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Dark Matter and Dark Energy
HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies ISSN: (Online) 2072-8050, (Print) 0259-9422 Page 1 of 8 Original Research The building blocks of the universe Author: I review the state of knowledge of the composition of the universe for a non-specialist audience. 1,2 Anslyn J. John The universe is built up of four components. These are radiation, baryonic (ordinary) matter, Affiliation: dark matter and dark energy. In this article, a quick outline of the theory of Big Bang 1Department of Physics, nucleosynthesis is presented, and the origin of the elements is explained. Cosmology requires Faculty of Science, the presence of dark matter, which forms most of the mass of the universe, and dark energy, Stellenbosch University, which drives the acceleration of the expansion. The dark sector is motivated, and possible Stellenbosch, South Africa explanations are stated. 2National Institute for Contribution: As part of this special collection on building blocks, the building blocks of the Theoretical and Computational Sciences universe are discussed and unsolved problems and proposed solutions are highlighted. (NITheCS), South Africa Keywords: cosmology; nucleosynthesis; dark matter; dark energy; cosmological constant; Corresponding author: general relativity; galaxies; particle physics. Anslyn John, [email protected] Dates: Introduction Received: 10 May 2021 Cosmology is the scientific study of the origin and development of the universe on the largest Accepted: 12 July 2021 Published: 25 Aug. 2021 scales. Today, the standard model of cosmology is a cornerstone of physics and astronomy. This is attested to by the award of four Nobel Prizes for research in cosmology. These awards, in How to cite this article: chronological order, are: John, A.J., 2021, ‘The building blocks of the universe’, 1. -
THE ZEN of MAGIC SQUARES, CIRCLES, and STARS Also by Clifford A
THE ZEN OF MAGIC SQUARES, CIRCLES, AND STARS Also by Clifford A. Pickover The Alien IQ Test Black Holes: A Traveler’s Guide Chaos and Fractals Chaos in Wonderland Computers and the Imagination Computers, Pattern, Chaos, and Beauty Cryptorunes Dreaming the Future Fractal Horizons: The Future Use of Fractals Frontiers of Scientific Visualization (with Stuart Tewksbury) Future Health: Computers and Medicine in the 21st Century The Girl Who Gave Birth t o Rabbits Keys t o Infinity The Loom of God Mazes for the Mind: Computers and the Unexpected The Paradox of God and the Science of Omniscience The Pattern Book: Fractals, Art, and Nature The Science of Aliens Spider Legs (with Piers Anthony) Spiral Symmetry (with Istvan Hargittai) The Stars of Heaven Strange Brains and Genius Surfing Through Hyperspace Time: A Traveler’s Guide Visions of the Future Visualizing Biological Information Wonders of Numbers THE ZEN OF MAGIC SQUARES, CIRCLES, AND STARS An Exhibition of Surprising Structures across Dimensions Clifford A. Pickover Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford Copyright © 2002 by Clifford A. Pickover Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 3 Market Place, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1SY All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pickover, Clifford A. The zen of magic squares, circles, and stars : an exhibition of surprising structures across dimensions / Clifford A. Pickover. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-691-07041-5 (acid-free paper) 1. Magic squares. 2. Mathematical recreations. I. Title. QA165.P53 2002 511'.64—dc21 2001027848 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Baskerville BE and Gill Sans. -
Asia Pacific Physics Newsletter
Asia Pacific Physics Newsletter March 2016 Volume 5 • Number 1 worldscinet.com/appn Takaaki Kajita 2015 Physics Nobel Laureate published by Institute of Advanced Studies, Nanyang Technological University (IAS@NTU) and South East Asia Theoretical Physics Association (SEATPA) South East Asia Theoretical Physics Association Asia Pacific Physics Newsletter March 2016 • Volume 5 • Number 1 A publication of the IAS@NTU Singapore and SEATPA Asia Pacific Physics Newsletter publishes articles reporting frontier discoveries in EDITORIAL physics, research highlights, and news to facilitate interaction, collaboration and 3 cooperation among physicists in Asia Pacific physics community. PEOPLE Editor-in-Chief 4 “Observing the Distant Supernova” — Interview with Kok Khoo Phua Nobel Laureate Prof Brian Schmidt Associate Editor-in-Chief “Discovering the W and Z Bosons” — Interview with Swee Cheng Lim Nobel Laureate Prof Carlo Rubbia SEATPA Committee Christopher C Bernido Phil Chan Leong Chuan Kwek Choy Heng Lai Swee Cheng Lim Ren Bao Liu Hwee Boon Low Anh Ký Nguyên Choo Hiap Oh OPINION AND COMMENTARY Kok Khoo Phua 10 China’s Great Scientific Leap Forward: Completion of a Roh Suan Tung Preecha Yupapin planned ‘Great Collider’ would transform particle physics Hishamuddin Zainuddin Freddy Zen Editorial Team NEWS Sen Mu 12 CityU’s Institute for Advanced Study will Champion Bold New Han Sun Chi Xiong Research Initiatives Case made for 'Ninth Planet' Graphic Designers Chuan Ming Loo Erin Ong Cover Photo: "Takaaki Kajita 5171- 2015" by Bengt Nyman - Own work. -
Is the Universe Ringing Like a Crystal Glass? by Tara Burcham, University of Southern Mississippi
Home / Astronomy & Space / Astronomy JUNE 26, 2015 Is the universe ringing like a crystal glass? by Tara Burcham, University of Southern Mississippi The standard view of the expanding universe. Many know the phrase "the big bang theory." There's even a top television comedy series with that as its title. According to scientists, the universe began with the "big bang" and expanded to the size it is today. Yet, the gravity of all of this matter, stars, gas, galaxies, and mysterious dark matter, tries to pull the universe back together, slowing down the expansion. Now, two physicists at The University of Southern Mississippi, Lawrence Mead and Harry Ringermacher, have discovered that the universe might not only be expanding, but also oscillating or "ringing" at the same time. Their paper on the topic has been published in the April 2015 issue of the Astronomical Journal. In 1978 Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson received the Nobel prize for their 1964 discovery of the key signature of this theory, the primal radiation from the early universe known as the "cosmic microwave background" (CMB). "Then in 1998 the finding that the universe was not only expanding, but was speeding up, or accelerating in its expansion was a shock when it was discovered simultaneously by east coast and west coast teams of astronomers and physicists," said Mead. "A new form of matter, dark energy, repulsive in nature, was responsible for the speed-up. The teams led by Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess, and Brian Schmidt won the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for that discovery." According to Mead and Ringermacher, this change from slowing down to speeding up (the transition time) took place approximately 6 to 7 billion years ago. -
Transmitting Signals Over Interstellar Distances: Three Approaches
Transmitting signals over interstellar distances: Three approaches compared in the context of the Drake equation Luc ARNOLD, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, OHP (Observatoire de Haute Provence), Institut Pythéeas, UMS 3470, 04870 Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire, France Correspondance: Luc ARNOLD, CNRS - Observatoire de Haute Provence, 04870 Saint- Michel-l’Observatoire, France. Email: [email protected] Running title: Transmitting signals over interstellar distances and the Drake equation Abstract: I compare three methods for transmitting signals over interstellar distances: radio transmitters, lasers and artificial transits. The quantitative comparison is based on physical quantities depending on energy cost and transmitting time L, the last parameter in the Drake equation. With our assumptions, radio transmitters are the most energy-effective, while macro-engineered planetary-sized objects producing artificial transits seem effective on the long term to transmit an attention-getting signal for a time that might be much longer than the lifetime of the civilization that produced the artifact. Keywords: SETI – optical SETI – Dysonian SETI – artificial transits – Drake equation - interstellar communication Accepted for publication in the International Journal of Astrobiology. 1 1. Introduction One of the most effective methods to discover exoplanets is the so-called transit method: When a planet transits in front of its star, it blocks a small fraction of the stellar light, producing a small decrease of the observed stellar flux. The depth of the transit light curve is proportional to planet cross-section. Assuming the shape of the transiting object is spherical, which is a reasonable model for a planet, then the object cross-section is just proportional to the planet radius squared. -
Nagyon Távoli Jövő
Nagyon távoli jövő dr. Galántai Zoltán írásai © Távoli Jövő Kutatócsoport 2003–2005 Az alábbi cikkgyűjteményben található írások az utolsó kettő kivételével a BESZÉLŐ számára íródtak és ott is jelentek meg. TARTALOM Kolumbusztól a Columbiáig Bolygósovinizmus és gravitációs kutak Eunuchok a világűrben Zászlók és lábnyomok Taikonauták a Marson Felhasznált irodalom Az űrkolóniáktól a szegénynegyedekig Kína, mint űrhatalom A Fehér Háztól a Vörös Bolygóig Az űrkutatási imperatívusz alternatívája Felhasznált irodalom Faj, történelem, jövő Egy milliárd vagy egy millió év Evolúció Csodaországban A lépték nevében Az idő Kopernikuszai és történészei Felhasznált irodalom A bolygómérnökségig és tovább Antropikus elv helyett értelem Világfelfordulás és terraformáció Környezet- és bolygóvédelem Miért és meddig: a végső határ Felhasznált irodalom Negyedik típusú civilizációk Történeti kozmológia Szupererős antropikus elv? Ugyan... Nagyon nagy léptékű időskálák és nagyon nagy léptékű etikák Felhasznált irodalom Galileitől Kopernikuszig A szilíciumfák nem nőnek az égig Evolúciós építőanyagok Szuperkopernikuszi elvek szuperkopernikánusoknak Pánspermia: élet (majdnem) mindenütt Útban egy kozmikus ökológia felé Felhasznált irodalom Zongorahangolók világegyeteme „Nagy Történelem” a gyakorlatban Sült patkány a civilizációnak A finoman hangolt mesterlövész Geomérnökök és civilizációk Felhasznált irodalom 2 Hányan vagyok? Univerzumok helyett könyvtárak Egy biomorf élete Tűzvészek és multiverzumok Mi a kérdés, ha nincs válasz? Felhasznált irodalom Az Ádám köldökére -
Vol 5 No 4, Autumn 1999
SearchLites Vol. 5 No. 4, Autumn 1999 The Quarterly Journal of The SETI League, Inc. Offices: Introducing: 433 Liberty Street PO Box 555 Our Regional Coordinator for Ukraine Little Ferry NJ Alexey V. Arkhipov was born in Kharkov (East Ukraine) in 1959. His education 07643 USA includes an M.S. in astronomy (Kharkov State University 1981) and a Ph.D. in astrophysics and radio astronomy (Main Astronomical Observatory of Nat. Acad. Sci. of Ukraine, Kyiv, 1998). His Dissertation was titled "New approaches to the problem of search for extra- Phone: terrestrial intelligence." (201) 641-1770 Alexy's professional experience includes the following SETI-related positions: Facsimile: 1980-84 Engineer, Scientific Researcher, Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics, (201) 641-1771 Academy of Science, Ukrainian SSR. 1984- Scientific Researcher, Institute of Radio Astronomy, National Academy of Email: Science, Ukraine. [email protected] In addition to SETI, his area of specialization includes studying the Decametric radio emissions of Jupiter. Alexey is a member of the Society for Planetary Research (SPSR), and Web: of the SETI Center, Moscow, Russia. Here are abstracts of two of his current research www.setileague.org activities: Project SAAM (Search for Alien Artifacts on the Moon) was developed by the author in President: 1992. The justifications of Lunar SETI, the wording of specific principles of lunar Richard Factor archaeology and the search for promising areas on the Moon were the first stage of the project (1992-95). Already obtained results of lunar exploration show that the search for alien artifacts on the Moon is a promising SETI-strategy especially in context of the lunar Registered Agent: colonization plans. -
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011
PRESSMEDDELANDE Press release 4 October 2011 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2011 with one half to Saul Perlmutter The Supernova Cosmology Project Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA and the other half to Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess The High-z Supernova Search Team The High-z Supernova Search Team Australian National University, Johns Hopkins University and Space Telescope Science Institute, Weston Creek, Australia Baltimore, MD, USA “for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae”. Written in the stars “Some say the world will end in fre, some say in ice…” * For almost a century, the Universe has been known to be , 1920 What will be the fnal destiny of the Universe? Probably expanding as a consequence of the Big Bang about 14 billion it will end in ice, if we are to believe this year’s Nobel years ago. However, the discovery that this expansion is accele- rating is astounding. If the expansion will continue to speed up Fire and Ice Fire Laureates in Physics. They have studied several dozen the Universe will end in ice. exploding stars, called supernovae, and discovered that the Universe is expanding at an ever-accelerating rate. The acceleration is thought to be driven by dark energy, The discovery came as a complete surprise even to the but what that dark energy is remains an enigma – perhaps * Robert Frost, * Robert Frost, Laureates themselves. -
Searching for SETI: the Social Construction of Aliens and the Quest for a Technological Mythos
Searching for SETI: The Social Construction of Aliens and the Quest for a Technological Mythos John Marvin Bozeman Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Science and Technology Studies Janet A. Abbate, Co-Chair Shannon A. Brown, Co-Chair Lee L. Zwanziger Paul D. Renard March 24, 2015 Falls Church, Virginia Keywords: Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, SETI, Actor Network Theory, Social Construction of Technology, Rational Choice Theory of Religion, Transhumanism, Xenosalvation Copyright John M. Bozeman Searching for SETI: The Social Construction of Aliens and the Quest for a Technological Mythos John M. Bozeman ABSTRACT This dissertation uses Actor Network Theory (ANT) and Stark and Bainbridge’s rational choice theory of religion to analyze an established but controversial branch of science and technology, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI). Of particular interest are the cultural, and sometimes religious, assumptions that its creators have built into it. The purpose of this analysis is not to discredit SETI, but instead to show how SETI, along with other avant-garde scientific projects, is founded, motivated, and propelled by many of the same types of values and visions for the future that motivate the founders of religious groups. I further argue that the utopian zeal found in SETI and similar movements is not aberrant, but instead common, and perhaps necessary, in many early- stage projects, whether technical or spiritual, which lack a clear near-term commercial or social benefit. DEDICATION In memory of my parents, James E. -
A Seminar Named: EARTH 2.0
Syrian Arabic Republic Ministry of Education National Center for the Distinguished` A Seminar Named: EARTH 2.0 Presented by: Amir Najjar Supervised by: Ms. Wafaa 11th grade 2015-2016 0 Contents Introduction:............................................................................... 2 Kepler Spacecraft and its mission: ............................................. 3 The spacecraft's specifications: ............................................... 3 Camera: .................................................................................... 3 Primary Mirror: ........................................................................ 4 Communications: ..................................................................... 4 Kepler’s Story: .......................................................................... 4 Kepler-452b: ............................................ 8 Conclusion: .............................................. 9 References: ............................................ 11 1 Introduction: -Is it true that we are finding new planets that are similar to Earth’s specifications? -Is it possible to live there? -What is the famous spacecraft that is finding such planets? -Who is Earth’s Older Cousin? Can we move and live there? -Is this planet larger or smaller than Earth? Is its distance from its star the same as the distance between Earth and Sun? -Are there any forms of life on this planet? Or we could implant forms of life in this planet? -Is this planet a rocky world in the first place? -We’re going to discuss all this in -
KEPLER 452B REVIEW on a PROMISING PLANETARY COMPANION of KIC8311864 1 2 3
KEPLER 452b REVIEW ON A PROMISING PLANETARY. COMPANION OF KIC8311864 Ankita Waghmare1, Ankur Joyti kalita2, Bibek Gautam3, Sampada Gaonkar1, Saudamini kulkarni4, Uday Ghosh5 1. St. Xavier's College(Autonomous), Mumbai 3. St. Xavier’s College, Kathmandu 5. The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 2. Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 4. H. V. Desai College, Pune, Maharashtra Introduction Detection Method Habitability Future Prospects Kepler 452b is possibly the first Earth-like planet to be Kepler-452b was discovered in a test run of the NASA’s A conservative estimate for the width of the HZ from the found in a Sun-like star’s habitable zone—the orbital Kepler Science Operations Center (SOC) 9.2 codebase in “one-dimensional (1D), cloud-free, climate model” in our region where an Earth-like planet could possess liquid 2014 May, According to the Data Validation pipeline solar system is 0.95-1.67 AU. According to Jenkins et. al., water on its surface and thus possibly support life. module, the transit signature of this object featured four optimistic habitable zone lies within the range from∼20% Kepler-452b was discovered in 2015, from the transit 10:5hr, 199-ppm deep transits spaced 384.846 days apart, to∼180% of the radiation experienced by earth today data that the Kepler satellite had gathered, before the a radius of 1.1 R . Due to the curiously small stellar radius [Jenkins, 2015]. This combined with the rough estimates ⊕ first phase of its mission ended in 2013. The star that of KIC 8311864 for the effective temperature available at of what we know about the exoplanet puts Kepler 452b in Kepler-452b orbits, has the same spectral type (G2) as the time of the 2014 May planet search, it was clear that the optimistic habitable zone.For the high CO2 that of our Sun and is about 1,400 lightyears from Earth. -
Searches for Life and Intelligence Beyond Earth
Technologies of Perception: Searches for Life and Intelligence Beyond Earth by Claire Isabel Webb Bachelor of Arts, cum laude Vassar College, 2010 Submitted to the Program in Science, Technology and Society in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 2020 © 2020 Claire Isabel Webb. All Rights Reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author: _____________________________________________________________ History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society August 24, 2020 Certified by: ___________________________________________________________________ David Kaiser Germeshausen Professor of the History of Science (STS) Professor of Physics Thesis Supervisor Certified by: ___________________________________________________________________ Stefan Helmreich Elting E. Morison Professor of Anthropology Thesis Committee Member Certified by: ___________________________________________________________________ Sally Haslanger Ford Professor of Philosophy and Women’s and Gender Studies Thesis Committee Member Accepted by: ___________________________________________________________________ Graham Jones Associate Professor of Anthropology Director of Graduate Studies, History, Anthropology, and STS Accepted by: ___________________________________________________________________