Introductory Unix Labs Note: the Work Contained in This Document Is Intended to Occupy You for 2 Separate Sessions of Approximately 5 Hours Together
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
ROADS and BRIDGES: the UNSEEN LABOR BEHIND OUR DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE Preface
Roads and Bridges:The Unseen Labor Behind Our Digital Infrastructure WRITTEN BY Nadia Eghbal 2 Open up your phone. Your social media, your news, your medical records, your bank: they are all using free and public code. Contents 3 Table of Contents 4 Preface 58 Challenges Facing Digital Infrastructure 5 Foreword 59 Open source’s complicated relationship with money 8 Executive Summary 66 Why digital infrastructure support 11 Introduction problems are accelerating 77 The hidden costs of ignoring infrastructure 18 History and Background of Digital Infrastructure 89 Sustaining Digital Infrastructure 19 How software gets built 90 Business models for digital infrastructure 23 How not charging for software transformed society 97 Finding a sponsor or donor for an infrastructure project 29 A brief history of free and public software and the people who made it 106 Why is it so hard to fund these projects? 109 Institutional efforts to support digital infrastructure 37 How The Current System Works 38 What is digital infrastructure, and how 124 Opportunities Ahead does it get built? 125 Developing effective support strategies 46 How are digital infrastructure projects managed and supported? 127 Priming the landscape 136 The crossroads we face 53 Why do people keep contributing to these projects, when they’re not getting paid for it? 139 Appendix 140 Glossary 142 Acknowledgements ROADS AND BRIDGES: THE UNSEEN LABOR BEHIND OUR DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE Preface Our modern society—everything from hospitals to stock markets to newspapers to social media—runs on software. But take a closer look, and you’ll find that the tools we use to build software are buckling under demand. -
An Automated Binary Security Update System for Freebsd
An Automated Binary Security Update System for FreeBSD Colin Percival Computing Lab, Oxford University [email protected] Abstract that a large number of people find the task of applying security patches and rebuilding affected programs to be difficult and/or confusing. Given that releases are on av- With the present trend towards increased reliance upon erage several months – and several security holes – old computer systems, the provision and prompt application by the time they are installed, the possibility arises that of security patches is becoming vital. Developers of all a new user will find his system compromised before he operating systems must generally be applauded for their has a chance to bring it up to date. success in this area; systems administrators, however, are often found lacking. Furthermore, there are some circumstances where build- ing from source is undesirable. Some embedded sys- Anecdotal evidence suggests that for FreeBSD much of tems might lack sufficient disk space to store the entire the difficulty arises out of the need to recompile from the source and object trees; some system administrators re- source code after applying security patches. Many peo- move part or all of the build toolchain in an (arguably ple, after spending years using closed-source point-and- misguided) attempt to thwart any attempt to build a click operating systems, find the concept of recompiling rootkit; and the purveyors of application-specific ‘toast- software to be entirely foreign, and even veteran users ers’ might very likely wish to keep the complexity of of open source software are often less than prompt about building from source entirely hidden from their users. -
Debugging with DDD
Debugging with DDD User’s Guide and Reference Manual First Edition, for DDD Version 3.2 Last updated 2000-01-03 Andreas Zeller Debugging with DDD User’s Guide and Reference Manual Copyright c 2000 Universität Passau Lehrstuhl für Software-Systeme Innstraße 33 D-94032 Passau GERMANY Distributed by Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place – Suite 330 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA ddd and this manual are available via the ddd www page. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the sections entitled “Copying” and “GNU General Public License” (see Appendix G [License], page 181) are included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. Send questions, comments, suggestions, etc. to [email protected]. Send bug reports to [email protected]. i Short Contents Summary of DDD .............................................. 1 1 A Sample DDD Session ...................................... 5 2 Getting In and Out of DDD ................................... 15 3 The DDD Windows ........................................ 39 4 Navigating through the Code .................................. 71 5 Stopping the Program ....................................... 79 6 Running the Program ....................................... 89 7 Examining Data ......................................... -
Shell Script & Advance Features of Shell Programming
Kirti Kaushik et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.4 Issue.4, April- 2015, pg. 458-462 Available Online at www.ijcsmc.com International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing A Monthly Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology ISSN 2320–088X IJCSMC, Vol. 4, Issue. 4, April 2015, pg.458 – 462 RESEARCH ARTICLE Shell Script & Advance Features of Shell Programming Kirti Kaushik* Roll No.15903, CS, Department of Computer science, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123506, India Email: [email protected] Jyoti Yadav Roll No. 15040, CS, Department of Applied Computer science, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123506, India Email: [email protected] Kriti Bhatia Roll No. 15048, CS, Department of Applied Computer science, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123506, India Email: [email protected] Abstract-- In this research paper, the idea of shell scripting and writing computer programs is examined and different parts of shell programming are likewise contemplated. A shell script is a PC system intended to be controlled by the UNIX shell which is a charge line translator. The different tongues of shell scripts are thought to be scripting dialects. Regular operations performed by shell scripts incorporate document control, program execution, and printing content. A shell script can give an advantageous variety ofa framework order where unique environment settings, charge alternatives, or post-transforming apply naturally, yet in a manner that permits the new script to still go about as a completely typical UNIX summon. The real ideas like Programming in the Borne and C-shell, in which it would be clarified that how shell programming could be possible in Borne and C-shell. -
Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix : from AT&T-Owned to Freely
Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix : From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable Marshall Kirk McKusick Early History Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie presented the first Unix paper at the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles at Purdue University in November 1973. Professor Bob Fabry, of the University of California at Berkeley, was in attendance and immediately became interested in obtaining a copy of the system to experiment with at Berkeley. At the time, Berkeley had only large mainframe computer systems doing batch processing, so the first order of business was to get a PDP-11/45 suitable for running with the then-current Version 4 of Unix. The Computer Science Department at Berkeley, together with the Mathematics Department and the Statistics Department, were able to jointly purchase a PDP-11/45. In January 1974, a Version 4 tape was delivered and Unix was installed by graduate student Keith Standiford. Although Ken Thompson at Purdue was not involved in the installation at Berkeley as he had been for most systems up to that time, his expertise was soon needed to determine the cause of several strange system crashes. Because Berkeley had only a 300-baud acoustic-coupled modem without auto answer capability, Thompson would call Standiford in the machine room and have him insert the phone into the modem; in this way Thompson was able to remotely debug crash dumps from New Jersey. Many of the crashes were caused by the disk controller's inability to reliably do overlapped seeks, contrary to the documentation. Berkeley's 11/45 was among the first systems that Thompson had encountered that had two disks on the same controller! Thompson's remote debugging was the first example of the cooperation that sprang up between Berkeley and Bell Labs. -
Lecture 1: Introduction to UNIX
The Operating System Course Overview Getting Started Lecture 1: Introduction to UNIX CS2042 - UNIX Tools September 29, 2008 Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages Lecture Outline 1 The Operating System Description and History UNIX Flavors Advantages and Disadvantages 2 Course Overview Class Specifics 3 Getting Started Login Information Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages What is UNIX? One of the first widely-used operating systems Basis for many modern OSes Helped set the standard for multi-tasking, multi-user systems Strictly a teaching tool (in its original form) Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages A Brief History of UNIX Origins The first version of UNIX was created in 1969 by a group of guys working for AT&T's Bell Labs. It was one of the first big projects written in the emerging C language. It gained popularity throughout the '70s and '80s, although non-AT&T versions eventually took the lion's share of the market. Predates Microsoft's DOS by 12 years! Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages Lecture Outline 1 The Operating System Description and History UNIX Flavors Advantages and Disadvantages 2 Course Overview Class Specifics 3 -
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard LSB Workgroup, The Linux Foundation Filesystem Hierarchy Standard LSB Workgroup, The Linux Foundation Version 3.0 Publication date March 19, 2015 Copyright © 2015 The Linux Foundation Copyright © 1994-2004 Daniel Quinlan Copyright © 2001-2004 Paul 'Rusty' Russell Copyright © 2003-2004 Christopher Yeoh Abstract This standard consists of a set of requirements and guidelines for file and directory placement under UNIX-like operating systems. The guidelines are intended to support interoperability of applications, system administration tools, development tools, and scripts as well as greater uniformity of documentation for these systems. All trademarks and copyrights are owned by their owners, unless specifically noted otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this standard provided the copyright and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this standard under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the title page is labeled as modified including a reference to the original standard, provided that information on retrieving the original standard is included, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this standard into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the copyright holder. Dedication This release is dedicated to the memory of Christopher Yeoh, a long-time friend and colleague, and one of the original editors of the FHS. -
The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix - IEEE Spectrum Page 1 of 6
The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix - IEEE Spectrum Page 1 of 6 COMPUTING / SOFTWARE FEATURE The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix The classic operating system turns 40, and its progeny abound By WARREN TOOMEY / DECEMBER 2011 They say that when one door closes on you, another opens. People generally offer this bit of wisdom just to lend some solace after a misfortune. But sometimes it's actually true. It certainly was for Ken Thompson and the late Dennis Ritchie, two of the greats of 20th-century information technology, when they created the Unix operating system, now considered one of the most inspiring and influential pieces of software ever written. A door had slammed shut for Thompson and Ritchie in March of 1969, when their employer, the American Telephone & Telegraph Co., withdrew from a collaborative project with the Photo: Alcatel-Lucent Massachusetts Institute of KEY FIGURES: Ken Thompson [seated] types as Dennis Ritchie looks on in 1972, shortly Technology and General Electric after they and their Bell Labs colleagues invented Unix. to create an interactive time- sharing system called Multics, which stood for "Multiplexed Information and Computing Service." Time-sharing, a technique that lets multiple people use a single computer simultaneously, had been invented only a decade earlier. Multics was to combine time-sharing with other technological advances of the era, allowing users to phone a computer from remote terminals and then read e -mail, edit documents, run calculations, and so forth. It was to be a great leap forward from the way computers were mostly being used, with people tediously preparing and submitting batch jobs on punch cards to be run one by one. -
Consolidate Home Directories to Improve Workforce Productivity
Solution brief Consolidate home directories to improve workforce productivity HPE 3PAR File Persona Software Empower and enable users while increasing security Efficient: Improve your primary storage efficiency and control • One-third the data center footprint and significant power savings • One converged capacity eliminates Challenge Truly converged storage for wasted block or file space reservation home directory consolidation Localized user data with inadequate and Effortless: Simplify your storage inefficient protection and control HPE 3PAR StoreServ is highly efficient, deployment and administration Every IT organization has a need to store • Autonomic provisioning of all capacity flash-optimized storage engineered for and manage user-generated data such as the true convergence of block, file, and • Single, simple, and streamlined business documents, images, audio, and administration of block, file, and object access. HPE 3PAR Operating System object access video files. Traditionally, this has been done and converged controllers incorporate in local home directories on individual users’ multi-protocol support into the heart Bulletproof: Deploy your file shares laptops and desktops resulting in higher of the system architecture. This unique with confidence than necessary client device costs, ineffective • Resilient Mesh-Active architecture solution delivers tightly integrated, truly and intrusive backup processes, complex converged storage for provisioning both • Mission-critical proven HPE file system and time-consuming restore processes, and block volumes for server workloads and file poor data governance. IT needs a solution and object shares for client workloads such that maximizes workforce productivity while as home directory consolidation—efficiently, ensuring that data is effectively protected, effortlessly, and without compromise. secured, and controlled—all with minimal cost and effort. -
The Focus - Issue 36
Contents The Focus - Issue 36 A Publication for ANSYS Users Contents Feature Articles ● Linux & ANSYS: Lessons Learned ● Backup Tool ● Design Modeler FAQ On the Web ● APDL Customization course notes now available for purchase ● ANSYS and MathCAD ● ANSYS Acquires Century Dynamics Resources ● PADT Support: How can we help? ● Upcoming Training at PADT ● About The Focus ❍ The Focus Library ❍ Contributor Information ❍ Subscribe / Unsubscribe ❍ Legal Disclaimer http://www.padtinc.com/epubs/focus/common/contents.asp [3/28/2005 9:06:12 AM] Linux & ANSYS: Lessons Learned The Focus - Issue 36 A Publication for ANSYS Users Linux & ANSYS: Lessons Learned by Eric Miller, PADT Every couple of years, the computing picture for analysts gets turned upside down. For a long time now the industry has been moving from Unix workstations to Windows/Intel desktop machines. The wintel price/performance has been fantastic, the IT guys are happier, and all of that productivity software that you spend so much time with runs in the same spot. We have been happy with a stable and known environment. However, accepting the fact that unless you work for a big company that can buy some Unix servers, you just don’t have an easy way to get some extra horsepower other then getting a new box. Then along comes this Finnish guy that may or may not have been named after Lucy’s little brother. With not much of a life and a very large brain, he popped out the majority of a complete and free version of Unix that anyone can use, breaking the stranglehold of (expensive) proprietary Unix OS’s that ran on (expensive) proprietary hardware. -
The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix - IEEE Spectrum
The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix - IEEE Spectrum http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/the-strange-birth-and-long-li... COMPUTING / SOFTWARE FEATURE The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix The classic operating system turns 40, and its progeny abound By WARREN TOOMEY / DECEMBER 2011 They say that when one door closes on you, another opens. People generally offer this bit of wisdom just to lend some solace after a misfortune. But sometimes it's actually true. It certainly was for Ken Thompson and the late Dennis Ritchie, two of the greats of 20th-century information technology, when they created the Unix operating system, now considered one of the most inspiring and influential pieces of software ever written. A door had slammed shut for Thompson and Ritchie in March of 1969, when their employer, the American Telephone & Telegraph Co., withdrew from a collaborative project with the Photo: Alcatel-Lucent Massachusetts Institute of KEY FIGURES: Ken Thompson [seated] types as Dennis Ritchie looks on in 1972, shortly Technology and General Electric after they and their Bell Labs colleagues invented Unix. to create an interactive time-sharing system called Multics, which stood for "Multiplexed Information and Computing Service." Time-sharing, a technique that lets multiple people use a single computer simultaneously, had been invented only a decade earlier. Multics was to combine time-sharing with other technological advances of the era, allowing users to phone a computer from remote terminals and then read e-mail, edit documents, run calculations, and so forth. It was to be a great leap forward from the way computers were mostly being used, with people tediously preparing and submitting batch jobs on punch cards to be run one by one. -
Introduction to UNIX What Is UNIX? Why UNIX? Brief History of UNIX Early UNIX History UNIX Variants
What is UNIX? A modern computer operating system Introduction to UNIX Operating system: “a program that acts as an intermediary between a user of the computer and the computer hardware” CS 2204 Software that manages your computer’s resources (files, programs, disks, network, …) Class meeting 1 e.g. Windows, MacOS Modern: features for stability, flexibility, multiple users and programs, configurability, etc. *Notes by Doug Bowman and other members of the CS faculty at Virginia Tech. Copyright 2001-2003. (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 2 Why UNIX? Brief history of UNIX Used in many scientific and industrial settings Ken Thompson & Dennis Richie Huge number of free and well-written originally developed the earliest software programs versions of UNIX at Bell Labs for Open-source OS internal use in 1970s Internet servers and services run on UNIX Borrowed best ideas from other Oss Largely hardware-independent Meant for programmers and computer Based on standards experts Meant to run on “mini computers” (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 3 (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 4 Early UNIX History UNIX variants Thompson also rewrote the operating system Two main threads of development: in high level language of his own design Berkeley software distribution (BSD) which he called B. Unix System Laboratories System V Sun: SunOS, Solaris The B language lacked many features and Ritchie decided to design a successor to B GNU: Linux (many flavors) which he called C. SGI: Irix They then rewrote UNIX in the C FreeBSD programming language to aid in portability. Hewlett-Packard: HP-UX Apple: OS X (Darwin) … (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 5 (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 6 1 Layers in the UNIX System UNIX Structure User Interface The kernel is the core of the UNIX Library Interface Users system, controlling the system Standard Utility Programs hardware and performing various low- (shell, editors, compilers, etc.) System Interface calls User Mode level functions.