families and with current state management, population size other family groups. and major threats. It presents a series of key Once distributed across the U.S., breeding strategies for addressing the challenges faced by populations of mountain lions exist in only these animals, leading to achievable changes that a fraction of their historic range in 16 states, will support the conservation and protection of including in the western U.S., with small mountain lions now and for future generations. populations in the Midwest, and two contested This is increasingly necessary now more than subspecies, one in Florida (Puma concolor ever to assist wildlife managers and decision coryi), and the other on the eastern seaboard makers who may be able to better protect the and in Canada (Puma concolor couguar). Even species for their long-term survival. Trophy hunting and habitat loss are the Mountain lions face persistent threats, including kill thousands of mountain lions, especially by major threats to survival trophy hunting, habitat loss, poisoning and hounding, and in some states through the use of predator control. steel-jawed leghold traps and wire snares. From Trophy hunting is the practice of hunting animals 1984-2014, trophy hunters killed more than Executive summary where the primary motivation is to display animal 78,000 mountain lions in the U.S. parts or for bragging rights but not subsistence. It Trophy hunting is viewed as controversial typically involves collecting body parts such as as it often goes against the public’s interest in heads, hides or furs, and even the whole stuffed wildlife conservation. The large majority of U.S. animal and it is by far the most pervasive threat residents are not hunters, and even fewer are Mountain lions (Puma concolor) are, for most Americans, mountain lions face. Each year, trophy hunters trophy hunters. an iconic species and a symbol of wild nature. Highly Lack of habitat threatens the species Aside from trophy hunting, habitat loss and in southern California.
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