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31112 De Teelt En Broei Van Zantedeschia Binnenwerk.Indd De teelt en broei van Zantedeschia Peter Knippels Colofon Auteur Peter Knippels Redactie Kristal Tekst- en communicatiebureau, Marga Winnubst Ontwerp en opmaak Buro Gom, Jeroen Reith Fotoverantwoording Stan van Oers: omslag, 1.15, 2.1 / Peter Knippels: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 4.1, 4.4 / IBC: 1.14, 1.16, 3.2b, 3.5, 5.1, 7.8, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.9, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 / Kapiteyn BV: 3.2a, 3.2c, 3.3b, 9.7 / Huijg Breezand BV: 3.3a, 3.4, 7.7 / KAVB: 4.5, 8.6 / Machteld van der Meulen: 4.2, 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 7.4 / Rick van Zelst: 4.3 / Theo de Geus: 4.6 / Teeuwen en Zonen B.V.: 4.8, 4.9 / Ontwikkelcentrum 5.2, 6.1 / Wageningen University & Research (WUR): 5.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.3 / GMN B.V.: 5.4 / Sercom: 7.5, 7.6 / Vermaire Breezand: 8.2 / onbekend: 8.4, 8.5, 8.7 / Vreugdenhil bulbs & plants: 10.5. Copyright 2019. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand of openbaar gemaakt worden in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch of door fotokopieën, opname, of op enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van Stichting Bollenacademie. Voorwoord Het gewas Zantedeschia is een relatieve nieuwkomer in de Nederlandse bloembol- lensector. Tulpen, narcissen en hyacinten worden al sinds de 19e eeuw commercieel geteeld en lelies vanaf de jaren 30 van de 20e eeuw. Het gewas Zantedeschia, in de volksmond ook nog wel calla genoemd, heeft in de jaren 80 van de 20e eeuw zijn intrede gedaan. Dankzij de enorme inzet van de bedrijven in de keten is Zantedeschia uitgegroeid tot een volwassen onderdeel van de sector. In een periode van nog geen 30 jaar is veel kennis ontwikkeld op alle gebieden, van veredeling tot en met broeierij van snijbloemen of potplanten. En de kennisontwikkeling staat niet stil. Er zijn op dit moment slechts enkele tientallen personen die de teelt van Zantedeschia echt in de vingers hebben. Het is topsport om uitgangsmateriaal op te kweken tot een kant-en-klaar product, of dat nu een knol voor opplant in de tuin is, een snijbloem of een bloeiende potplant. De ondernemers leren iedere dag weer over hun producten en staan steeds weer voor nieuwe uitdagingen. De kennis over Zantedeschia was tot nu niet terug te vinden in boeken, maar zat alleen in de hoofden van de mensen die iedere dag bezig zijn met dit mooie product. Daarom is het nu tijd om de bestaande kennis vast te leggen. Stichting Bollenacademie is in 2016 gestart met het project Studiebol met financie- ring van Colland Arbeidsmarkt. In dit project wordt kennis vastgelegd en verspreid, gericht op zowel werkenden als studenten. De teelt en broei van Zantedeschia, het boek dat u nu in handen heeft, is daarvan een resultaat. Dit boek is geschreven op basis van de kennis en inzichten van vandaag de dag. Het boek past geheel in de lijn van de eerder uitgeven boeken De teelt van tulpen, De broei van tulpen, De teelt van lelies, De broei van lelies, De teelt en broei van hyacinten en De teelt en broei van narcis- sen. In het boek Ziekten en plagen bij bloembollen, eveneens verschenen als onderdeel van het project Studiebol, is ook een hoofdstuk over Zantedeschia opgenomen. Veel mensen uit het vak hebben aan dit boek meegewerkt. Zonder anderen tekort te willen doen, wil ik de volgende personen in het bijzonder bedanken: Sam van Egmond, Tim Kapiteijn, John Kapiteijn, Jeroen Onderwater en Edwin Smit voor hun bijdragen aan de inhoud van het boek; Marga Winnubst voor de redactie; Stan van Oers voor de begeleiding vanuit het project Studiebol; en natuurlijk auteur Peter Knippels voor zijn kennis en inzet om van dit boek een succes te maken. André Hoogendijk, voorzitter Stichting Bollenacademie Hillegom, december 2018 3 4 Stichting Bollenacademie Stichting Bollenacademie is een samenwerkingsverband van bedrijfsleven, onder- wijs, onderzoek en teeltadvies met als doelen een goed scholingsaanbod te realiseren voor studenten en werkenden, het reguliere bloembollenonderwijs verder te ontwik- kelen en de instroom in het onderwijs en de deelname aan scholing voor werkenden in de sector te vergroten. In het bestuur van Stichting Bollenacademie zijn de volgende partijen vertegenwoor- digd: Koninklijke Algemeene Vereeniging voor Bloembollencultuur, Anthos, Clusius College, Wellantcollege en Wageningen University & Research. In de adviesraad van Stichting Bollenacademie zijn naast deze vijf partijen ook de volgende organisaties vertegenwoordigd: Aeres, CITAVERDE College, CNV Vakmensen, Delphy, FNV, HAS Hogeschool, Hogeschool Inholland, Hogeschool Van Hall Larenstein, LTO Nederland en Nordwin College. Stichting Bollenacademie beheert een website met kennis en informatie over de bloembollensector, zie www.bollenacademie.nl. Op de website zijn ook de digitale cursussen en de boeken te vinden die in opdracht van Stichting Bollenacademie zijn ontwikkeld. 5 Inhoud Voorwoord 3 4.3 Bemesting 39 4.3.1 Inleiding 39 1 Algemeen 8 4.3.2 Stikstofbemesting 40 1.1 Inleiding 9 4.3.3 Fosfaatbemesting 41 1.2 Genencentrum en familie 9 4.3.4 Kalibemesting 43 1.3 Introductie van het geslacht 4.3.5 Kalk 44 Zantedeschia 13 4.3.6 Magnesiumbemesting 45 1.4 Bouw van de plant 15 4.4 Planten 45 1.5 Geschiedenis van de zantede- 4.4.1 Plantgoedbehandeling 45 schiateelt 15 4.4.2 Bollen ontsmetten 45 1.6 Teeltcyclus en jaargangen 16 4.4.3 Plantdichtheid en -diepte 46 1.7 Schets van de sector: arealen, 4.5 Plantmachines 48 teeltbedrijven en teeltgebieden 17 1.8 Het sortiment 18 5 T eeltmaatregelen tijdens het 1.9 Markt en afzet 19 groeiseizoen 50 1.10 Sortimentskeuze 21 5.1 Inleiding 50 5.2 Groeiomstandigheden 50 2 Regelgeving en betrokken 5.3 Bemesten tijdens de teelt 52 instanties 23 5.4 Onkruidbestrijding 53 2.1 Inleiding 23 5.5 Selecteren 55 2.2 Registratie van cultivars 23 5.6 Ziekten, plagen en afwijkingen 2.3 Kwaliteit en fytosanitair 24 tijdens de teelt 56 2.4 Mestwetgeving 25 6 De oogstwerkzaamheden 58 3 Meerjarige teelt en veredeling 26 6.1 Inleiding 58 3.1 Inleiding 26 6.2 Planning van de oogst en 3.2 Meerjarenteelt en jaargangen 26 oogsttijdstip bepalen 58 3.3 Werkknollen en vermeerdering 28 6.3 Rooien 59 3.4 Aftelen tot leverbare knollen 31 6.4 Transport van het land 62 3.5 Veredeling 31 6.4.1 Inleiding 62 6.4.2 Transport in klein fust 62 4 Teelthandelingen 34 6.4.3 Transport in groot fust 62 4.1 Inleiding 34 6.5 Verplaatsen en stapelen van 4.2 Bodem 34 kisten 63 4.2.1 Grond 34 6.6 Legen en vullen van kisten 63 4.2.2 De bodemstructuur en het bodemleven 35 7 Drogen en bewaren 64 4.2.3 Grondbemonstering en 7.1 Inleiding 64 organische stof 37 7.2 Kwaliteit van de knollen 64 4.2.4 Onkruidbestrijding voor 7.2.1 De uitwendige kwaliteit 66 het planten 37 7.2.2 De inwendige kwaliteit 67 4.2.5 De grondbewerking 38 7.3 Fust 67 7.3.1 Klein fust 68 7.3.2 Groot fust 68 6 7.4 Drogen en bewaren 69 10 Broeierij van zantedeschia als 99 7.5 Klaarmaken voor de verkoop 72 bloeiende potplant 7.5.1 Schonen 72 10.1 Inleiding 99 7.5.2 Sorteren 72 10.2 Markt en afzet 99 7.5.3 Controleren op gezondheid, 10.3 Resultaat bepalende factoren 100 tellen en afleveren 73 10.4 Preparatie 100 10.5 Grond en bemesting 101 8 Teeltmaatregelen met effect op lange 10.6 Potmaat, knolgrootte en plant- termijn 75 diepte 101 8.1 Inleiding 75 10.7 Kasklimaat 102 8.2 Alternatieve behandelingen tegen 10.8 Watergeven 103 ziekten 75 10.9 Ziekten in de bloeiende potplan- 8.3 Bodem 75 tenbroeierij 104 8.3.1 Grondbemonstering 75 10.10 Oogsten van de potten 104 8.3.2 CEC-waarde 76 8.3.3 Organische stof in de grond 76 Verwijzingen naar websites voor meer 8.3.4 Compost 79 informatie 105 8.3.5 Groenbemesters 80 8.3.6 Bodemverbeteraars 82 8.4 Afvalstromen 83 8.5 Composteren op het eigen bedrijf 84 8.5.1 Opzetten van een compost- hoop 84 8.5.2 Composteringsproces 85 8.6 Inunderen 86 8.7 Duurzaamheid 88 8.8 Biologische teelt 89 8.8.1 Bodembiologie en niet- kerende grondbewerking 89 8.8.2 Bloeiende akkerranden en natuurinclusieve knollen- teelt 89 9 Broeierij van snijzantedeschia’s 90 9.1 Inleiding 90 9.2 Markt en afzet 91 9.3 Resultaatbepalende factoren 92 9.4 Preparatie en knolmaat 92 9.5 Grond en bemesting 93 9.6 Plantdichtheid en -diepte 94 9.7 Kasklimaat 94 9.8 Watergeven 95 9.9 Ziekten in de snijbroeierij 95 9.10 Oogsten van bloemen 97 7 1 Algemeen 1.1 Inleiding De bollenvelden en tentoonstellingen als de Lentetuin in Breezand en de Keukenhof trekken jaarlijks meer dan 1 miljoen bezoekers uit binnen- en buitenland. Een van de blikvangers op deze tentoonstellingen is zonder meer het gewas Zantedeschia. Het is een relatief jong gewas in de Nederlandse bloembollensector. De knollen worden pas vanaf de jaren 80 van de 20e eeuw op grote schaal geteeld en gebroeid in Nederland. Het gebruik van zantedeschia’s groeit wereldwijd en het is een populaire snijbloem en bol op pot. Hoewel de knollen pas recent op grote schaal geteeld en gebroeid worden, is het gewas al lang in Nederland bekend.
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