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Sexual Harassment in the Workplace in the European Union

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Sexual Harassment in the Workplace in the European Union Sexual harassment in the workplace in the European Union Equality between women and men European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Unit V/D.5 Manuscript completed in 1998 The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the opinion or position of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs. Table of contents FOREWORD ................................................................................................................... i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................... iii DUTCH STUDY - SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN EUROPEAN WORKPLACES.. 1 PREFACE ....................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY.................................................................................... 5 PART I - SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK IN EUROPE: REVIEW OF RESEARCH........... 9 1 Description of sexual harassment in the Member States .............................. 11 1.0 About the studies ........................................................................................ 11 1.1 Incidence and frequency of sexual harassment........................................... 14 1.2 Types of sexual harassment; degrees of severity........................................ 19 1.3 Responses to sexual harassment................................................................. 21 2 Profiles of harassers and harassed employees, types of occupations and organisations ......................................................................................................... 25 2.1 Profiles of harassers and harassed employees ............................................ 25 2.2 Types of occupations and organisations ..................................................... 26 3 Costs and consequences of sexual harassment............................................... 29 3.1 Consequences for personal well-being ......................................................... 29 3.2 Effect on careers, jobs and working climate............................................... 30 4 Explanations of sexual harassment at work................................................... 32 4.1 (Individual) power perspectives ................................................................. 32 4.2 Organisational (power) perspectives .......................................................... 32 4.3 Misperception theory.................................................................................. 34 4.4 Token theory............................................................................................... 34 5 Policies ............................................................................................................... 35 5.1 Information and training activities.............................................................. 35 5.2 Confidential counsellor............................................................................... 36 5.3 Dealing with complaints............................................................................. 38 5.4 Effects of policies on the incidence of sexual harassment ......................... 40 References.............................................................................................................. 42 PART II - COUNTRY REPORTS...................................................................................... 45 I Austria ............................................................................................................ 47 II Belgium .......................................................................................................... 56 III Denmark ......................................................................................................... 63 IV Finland............................................................................................................ 68 V Germany ......................................................................................................... 78 VI Ireland............................................................................................................. 90 VII Luxembourg.................................................................................................... 95 VIII The Netherlands.............................................................................................. 98 IX Norway ......................................................................................................... 113 X Sweden.......................................................................................................... 121 XI United Kingdom ........................................................................................... 133 COMMENTS ON THE DUTCH STUDY......................................................................... 149 SPANISH STUDY: SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK IN FIVE SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ...................................................... 155 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 157 1. The debate on sexual harassment ................................................................. 159 2. The scale of the problem ................................................................................ 164 2.1 Overview .................................................................................................. 164 2.2 The initial research work carried out in the various countries.................. 165 2.3 More detailed studies in the 90s ............................................................... 172 2.4 Research carried out under the terms of this study................................... 179 3. The legal situation with regard to sexual harassment................................. 186 4. The position of enterprises with regard to sexual harassment................... 195 4.1 Methodology............................................................................................. 195 4.2 The outcome of the interviews ................................................................. 196 5. The trade unions’ position ............................................................................. 204 5.1 Raising awareness of the problem ............................................................ 204 5.2 Trade unions' strategies ............................................................................ 208 6. Job insecurity: an ideal breeding ground for sexual harassment .............. 210 7. Proposals for the European Commission ..................................................... 212 References............................................................................................................ 217 Annexes................................................................................................................ 226 COMMENTS ON THE SPANISH STUDY ....................................................................... 229 FOREWORD "Unwanted conduct of a sexual nature, or other conduct based on sex affecting the dignity of women and men at work, including the conduct of superiors and colleagues, is unacceptable". This assertion was made in the 1991 Commission Recommendation on the protection of the dignity of women and men at work. It should be regarded as a statement of the obvious. To tolerate such conduct would be tantamount to a failure to respect the dignity and freedom to which every human being is entitled. All those who believe that this right to dignity is a universal fundamental value cannot accept the idea that the Community remains silent and inactive on this issue. It has to be accepted - and the studies support the fact - that sexual harassment is still endemic, often hidden, affecting all Member States and existing in all kinds of companies. Yet it is still not viewed as a problem which has to be systematically tackled. Despite the absence of an universal definition and despite the various methods used to measure sexual harassment, figures show that between 30% and 50% of female employees still experience some form of sexual harassment. Since the Council Resolution of 29 May 1990 on the protection of the dignity of women and men at work1, the Community institutions have been actively working towards raising the level of awareness of the negative consequences of sexual harassment. Special reference must be made in this respect to the actions undertaken by the Parliament, in particular in its Resolution of 11 June 1986 on violence against women2 and in its Resolution of 11 February 1994 on a new post of "confidential counsellor" at the workplace3. The Commission has furthermore consulted the social partners on a possible initiative on this issue. The publication of these two studies presenting an overview of all relevant research projects conducted over the last ten years represents another step in awareness raising. This is more than ever necessary. Indeed, one of the first things which struck me while reading these reports is the poor level of awareness, at all levels, in most of the Member States. The Commission will continue to reflect on how to improve further awareness about the issues raised by sexual harassment. Another element stressed by these studies and which caused me some dismay is the fact that it is still usually the harassed employee, rather than the harasser, whose career is negatively affected. This situation definitely deserves more attention
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