sign in sign up
<<
Home , Brades, Dominion, Nanny Cay, Road Town, Turks and Caicos Islands

The of the Organization of American States

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME: COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE

A COURSE IN MONITORING AND MAINTANANCE OF COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE

CHAPTER 6

DATA ACQUISITION AND REMOTE SENSING II

By GILLIAN CAMBERS PhD SHELLEY-ANN JULES-MOORE, Professor, Sea Grant College Regional Archiving Coordinator (RAC), Programme, CPACC/RPIU Regional Archiving Centre. University of , Mayaguez, Puerto Rico

Organized by Department of Civil Engineering, The University of the West Indies, in conjunction with Old University, Norfolk, VA, USA and Coastal Engineering Research Centre, US Army, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, USA.

Grenada, West Indies, September 10th – 13th, 2001 Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-2 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

MANAGING BEACH RESOURCES AND PLANNING FOR COASTLINE CHANGE (COSALC)

A regional project of the UNESCO Coasts and Small platform and the University of Puerto Rico Sea Grant College Program.

SOURCES OF BEACH MONITORING DATA IN THE ORGANISATION OF EASTERN STATES AND THE

The following tables list for each contact details for the main partner agency responsible for beach monitoring and storing the database, together with other partner agencies, the beaches monitored, the length of the database, and other information.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-3 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Anguilla

Country/territory: Main partner Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources (DFMR), agency: Crocus Bay, Anguilla. Tel: 264 497 2871, Fax: 264 497 8567 Mr. Roland Hodge, Chief Fisheries Officer. e-mail [email protected] Mr. Othlyn Vanterpool, Fisheries Officer. Other partners: Department of Physical Planning (DPP), The Valley, Anguilla. Tel: 264 497 5392, Fax: 264 497 5924 Mr. Vincent Proctor, Chief Planning Officer. e-mail [email protected] Mrs. Sharon Roberts-Hodge, Planning Officer.

Anguilla National Trust, P.O.Box 1234, The Valley, Anguilla. Tel: 264 497 5297, Fax: 264 497 5571. Mrs. Ijhayna Christian, Executive Director. e-mail [email protected] Version of software Beach Profile Analysis, version 3.2, January, 2000. installed: Software and beach Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, change database Department of Physical Planning. installed at: Persons trained in Ms. Katrina Richardson, Mr. Carlos Sasso, Mr. Othlyn use of software: Vanterpool, (DFMR), Mr. Julian Hughes, Ms. Sharon Roberts- Hodge, Mr. Vincent Proctor (DPP). Manual supplied to: DFMR and DPP. Beaches currently Shoal Bay West (4), Maundays Bay (3), Cove Bay (4), monitored and # of Rendezvous Bay (4), Sandy Hill (2), Sile Bay (2), Savannah Bay sites per beach: (2), Junks Hole (1), Captains Bay (1), Shoal Bay (8), Bay (1), Meads Bay (3), Barnes Bay (2), Sandy Island (3), Prickly Pear (3). Length of database: 1992 – 2001.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-4 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Antigua and Barbuda

Country: and Barbuda Main partner Fisheries Division (FD), Ministry of Agriculture, Perry Bay, agency: St. Johns, Antigua. Tel: 268 462 1372, Fax: 268 462 1372. Ms. Cheryl Jeffrey, Chief Fisheries Officer. e-mail [email protected] Mr. Philmore James, Fisheries Officer. Other partners: Development Control Authority (DCA), Cecil Charles Building, Cross Street, P.O. Box 895, St. Johns, Antigua. Tel: 268 462 6427, Fax: 268 462 6427. Mr. Aldin Crump, Chief Planning Officer. e-mail [email protected]

Environment Division, Ministry of Tourism and Environment, Queen Elizabeth Highway, St. Johns, Antigua. Tel: 268 462 6265, Fax: 268 462 6298. Ms. Diann Black Layne, Chief Environment Officer. e-mail [email protected]

Environmental Awareness Group. P.O.Box 2103, St. Johns, Antigua. Tel: 268 462 6236, Fax: 268 463 7740 Mr. Sherrod James, Executive Director. e-mail [email protected] Version of software Beach Profile Analysis, version 3.2, January, 2000. installed: Software and beach Fisheries Division, change database Development Control Authority. installed at: Persons trained in Ms. Cheryl Jeffrey, Mr. Philmore James, Fisheries Division. use of software: Manual supplied to: Fisheries Division. Beaches currently Antigua: Dickinson Bay (4), Runaway Bay (3), Fort James (2), monitored and # of Deep Bay (2), Yorks Beach (2), Stony Horn Beach (2), sites per beach: Mosquito Cove (1), Lignumvitae Bay (3), Ffryes Bay (3), Darkwood (3), Crab Hill (1), Morris Bay (1), Falmouth (1), Pigeon Point (2), Mamora Bay (1), Halfmoon Bay (3), Long Bay (2), Dutchman Bay (3), Jabberwock (2). Barbuda: Governors Bay (1), Cocoa Point (3), Dulcina (1), Palmetto Point (1), Low Bay (1), Two Foot Bay (1). Length of database: Antigua: 1991-2001. Barbuda: 1995-2001.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-5 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

British

Country/territory: Main partner Conservation and Fisheries Department, P.O.Box 3323, agency: , , British Virgin Islands. Tel: 284 494 5681/3429, Fax: 284 494 2670. Mr. Bertrand Lettsome, Chief Conservation and Fisheries Officer. e-mail [email protected] Ms. Lauralee Mercer, Conservation Officer. Other partners: Town and Country Planning Department, P.O.Box 634, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. Tel: 284 494 3701, Fax: 284 494 5794. Mr. Louis Potter, Chief Physical Planning Officer. e-mail [email protected] Version of software Beach Profile Analysis, version 3.2, January, 2000. installed: Software and beach Conservation and Fisheries Department. change database installed at: Persons trained in Ms. Lynda Varlack, Conservation and Fisheries Department. use of software: Manual supplied to: Conservation and Fisheries Department. Beaches currently Monitoring is about to start (February 2001) at Long Bay Beef monitored and # of Island (4), Long Bay Lambert (3), Josiahs Bay (3), Brewers Bay sites per beach: (3), Cane Garden Bay (3) using a different methodology. Between 1989 and 1994 the following beaches were monitored: Tortola: Long Bay (2), Cappoons Bay (2), Little Carrot Bay (1), Great Carrot Bay (1), Cane Garden Bay (1), Brewers Bay (1), Josiahs Bay (1), Long Bay Lambert (1), Lloyds (1), Fat Hogs Bay (1), Brandywine Bay (1), Kingston Bay (1), Fish Bay (1), Nanny Cay (1), Smugglers Cove (1). : Devils Bay (1), The Baths (1), Spring Bay (1), St. Thomas Bay (2), Little Dix Bay (1), Savannah Bay (1), Mahoe Bay (1), Nail Bay (1), Little Leverick Bay (1). Prickly Pear Island (2), Eustatia (1). : Loblolly Bay (1), Bones Bight (1), Cow Wreck Bay (1), West End (1), Pomato Point (1), Anegada Reef Hotel (1), Nutmeg Point (1). : Sprat Bay (1), Deadmans Bay (2), Big Reef Bay (1) : White Bay (1), Great Harbour (1). Length of database: 1989-1994, 2001- (planned re-start)

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-6 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Dominica

Country: Main partner Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division (FWPD), Ministry of agency: Agriculture and the Environment, Botanical Gardens, , Dominica. Tel: 767 448 2401, Fax: 767 448 7999. Mr. David Williams, Director. e-mail [email protected] Mr. Arlington James, Forestry Officer. Other partners: Physical Planning Division (PPD), Economic Development Unit, Charles Avenue, Goodwill, Roseau, Dominica. Tel: 767 448 2401, Fax; 767 448 7744. Mr. Raphael Francis, Chief Physical Planning Officer. Version of software Beach Profile Analysis, version 3.2, January, 2000. installed: Software and beach Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division. change database installed at: Persons trained in Mr. Arlington James, Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division. use of software: Manual supplied to: Forestry Wildlife and Parks Division. Beaches currently Scotts Head (4), Soufriere (2), Pottersville (1), Rockaway (1), monitored and # of Mero (1), Batalie (1), Coconut Beach (2), Glanvilla (1), Lagon sites per beach: (1), Purple Turtle (1), Belle Hall (1), Toucarie (1), Hampstead (1), Pointe Baptiste (1), Woodford Hill (1), Londonderry (1), Pagua (1), Bout Sable (2). Length of database: 1987-1991, 1994-2001.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-7 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Grenada

Country: Grenada Main partner National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Marine Villa, agency: Tanteen, St. Georges, Grenada. Tel: 473 440 3118, Fax: 473 440 9292. Mr. Peter Thomas, Assistant Director, Mrs Gail Gilchrist, Secretary. Other partners: Fisheries Division (FD), Church Street, St. Georges, Grenada. Tel: 473 440 3814/3831, Fax: 473 440 6613. Mr. Crafton Isaac, Mr. Paul Phillip, Mr. Junior McDonald (Carriacou). e-mail [email protected]

Lands and Surveys Division (LSD), Ministry of Agriculture, Mount Wheldale, St. Georges, Grenada. Tel: 473 440 1439, Fax: 473 440 6613. Mr. Trevor Barclay, Mr. Wilbur Thomas.

Land and Water Resource Unit (LWRU), Ministry of Agriculture, Mount Wheldale, St. Georges, Grenada. Tel: 473 440 3195. Ms. Anne Francis.

Hillsborough Secondary School, Carriacou. Tel: 473 443 7872 Contact person: Mr. Junior McDonald, Fisheries Division. Version of software Beach Profile Analysis, version 3.2, January, 2000. installed: Software and beach National Science and Technology Council. change database installed at: Persons trained in Mrs. Gail Gilchrist, (NSTC); Mr. Crafton Isaac, Mr. Junior use of software: McDonald, (FD); Mr. Trevor Barclay, Mr. Wilbur Thomas, (LSD); Ms. Anne Francis, (LWRU). Manual supplied to: NSTC, FD, LSD, LWRU. Beaches currently Grenada: La Source (3), Magazin (2), Grand Anse (6), Grand monitored and # of Mal (1), Palmiste (2), Mount Rodney (1), Sauteurs (2), Levera sites per beach: (3), Bathway (3), River Antoine (2), Lower Telescope (2), Grenville (2). Carriacou: (12). Length of database: Grenada: 1985-1991, 1993-2001. Carriacou: 1997-2001.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-8 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Montserrat

Country/territory: Main partner Fisheries Division (FD), Ministry of Agriculture, Land, Housing agency: and Environment, P.O.Box 272, , Montserrat. Tel: 664 491 2546/2075, Fax: 664 491 9275. Ms. Melissa O’Garro, Chief Fisheries Officer. e-mail [email protected] Other partners: Physical Planning Unit, Ministry of Agriculture, Land, Housing and Environment, P.O.Box 272, Brades, Montserrat. Tel: 664 491 6795, Fax: 664 491 5655. Mr. Alan Gunne-Jones, Chief Physical Planning Officer. e-mail [email protected] Version of software Beach Profile Analysis, version 3.2, January, 2000. installed: Software and beach Fisheries Division, Physical Planning Unit. change database installed at: Persons trained in Ms. Melissa O’Garro, Mr. John Jeffers, Fisheries Division. use of software: Manual supplied to: Fisheries Division, Physical Planning Unit. Beaches currently Sturge Park (1), Foxes Bay (1), Old Road Bay (2), Lime Kiln monitored and # of Bay (1), Woodlands Beach (1), Bunkum Bay (1), Carrs Bay (1), sites per beach: Little Bay (1). Length of database: 1990-1996, 1999-2001

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-9 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Nevis

Country/territory: Main partner Nevis Historical and Conservation Society (NHCS), P.O. Box agency: 563, Charlestown, Nevis. Tel: 869 469 0408/5786, Fax: 869 469 0274. Mrs. Annette Manners, Executive Director. [email protected] Other partners: Department of Planning and Development (DPD), House, Market Street, Charlestown, Nevis. Tel: 869 469 5521, Fax: 869 469 5485. Mrs. E. Esternella West, Director of Planning. [email protected]

Fisheries Division (FD), Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Housing, P.O.Box 507, Charlestown, Nevis. Tel: 869 469 5521, Fax: 869 469 1806. Mr. Audra Barrett, Fisheries Officer. Version of software Beach Profile Analysis, version 3.2, January, 2000. installed: Software and beach Nevis Historical and Conservation Society. change database Department of Planning and Development. installed at: Persons trained in Ms. Corrina Mak, Ms. Shauna McGarvey, Ms. Christina Olsen, use of software: Mr. David Robinson (NHCS), Ms. Lillith Richards, Mr. Lewis Newton (DPD). Demonstration of Mr. Audra Barrett, (FD); Mrs Barbara Gosling, Mr. Geoffrey software to: Gosling, (NHCS volunteers). Manual supplied to: Nevis Historical and Conservation Society. Beaches currently Gallows Bay (2), Pinneys Beach (6), Cades Bay (1), Mosquito monitored and # of Bay (1), Hurricane Hill (2), Newcastle (1), Nisbett (2), Longhaul sites per beach: Bay (1), White Bay (1), Indian Castle (1). Length of database: 1988-2001.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-10 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

St. Kitts Country/territory: St. Kitts Main partner Department of the Environment (DE), P.O. Box 132, , agency: St. Kitts. Tel: 869 465 4040, Fax: 869 466 3915. Mr. Raymond Solomon, Director. e-mail [email protected] Mr. Bryan Farrell Other partners: Fisheries Division (FD), Department of Agriculture, P.O.Box 39, Basseterre, St. Kitts. Tel: 869 465 8045, Fax: 869 465 2635. Mr. Sam Heyliger, Chief Fisheries Officer. e-mail [email protected]

Physical Planning Division (PPD), Department of Planning, P.O.Box 597, Basseterre, St. Kitts. Tel: 869 465 2277, Fax: 869 466 7398. Mr. Patrick Williams, Chief Physical Planning Officer. e-mail [email protected]

St. Christopher Heritage Society, West Square Street, Basseterre, St. Kitts. Tel: 869 465 5584, Fax: 869 465 5584 Mrs. Jacqueline Cramer-Armony, Executive Director. e-mail [email protected] Version of software Beach Profile Analysis, version 3.2, January, 2000. installed: Software and beach Department of the Environment, change database Physical Planning Division. installed at: Persons trained in Mr. Brian Farrell, (DE), Mr. Loftus Bridgewater, Parks and use of software: Beaches Unit, DE. Demonstration of Mr. Bernell Hobson, Parks and Beaches Unit, Mr. Patrick software to: Williams, (PPD), Ms. Dauna Manchester Joseph, Secretary- general, St. Kitts and Nevis National Commission for UNESCO. Manual supplied to: DE, PPD. Beaches currently South Frigate Bay (1), Basseterre (2), New Guinea (1), Pump monitored and # of Bay (1), Belle Tete (2), Dieppe Spit (3), Caines Pasture (1), sites per beach: Sandy Bay (1), Connaree (1), North Frigate Bay (1), North Friars Bay (2), Sand Bank Bay (2), Mosquito Bay (2), Cockleshell Bay (3), Banana Bay (2) Majors Bay (2) White House Bay (2) South Friars Bay (3). Length of database: 1992-2001.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-11 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

St. Lucia

Country: St. Lucia Main partner Fisheries Department, Sans Souci, , St. Lucia. agency: Tel: 758 452 6172/3987, Fax: 758 452 3853 Mr. Horace Walters, Chief Fisheries Officer. e-mail [email protected] Mrs. Susanna Scott, Fisheries Officer. Other partners: Unit for Sustainable Development and Environment, Ministry of Finance and Planning, P.O.Box 709, Castries, St. Lucia. Tel: 758 451 8746, Fax: 758 452 2506. Mr. Bishnunarine Tulsie, Mr. Christopher Corbin. e-mail [email protected]

Northwest Coastal Conservation Project, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Forestry Headquarters, Union, St. Lucia. Tel: 758 450 2484, Fax: 758 451 9029 e-mail [email protected] Mrs. Anita James, Project Manager. Version of software Beach Profile Analysis, version 3.2, January, 2000. installed: Software and beach Fisheries Department. change database installed at: Persons trained in Mrs. Sarah George, Ms. Dawn Nathaniel, Fisheries Department. use of software: Manual supplied to: Fisheries Department. Beaches currently Anse La Raye (2), Anse Chastanet (1), Soufriere (1), monitored and # of Malgretoute (1), Anse Ger (2), Fond D’Or (3). (Profile sites at sites per beach: the Causeway, Reduit Beach and Vigie Beach now being monitored by the Northwest Coastal Conservation project). Length of database: 1990-1991, 1994-2001.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-12 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Country: St. Vincent and the Grenadines Main partner Bequia Community High School, Port Elizabeth, Bequia, St. agency: Vincent and the Grenadines. Tel: 784 458 3301 Mr. Herman Belmar, Industrial Arts Teacher. e-mail [email protected] Other partners: Physical Planning Department, Central Administration Building, , St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Tel: 784 457 1746, Fax: 784 456 2430. Ms. Elizabeth Mwakosya, Chief Physical Planning Officer.

Seismic Unit, Ministry of Agriculture and Labour, Kingstown, St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Tel: 784 457 2070, Fax: 784 457 1479. Mr. Maxwell Porter, Seismic Officer, Mr. Kemvel Spence, Seismic Technician. Version of software Beach Profile Analysis, version 3.2, January, 2000. installed: Software and beach Seismic Unit, change database Bequia Community High School. installed at: Persons trained in Mr. Kemvel Spence, Seismic Unit; use of software: Mr. Herman Belmar (and students), Bequia Community High School. Manual supplied to: Seismic Unit, Bequia Community High School. Beaches currently The beaches in St. Vincent are not currently monitored. monitored and # of St. Vincent: Byera Bay (2), Colonarie Bay (1), Shipping Bay (1), sites per beach: Argyle Bay (2), Diamond Bay (2), Calliaqua Bay (3), Villa Beach (1), Indian Bay (3), Questrelles Bay (1), Layou Bay (2), Mount Wynne Bay (2). The beaches in Bequia are monitored: Hamilton Beach (3), Port Elizabeth (2), Springs (3). Length of database: St. Vincent: 1995-1997. Bequia: 2000- (measurement started in January 2000).

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-13 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Turks and Caicos Islands

Country/territory: Turks and Caicos Islands. Main partner Department of Environment and Coastal Resources (DECR), agency: South Base, Grand Turk, Turks and Caicos Islands. Tel: 649 946 2970, Fax: 649 946 1895. Mr. Mark Day, Director. e-mail [email protected] ( [email protected]) Mrs. Michelle Fulford-Gardiner, Chief Scientific Officer. Mr. Wesley Clerveaux, Scientific Officer. Other partners: Coastal Resources Management Project (CRMP), National Parks Office, , Turks and Caicos Islands. Tel: 649 941 5122, Fax: 649 946 4793. Mrs. Judith Campbell, Project Manager. e-mail [email protected]

Department of Planning (DP), South Base, Grand Turk, Turks and Caicos Islands. Tel: 649 946 2220, Fax: 649 946 2448. Director of Planning. e-mail [email protected] Version of software Beach Profile Analysis, version 3.2, January, 2001. installed: Software and beach DECR, Grand Turk, CRMP, Providenciales, DP, Grand Turk. change database installed at: Persons trained in Mrs. Michelle Fulford-Gardiner, (DECR); Mrs. Judith use of software: Campbell, Mr. David Shim, Ms. Michelle , (CRMP), Mr. Danier Lightbourne, (DP). Demonstration of Ms. Melinda Seymour, Mr. Eldon Talbot, Mr. Valdez Thomas, software to: Mr. Ernest Williams, Conservation/Enforcement Officers, DECR, Mr. Randolph Boodocem, Mr. Carlos Ramez, Planning Officers, DP. Manual supplied to: DECR, CRMP, DP. Beaches currently Grand Turk: Boaby Rock Point (2), Kittina (1), Raker (1), monitored and # of Pillories Beach (1), Coralie Gardens (1). sites per beach: Providenciales: Turtle Cove (2), PDM Park (1), West (1), Pelican Road (2), Sunnyside (2), Prince of (2). Length of database: 1995-1997. Monitoring recommenced in 2000 in Grand Turk .

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-14 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

MANAGING BEACH RESOURCES AND PLANNING FOR COASTLINE CHANGE, CARIBBEAN ISLANDS

BEACH MONITORING PROGRAMME

BEACH MONITORING MANUAL

BY

GILLIAN CAMBERS, PhD.

APRIL, 2001.

UNESCO University of Puerto Rico Coasts and Small Islands Sea Grant College Program

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-15 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

1. INTRODUCTION

This manual describes a simple method for the monitoring of beaches, which can be carried out by local communities, non-governmental organisations and school students. The method provides useful data, which can be used in planning the wise management of beach resources. This includes information on erosion and accretion trends, effect of major events such as tropical storms and hurricanes, recovery after such events, the effects of coastal structures and other activities on the beach.

Beach monitoring is being carried out in many of the eastern Caribbean islands, some of these countries now have data bases covering more than ten years, which include the impacts of several major hurricanes. These databases are being used by planning authorities e.g. the Department of Physical Planning in Anguilla; non-governmental organisations, e.g. the Nevis Historical and Conservation Society; and schools, e.g. the Community High School in Bequia, to work together with other stakeholders to better manage their beach resources and to reduce existing and potential conflicts over resources.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-16 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

2. FIELD METHODS

The monitoring consists of surveying the beach profile from a fixed point set up behind the beach. The fixed point is called the reference mark and is the starting point for the measurement. The reference mark is usually a paint square on a wall or tree. (Ultimately permanent surveying monuments may be constructed which should withstand hurricanes better than the trees or buildings). It is essential to always start the beach profile measurement at the reference mark. The profiles run at right angles across the beach and in most cases specific orientations for the beach profiles are determined. Photographs should be taken of the reference points.

2.1 When to measure

The beach profile at each location should be measured every three months. This will give four data sets a year and will adequately cover seasonal changes. However, this is only a guide, and depending on the time available, the frequency of monitoring can be increased or decreased. If the profiles are set up in May 2001, subsequent measurements are due in , November 2001, February and May 2002, and so on. In addition, the beach profiles should be re-measured as soon as possible after a major event such as a tropical storm or hurricane.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-17 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

2.2 Preparations for going in the field

• Prepare data sheets, a standard data form is shown in Figure 1.

• Gather together the equipment: data sheets, clipboard, pencils, Abney level, tape measure, ranging poles, masking tape, camera loaded with film, spray paint.

• Prepare a plan for which beaches are to be measured on that day and in which order.

• Arrange transport for the field work.

2.3 Field measurements

• a) On arrival at the beach site locate the reference mark.

• b) Lay out the profile in segments, place a ranging pole at each break of slope, ensure the line of the profile follows the fixed orientation. The end point of the profile is the offshore step. This is near where the waves break and there is usually a marked downward step. If no offshore step exists at that location or time, and/or the wave conditions are too rough, just continue the profile as far into the sea as safety permits.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-18 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Figure 1 Standard data form

JAMAICA BEACH MONITORING PROGRAMME BEACH PROFILE DATA SHEET

Site Name: ______

Date: Surveyors: ______

Observations:

______

Measurement down from the top of the reference mark: metres

Beach segment Length of segment (metres) Slope angle (degrees & minutes) A – B B – C C – D D – E E – F F – G G – H H – I I – J J – K K – L L – M M – N N – O O – P P – Q Q – R R – S

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-19 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

• c) Write the beach name and date on the data form, also the names of the field personnel. (If using a number system for the sites, it helps to add a location, e.g. ‘Grand Bay #1 (southern site)’. This reduces the possibility of error when the data are entered on computer.

• d) Measure the vertical distance from the top of the reference mark to the ground level with the tape measure. Measure to the nearest cm. Record all measurements in metric units. Write the measurement down on the form.

• e) Measure the observer's eye level on both ranging poles, making sure that the surface of the sand just covers the black tip of the pole.

• f) Place the ranging pole at the first break of slope always making sure the surface of the sand just covers the black metal tip of the pole. Check the profile alignment and re-position the pole if necessary. Always ensure the pole is vertical.

• g) The observer stands by the reference mark and uses the Abney level to sight onto his/her eye level on the ranging pole.

• h) To read the Abney level: the Abney level is divided into degrees, every 10 degrees is numbered. Readings to the left of the zero are negative or downhill, readings to the right of the zero are positive or uphill. To read the angle, determine where the arrow intersects the degrees scale. If the arrow falls midway between -5 and -6 degrees. So the degrees would be recorded as -5 degrees. To read the minutes, use the vernier scale. For a downhill slope use the vernier lines to the left of the arrow. They are at 10 minute intervals and the 30 and 60 minute lines are numbered. Determine which of the vernier lines most closely intersects one of the degree lines below.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-20 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

• i) Record the segment slope in degrees and minutes, to the nearest ten minutes on the data sheet. Always remember to record whether it is a plus or a minus slope (plus is an uphill slope, minus is a downhill slope).

• j) Measure the ground distance from the base of the reference point to the first ranging pole with the tape measure, to the nearest cm, record this measurement on the data form. Measure along the slope, not the horizontal distance.

• k) The observer then proceeds to the ranging pole at the first break of slope and sights onto the ranging pole which has been placed at the second break of slope - remember to check for profile alignment - and repeats steps g) through j). This is continued until the endpoint of the profile, see step b).

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-21 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Figure 2 Completed data form

JAMAICA BEACH MONITORING PROGRAMME BEACH PROFILE DATA SHEET

______

Site Name: Grand Bay #1 (south site) ______

Date: 24.03.99 Surveyors: Mr. Delusca, Mr. Altidor, Mr. Baptiste. ______

Observations:

______

Measurement down from the top of the reference mark: 1.01 metres

Beach segment Length of segment (metres) Slope angle (degrees & minutes) A - B 5.73 -7o 00' B - C 4.29 -4o 00' C - D 1.25 +3o 00' D - E 1.85 -1o 30' E - F 6.98 -8o 00' F - G G - H H - I I - J J - K K - L L - M N - O O - P P - Q Q - R R - S

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-22 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

• l) Ensure all measurements are recorded clearly. Figure 2 shows a completed data form.

• m) Record on the data sheet under ‘Observations’ anything else of interest e.g. recent sand mining pits, evidence of recent storms etc., take photographs if possible.

• n) As the paint squares (reference marks) begin to fade, touch them up with spray paint.

• o) Collect up all equipment and return to vehicle and proceed onto the next site

• p) Should a reference mark be lost due to a particularly severe storm or due to man's action in cutting down a tree etc., establish a new reference mark as near as possible to the old one.

• q) If there have been very significant changes at a beach, perhaps due to heavy seas or human activity, then take photographs of the beach.

2.4 On return from the field

• Check each data sheet, make sure it is complete, and place in binder or folder, it is advisable to set up a binder/folder for each site. Keep the binders/folders safely.

• Wash sand out of the tape measure in , leave to dry and rewind.

• Check on the Abney level, if it has any sand on it, wipe it carefully with a soft cloth.

• Store equipment carefully for future use.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-23 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

MANAGING BEACH RESOURCES AND PLANNING FOR COASTLINE CHANGE, CARIBBEAN ISLANDS

MANUAL

BEACH MONITORING DATA ANALYSIS

BY

GILLIAN CAMBERS, DAVID F. GRAY.

NOVEMBER, 1999.

PREPARED UNDER UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM MRPD-11-75-1-98

UNESCO, UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO COASTS AND SMALL ISLANDS SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-24 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

1. INTRODUCTION

This manual describes the main routines of a computer programme designed to analyse beach changes using the methodology developed by the ‘Coast and Beach Stability in the Caribbean Project’ (COSALC)1.

The computer programme has been written for the Windows operating system and works on Windows 95 and newer versions. It contains fully compiled ‘Help’ files. This manual refers to Version 3.2, January 2000, and outlines the main routines. (For more detailed information use the ‘Help’ file).

This programme, Beach Profile Analysis (Profile), draws the beach profile to scale and then determines the under the profile mathematically as well as the width of the profile. The programme can display graphs of the profiles and superimpose up to eight profiles on top of each other, as well as printing the profiles. It can also display and print tables of profile areas and widths and display these data as line graphs. Furthermore it can display and print tables of annual means for profile area and width and display these as bar graphs.

1 Since 2000, the COSALC project has been renamed ‘Managing beach resources and planning for coastline change, Caribbean islands’, the old acronym, COSALC, is retained.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-25 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

2. GETTING STARTED

Enter the data promptly:

It is always recommended that field data be entered on computer as soon as possible after the field measurements. This avoids the possibility of losing data sheets and personal memory of the beach conditions is clearer. In addition, the team can see the results and perhaps make changes to the monitoring programme in a timely manner, e.g. if a particular beach is showing very significant changes it may be advisable to add another site where profiles are to be measured, or increase the frequency of measurement.

Each site has its own data file:

Each beach site has its data entered in a separate file. So the site at Grand Bay North will have its own data file and the site at Grand Bay Central will have a separate data file.

Furthermore, if the reference point is lost at Grand Bay North (file name Grand Bay North 1) possibly as the result of a hurricane, and a new reference point is selected, then a new file will have to be established, this will then have the file name Grand Bay North 2.

The main parameters - profile area and profile width:

First of all, a note about what the parameters really measure. The programme draws the beach profile to scale and then determines the area under the profile mathematically in m2. The programme also determines the profile width in metres (m).

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-26 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Starting the programme:

Go to ‘My Computer’ and select the drive where the programme (Profile) has been installed. Select Profile and you will see an opening screen and at the top left hand corner, a main menu with four selections.

The main menu:

The four selections in the main menu are as follows:

Site File Profile Selection Help New New By year Contents Open Delete Index Save Uncheck all profiles About Save As Fix all drops Close Options Print Printer Set-up Exit

The sub menu:

As you work through the routines in the main menu, you will see a sub menu appear about a third of the way down the screen on the left hand side. (To see this sub-menu, select ‘Site file’ from the main menu, select ‘New’, then select ‘Profile’ from the main menu, and select ‘New.’). This sub menu has four options:

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-27 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

• Profile sub-menu: this is where the data is entered and quality control functions are performed; • Profile graphs sub-menu: this is where the graphs for each profile are displayed and can be printed or transferred to other programmes; • Table sub-menu: this is where the values for profile area and profile width are listed in a table and annual mean values calculated; • Table graphs sub-menu: this is where the values for profile area and width are shown graphically over time, either as actual values (in line graphs) or mean values (in bar graphs).

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-28 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

3. PROFILE SUB-MENU - ENTERING DATA AND QUALITY CONTROL

3.1 Establishing a New Site

At the opening screen select ‘Site File’ from the main menu and then select ‘New.’ In the box by ‘Description’ type the name of the beach site, e.g. Grand Bay South 1. Then select ‘Profile’ from the main menu, and select ‘New.’ The screen will show a blank spreadsheet where the data for the first profile for a new site e.g. Grand Bay South 1 can be entered.

3.2 Entering the Data for the First Profile

Enter the date:

Start by entering the date when the first profile at the site was measured. The box by ‘Profile date’ shows today’s date. To enter the date the profile was measured, click on the figures in the box by ‘Profile date’ and enter the appropriate date (month/day/year). Alternatively, select the arrow by the side of the ‘Profile date’ box, a calendar will then be displayed. The month and year can be changed by selecting the arrows at the top left or right on the calendar, the day can be selected by just clicking on the correct day.

Enter the distance down from the top of the reference point to the ground surface:

Next, go the box below ‘Profile date’ this is labeled ‘Distance – reference point to surface.’ Enter the distance down from the top of the reference point to the surface that was recorded on the field sheet.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-29 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Enter the distance and slope measurements:

Now, enter the profile data - the distance and slope measurements for each segment. To move around the spreadsheet use the arrow or Tab keys. For the first segment, a-b, enter the distance measurement in the column with the heading ‘Distance metres’, enter the degrees in the column with the heading ‘Angle degrees’ and enter the minutes in the column with the heading ‘Angle minutes.’ The programme assumes the numbers are positive, so if it a negative slope was recorded, e.g. -7o 30', enter -7 in the ‘degrees’ column and 30 in the ‘minutes’ column. If the slope measurement is -0o 30', mathematically minus zero does not exist, so enter 0 in the degrees column and -30 in the minutes column. Enter all the data for that profile.

Computation of the area and width values:

As you enter the data, the programme will calculate the cumulative horizontal and vertical values, so you will notice the figures in the columns labeled ‘Cumulative Horizontal’ and ‘Cumulative Drop’ change. You do not have to enter any values in these columns. The spreadsheet shows the profile area and profile width in two boxes at left of the screen labeled ‘Area’ and ‘Width.’

3.3 Fixing the Standard Total Vertical Drop

What is the standard total vertical drop?

The ‘Standard total vertical drop’ finalises the end point of the profile. A particular profile always has the same starting point - the reference point or paint square. However, profiles end in the sea by the ‘offshore step,’ this is a variable point which changes with the wave conditions. Reference to Figure 1 shows a hypothetical first profile measurement, A, with a total vertical drop of 3.5m. However, during the second measurement of the profile, B, three months later, the offshore step had moved and the

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-30 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001 total vertical drop was 3.7 m. To compare the two profiles mathematically, the starting point and the end point of the profile have to be the same. In order to do this, the total vertical drop of the first profile at a site becomes the standard and the programme will adjust all subsequent measurements at the site to the standard either by adding or deleting a section to the final slope segment.

Figure 1. Finalizing the profile end point

The first profile (green line) had a total drop of 3.5 m. This value of 3.5 m becomes the Standard total vertical drop for this site. The second profile at this site (red line) had a total drop of 3.7 m. So when ‘Fix Drop’ is selected, the programme will cut off a small portion of the bottom of the second graph (red line), so that the total drop remains 3.5 m.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-31 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Setting the standard vertical drop:

Once the data for the first profile at a site have been entered, it is necessary to set the Standard total vertical drop. If the final segment of the first profile is f-g, move the cursor down to the next line, g-h and note the value in the column with the heading ‘Cumulative Drop.’ Enter this value in the box labeled ‘Standard total vertical drop.’ (This box is located near the top of the screen below the box labeled ‘Description’).

Adjusting the drop for subsequent profile measurements:

For subsequent profile measurements at this site, the programme will standardize the total vertical drop (profile end point) when the ‘Fix Drop’ box is selected. For example, when entering the data for the second profile measurement at a site, after the data are all entered, click on the ‘Fix Drop’ box (located below the ‘Distance – reference point to surface’ box). The programme will adjust the distance measurement of the final segment accordingly, and also make the necessary adjustments to the profile area and profile width values.

3.4 Saving the File for the First Time

From the main menu, select ‘Site File,’ select ‘Save As.’ In the box by ‘File Name’ type the name of the file (e.g. Grand Bay South 1 in our example) and select ‘Save.’ Before doing this, you may wish to set up a separate folder to store all your beach data files.

3.5 Closing the Site File

From the main menu, select ‘Site File,’ select ‘Close File,’ the programme returns to the opening screen. If you have not saved your data or changes, the programme will ask you whether you want to save them, select ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ accordingly.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-32 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

3.6 Exit the Programme

From the main menu, select ‘Site File,’ select ‘Exit.’ If you select ‘Exit’ without saving your changes, the programme will ask you if you want to changes your changes, select ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ accordingly.

3.7 Entering the Data for the Second Profile

From the main menu ‘Site File,’ select ‘Open.’ Select the folder where the beach data is stored. The programme will list the files, select the appropriate file and select ‘Open.’ The screen will show the spreadsheet for the most recent measurement at this site. From the main menu, select ‘Profile’, and then select ‘New.’ The screen will show a blank spreadsheet. Enter the data for the second profile as described in Section 3.2. Once all the data have been entered, select ‘Fix Drop,’ this will standardise the profile endpoint, as described in Section 3.3.

Select ‘Site File’ from the main menu and ‘Save’ to save the second set of measurements. However, if you try to close the file or exit the programme without saving the data, a check box will automatically appear asking if you want to save the changes.

When you have finished entering the data for second profile measurements, a box may appear on screen telling you to check the data, see Section 3.11 for explanation.

3.8 Displaying Spreadsheet Data for Different Dates

From the main menu ‘Site File,’ select ‘Open.’ Select the folder where the beach data is stored. The programme will list the files, select the appropriate file and select ‘Open.’ Go to the box at the top right hand side of the screen showing the dates of the profile measurements. Click on the date you wish to display (use the up/down arrows to see further dates) and the screen will display the spreadsheet for that date.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-33 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

3.9 Deleting a Profile Spreadsheet

To delete a profile spreadsheet, first of all display the spreadsheet you wish to delete on the screen. Once it is displayed on the screen, select ‘Profile’ from the main menu, then select ‘Delete.’

3.10 Printing the Spreadsheet

To print a spreadsheet, select ‘Site File’ from the main menu, select ‘Print.’ Click on the box by ‘Include profiles’ a tick mark will appear, then select ‘All’ (to print all the profile spreadsheets in the file) ‘a (to print the profile spreadsheet displayed) or ‘Selected’ (to print the profile spreadsheets you have selected by ticking the boxes to the left of the dates – displayed at the top right of the screen) click on ‘OK’ and the spreadsheet(s) will be printed.

Note that when you select ‘Print’ there is also another option ‘Include table’ see Section 5 to describe this option.

3.11 Data Quality Control

After the data for a new profile at a particular site have been entered, then as you select ‘Fix Drop’, a box may come on the screen warning you that the new data set is significantly different to the average for the previous twelve months. Select ‘OK’ and THEN CHECK YOUR DATA ENTRIES making sure the data are entered accurately, correct any mistakes. Especially check whether you have entered negative slopes correctly.

The quality control has been set at 20%, i.e. if the profile measurement varies by more than 20% from the average of the measurements for the previous twelve months, the

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-34 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001 quality control check box will appear. At most sites there are only small changes from profile to profile, so 20% is reasonable. However, at some high energy beaches, changes may be of considerable magnitude from one measurement date to the next, so it may be advisable to change the quality control percentage setting for the data files for these sites.

To change the quality control percentage setting, select ‘Site File’ from the main menu, select ‘Options’ and change the percentage value accordingly in the box by ‘Check percent for area and width.’

3.12 Establishing an actual datum height for the reference point

If an absolute height is established for the reference point (using surveying techniques to tie in the reference point to a known datum) this can be displayed on the profile graph. Select ‘Site File’ ‘Options’ ‘Have datum height for reference point,’ ‘OK.’ A box will appear under ‘Standard total vertical drop’ named ‘Datum height for reference point.’ Enter the actual height in this box. The spreadsheet will then show another column under ‘Cumulative’ named ‘Height.’ When the ‘Profile Graphs’ sub menu is selected, the profile will be displayed with the absolute height of the reference point.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-35 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

4. PROFILE GRAPHS SUB-MENU – DISPLAY, PRINT, MOVE THE GRAPHS SHOWING THE PROFILES

After opening a data file, from the programme sub-menu select ‘Profile graphs.’ The screen will show the graph for the current spreadsheet. The following section describes how to display, alter, save and print the graphs.

‘Max. horizontal for the graph’: this box is located in the top mid-section of the screen below and to the right of the box for ‘Standard total vertical drop.’ This sets the maximum distance for the ‘X’ axis on the graph. To change the setting, delete the figures displayed in the box and substitute a new value.

‘Current’: this is the box at the bottom left of the screen and allows you to display the graph for the current spreadsheet.

‘Selected’: this box is to the right of ‘Current’ and allows you to select up to a maximum of eight profiles to show on one graph. To select the profiles you want, go to the box at the top right hand corner of the screen where the dates of the profile measurements are listed. Check the profile dates you wish to display on the screen by clicking onto the box next to the desired date, a tick mark will appear in the box. (To uncheck a date, click on the tick mark. To uncheck all the profiles, select ‘Profile’ from the main menu and select ‘Uncheck all profiles’).

‘Top’: This box is to the right of ‘Selected’ and next to it is a box with a number and an up/down arrow. This allows you to select the top (up to a maximum of eight) profiles to show on the graph. By changing the number in the box you can select the top 2, 3, 4, etc. profiles to display on the graph.

‘Print’: the programme will print the graph displayed on the screen.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-36 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

‘Copy’: this copies the displayed graph to the clipboard, you can then paste it into a word processing programme such as ‘Microsoft Word.’

‘Save’: this saves the graph as a BITMAP (BMP) file. A box appears on the screen asking you to confirm the file name. This file can then be inserted as a picture in a word processing programme e.g. Microsoft Word.

‘Markers’: this box to the right of ‘Save’ inserts markers onto the displayed profiles.

‘B & W’: this box, below ‘Markers’ allows you to display the graph in colour or black and white.

‘Adjust scale’: this box to the right of ‘B & W’ has two boxes to the right, ‘Vert’ and ‘Hor’ these allow you to adjust the vertical exaggeration of the graph and the size of the graph.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-37 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

5. TABLE SUB-MENU – LIST VALUES AND ANNUAL MEANS FOR PROFILE AREA AND WIDTH IN A TABLE

For each profile, the profile area and width are displayed on the spreadsheet screen, see Section 3.2. It is also possible to display a table showing the profile area and profile width for each measurement date. To do this, select ‘Table’ from the sub-menu. This table shows the profile area and width value for each date as well as the mean value for each year. This enables determination of long term trends where seasonal changes are averaged out.

To print the table, select ‘Site File’ from the main menu, select ‘Print.’ Click on the box by ‘Include table’ a tick mark will appear, then click on ‘OK’ and the table will be printed. (Make sure to uncheck the ‘Include profiles’ box).

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-38 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

6. TABLE GRAPHS SUB-MENU – DISPLAY LINE GRAPHS SHOWING THE CHANGES OVER TIME AND BAR GRAPHS SHOWING AVERAGE CHANGES OVER TIME

This function graphs the values of profile area and/or width over time.

‘Profiles’: this shows a line graph of the values for profile area and/or width over time. To select profile area only, put a tick in the ‘Areas’ box, to select profile width only, untick the ‘Areas’ box and tick the ‘Widths’ box. To display both profile area and profile width values on the same graph, place a tick in the ‘Areas’ box and in the ‘Widths’ box. ‘Means’: this shows a bar graph of the mean annual values for profile area and/or profile width over time. To display profile area or profile width mean values separately, tick the ‘Areas’ or ‘Widths’ box accordingly. ‘Show only selected years’: this allows you to show a line graph or a bar graph for selected years only. Go to ‘Selection’ on the main menu, select ‘By year,’ enter the first and last years of your selection in the boxes by ‘Show’ click on ‘Select profiles’ and ‘O.K.’ then click on the box below the graph by ‘Show only selected years.’ The graph will then display the values for the time period you have selected. ‘Print’: the programme will print the graph displayed on the screen. ‘Copy’: this copies the displayed graph to the clipboard, you can then paste it into a word processing programme. ‘Save’: this saves the graph as a BITMAP (BMP) file. A box appears on the screen asking you to confirm the file name. This file can then be inserted as a picture in a word processing programme e.g. Microsoft Word. ‘Markers’: this box to the right of ‘Save’ inserts markers onto the displayed profiles. ‘B & W’: this box, below ‘Markers’ allows you to display the graph in colour or black and white.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-39 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Coastal Infrastructure Design, Construction and Maintenance Training (CDCM)

A Joint project of the Unit of Sustainable Development and Environment of the Organisation of American States (OAS/USDE) and the University of the West Indies, St Augustine.

Course 3: Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure

Module: Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing

Facilitator: Regional Archiving Coordinator (RAC) CPACC/RPIU Regional Archiving Centre Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore

Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change (CPACC)

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-40 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Sea level/Meteorological Observing Network Background The CPACC project is a project financed by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through The World Bank as implementing agency and is executed by the Organization of American States (OAS). The project is designed to support the participating Caribbean countries in preparing to cope with the adverse effects of global climate change, particularly sea level rise in coastal and marine areas through: vulnerability assessment, adaptation planning, and capacity building linked to adaptation planning. The project is executed through the cooperative effort of twelve CARICOM countries and a number of regional institutions in a combination of national pilot/demonstration components and regional components. These components include:

(1) Design and establishment of sea-level/climate monitoring system (2) Establishment of databases and information systems. (3) Inventory of coastal resources and use. (4) Formulation of a policy framework for integrated coastal and marine management pilots. (5) Coral-reef monitoring for climate change (Bahamas, and Jamaica) (6) Coastal vulnerability and risk assessment (, Grenada, and ) (7) Economic valuation of coastal and marine resources (Dominica, St Lucia and ). (8) Formulation of economic/regulatory proposals (, and St Kitts and Nevis) (9) Greenhouse gases inventory/vulnerability of agriculture and water resources sectors (St. Vincent and the Grenadines)

A Project Advisory Committee (PAC), chaired by the CARICOM Secretariat provides guidance to the OAS on project planning and implementation. In addition a Regional Project Implementation Unit has been established in Barbados to ensure effective

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-41 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

coordination and management of project activities at the regional level. The focus of this module is to outline data acquisition mechanisms available to local and regional engineers, surveyors, planners etc. The utility of Component #1 with respect to data acquisition will be presented in the following sections.

1. Sea Level/Climate Monitoring Network Component #1 of the project involved the design and installation of a network of Sea Level/Climate Monitoring stations (SL/CMS). The network will assist in strengthening the regional capacity for monitoring and analyzing climate changes and sea-level dynamics and trends, thus providing information pertaining to beach and coastal processes that may result in damage to coastal infrastructure and or shorelines. Knowledge in this area will reduce the long- term vulnerability of

Figure 1.: Location of CPACC Sea Level/Climate Monitoring Station (white dots) coastal infrastructure in the project countries. The network of SL/CMS consists of eighteen (18) stations, installed in the following twelve CARICOM countries: Antigua (1), Bahamas (3), Barbados (1), Belize (1), Dominica (1), Grenada (1), Guyana (2), Jamaica (2), St Kitts (1), St Lucia (1), St Vincent (1) and Trinidad and Tobago (3): NOTE: Numbers represented in brackets identify the number of stations installed in a country (See Fig. 1).

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-42 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

2. Date Acquisition Process The CPACC SL/CMS are modular (each sensor contained in its own removable unit) and fully automated. Data is transmitted every three (3) hrs from each of the stations via a three (3) minute satellite window to the GOES satellite system. Data received at the satellite is retransmitted to a satellite base station established at the Regional Archiving Centre (RAC), Surveying and Land

Typical CPACC Station Information Department, Faculty of Engineering University of the Wind Sensor West Indies, St Augustine

Met Mast Trinidad. This transmission format facilitates “near” real time data

Rel. Humidity & Air Temp. access from any internet port in

Precipitation Sensor GOES Satellite Antenna the world. Each site is equipped 10m

Solar Panel with seven (7) sensors which DCP, Battery & Baro Pressure include; sea level, sea surface Rhon Met Tower (18 Ga.) temperature, rainfall, barometric Acoustic Water Level Sensor 4" PVC Protective Well pressure, air temperature, relative

1.2m Concrete Pier Stainless Steel Brackets Water Surface humidity, wind speed, direction

3.1m @11:00 and gust (See Fig. 2). Sea level 10/13/97 Parallel Plates

Bottom sensor data is collected at six (6) minute intervals and data is Figure 2.: Typical CPACC Station collected at fifteen (15) minute intervals for the remaining sensors. These technical specifications have been assigned to facilitate the collection of data necessary to assess vulnerability and inform adaptation methods.

3. Data Availability/Current Status of Stations Network performance is monitored by the RAC. Malfunctions or sensor failures are reported to the Regional Network Coordinator (RNC), who initiates problem resolution

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-43 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

based on the nature of the problem (due to transmission process or faulty sensor). Maintenance of the network functionality is achieved by the cooperative effort of the RAC, RNC and the meteorological offices of each country. If a sensor is found to be faulty, the RNC ships a replacement sensor to the specific country for installation. Faulty sensors are shipped back to the RNC where repairs/calibration are executed where possible or replacement sensors purchased (See Table 1. for current status information).

Table 1.: Current Status of Stations (grey highlight indicate stations that are currently out of service) GOES Station Date Start of Historical Country Platform Latitude Longitude Name Installed Series Series ID Antigua Parham 335684116 11/7/98 17° 09 30N 61° 47 20W 03/03/99 - Bahamas Great 335688034 5/27/98 21° 03 07N 73° 38 47N 09/22/98 - Lee Stocking Is. 335697028 4/25/98 23° 46 24N 76° 06 20N 09/22/98 - Nassau 335693810 4/21/98 25° 05 10N 77° 22 06N 01/09/99 - Barbados 335561222 1/19/99 13° 06 06N 59° 37 42N 01/19/99 - Belize Belize City 335700254 4/03/98 17° 28 51N 88° 12 08N 09/22/98 20 yrs. Dominica Roseau 335704680 7/28/98 15° 18 20N 61° 23 42N 11/20/98 - Grenada Prickley Bay 335717376 2/23/98 12° 00 20N 61° 45 56N 09/22/98 - Guyana Parika 335708908 10/01/98 06° 50 48N 58° 23 06N 03/02/99 - Risognol 335712666 10/07/98 06° 18 15N 57° 30 45N 11/02/98 - Jamaica Discovery Bay 335722358 06/10/98 18° 28 06N 77° 25 00N 09/22/98 - Kingston 335725030 06/07/98 17° 56 54N 76° 50 42N 11/24/98 - St Kitts Basseterre 335729296 07/28/98 17° 17 24N 62° 42 36N 09/22/98 - St Lucia Castries 335734538 08/07/98 14° 01 20N 61° 00 06N 11/24/98 - St Vincent Kingstown 335664542 11/12/98 13° 07 50N 61° 11 55N 01/22/99 - Trinidad & Charlotteville 335557786 03/13/98 11° 19 27N 60° 32 54N 09/22/98 - Tobago Guayaguayare 335742466 03/10/98 10° 08 20N 61° 00 06N 01/15/99 - 335737980 03/07/98 10° 38 56N 61° 30 52N 09/22/98 14 yrs.

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-44 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Data from the eighteen (18) stations are collected, on a continuous basis at the RAC and archived. Initial quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) is executed and all data. Sea level and sea surface temperature (SST) data are analyzed, summaries developed and disseminated from the RAC. Archived meteorological data is forwarded to the Caribbean Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH), for more detailed QA/QC. Sensor readings and information pertaining to the data collection can be accessed via the World Wide Web (www.cpaccrac.org). Meteorological data is analyzed and distributed from the Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH).

4. Using the Data 4.1 Time Corrections All data collected is based on Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and a correction factor based on the time zones must be applied to obtain values referenced to the local .

4.2 Reference Datum CPACC water level values are currently referenced to an arbitrary zero at the particular gauge site. A number of benchmarks have been installed at each site to facilitate checks on the stability of the site and are referenced to the water level sensor. It should be noted that water level values obtained are site specific. To facilitate local use these values should be referenced to an appropriate local reference (national vertical datum for heights on land). Possible local reference datums include Mean Sea Level (MSL), Sounding Datum (SD) and Chart Datum (CD).

Mean Sea Level (MSL): MSL is the basic level to which all datums and tidal levels are referred. It is the arithmetic mean of water level observations referenced to a fixed level over a specific period. The fixed level reference used for MSL is often arbitrarily chosen and the value of MSL obtained is unique for the given reference level and particular period of observations. Another reference level will give another number but the same level out in

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-45 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001 the field and observations from different periods will produce different MSL values. The longer the period of observations the more rigorous MSL value will be obtained. After having obtained a year of water level from each country a good estimate of mean sea level (MSL) can be obtained. It should be noted that observations over a period of 18.6yrs is required to include the whole tidal cycle. Water levels very often fall below MSL and thus MSL is not a good reference for soundings. If MSL is used the depths in the chart would often be greater than in nature.

Sounding Datum (SD): A SD is a preliminary datum used for a particular survey or project. In situations where a chart datum is not available, a sounding datum may be used. Sounding datums are normally obtained by determining the lowest value obtained over a thirty (30) day period of water level observations. The lowest level is then referenced to a heighted mark on land. The SD is established as a temporary datum and is used to reference sounding depths.

Chart Datum (CD): Chart datum is an official and well-documented level of reference for depths on charts. It is a unique level to which soundings and depths are referred and is referenced to a heighted mark on land. CD is very important to mariners and in supporting navigation within ports. The value utilized is generally a value so low that the tide will but seldom fall below it. In order to establish a rigorous CD, observations for a period of 18.6yrs is required. Where the range of the tide is not appreciable then the datum most often used is MSL.

Each of the reference datums described above are specific for a particular country. Due to the capabilities of some countries calculations have been executed and drawings prepared to reference the arbitrary datum to their local datum (see Fig. 3). These countries include Belize, Jamaica, St Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago. In some countries (such as Antigua, Barbados, Bahamas, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, St Kitts, St Vincent this was not

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-46 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001 possible due to lack of resources. In such cases levelling will have to be executed from local benchmarks to tie the local datum to the arbitrary datum established. Establishing a rigorous MSL or CD value can provide numerous benefits. In the absence of such a reference different surveys or engineering projects executed often cannot be compared. This usually involves the costly re-establishment of local control (works that may have previously been executed). In addition absence of a standard reference does not facilitate monitoring of structures, which may suffer from movement due to earthquakes and other seismic activity. Continuous monitoring of the tidal regime facilitates the determination of tidal constituents responsible for the tidal ranges experienced. Tides can be analyzed and predictions calculated. Tidal predictions for an area facilitate users of the marine environment, providing users with information pertaining to expected high tides and low tides. These predictions are of particular benefits to ports, where knowledge of optimum loading based on water depth can be achieved. In addition knowledge of the regimes that exist facilitate process studies and facilitate engineering works.

4.3 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) In addition to orthometric heighting at the stations, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) observations have been made for each site (five continuous days) to tie each country into the WGS84 world datum. Results from this operation are currently being processed. Identification of heights referenced to WGS84 facilitate referencing based on a world datum, that is in essence generally similar for all countries. Heights referenced to WGS84 can be compared across the Caribbean, giving rise to absolute height differences.

Contact Information Any difficulties experience accessing the data can be communicated to; • Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore RAC Coordinator [email protected] • Ron Leslie Regional Network Coordinator [email protected]

Data Acquisition and Remote Sensing II 6-47 By Gillian Cambers and Shelley-Ann Jules-Moore Monitoring and Maintenance of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

Figure 3.: Reduction of Reference Levels

Monitoring and Management of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

PRESS RELEASE

Grenada gets a Coastal Resource Information System for Environmental Management including adaptation to Global Climate Change

The land Use Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry Lands and Fisheries, and the Physical Planning Department of the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Development have benefited from the receipt of a Coastal Resource Information System (CRIS), associated training and equipment, as well as mapping data under the aegis of the Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Global Climate Change (CPACC) Project.

The CPACC Project is a four-year initiative serving twelve CARICOM countries. The project’s overall objective is to support participating countries and relevant institutions prepare to cope with the adverse effects of Global Climate Change (GCC), particularly sea level rise through vulnerability assessment, adaptation planning and related capacity building. Specifically, assistance has been provided to:

• Strengthen the regional capability for monitoring and analyzing climate and sea level dynamics and trends, seeking to determine the immediate and potential impacts of GCC; • Identify areas particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change and sea level rise; • Develop an integrated management and planning framework for cost-effective response and adaptation to the impacts of GCC on coastal and marine areas; • Enhance regional and national capabilities for preparing for the advent of GCC through institutional strengthening and human resource development; and • Identify and assess policy options and instruments that may help initiate the implementation of a long-term programme of adaptation to GCC in vulnerable coastal areas.

The RIS is a management information system based on linking spatial or map-based information such as roads, coastlines, land use and rivers with other important data such as population distribution, coastal characteristics such as economic and recreational uses, and other environmental data. The purpose of the CRIS is to make relevant information available for planning and management, particularly as it relates to adaptation to the impacts of GCC.

The development of the CRIS for each country has been based on a detailed examination of available data working with local counterpart agencies such as the Land Use Division and the Physical Planning Department. The CRIS was designed to allow wider and more effective access to information that may previously have been restricted due to the format of storage and the lack of a common reference system. This activity was seen as a process which has been started, but which requires continual development and adaptation to meet institutional and national priorities.

Monitoring and Management of Coastal Infrastructure CDCM Professional Development Programme, 2001

To ensure that the CRIS could be properly applied and adapted in each country, the CPACC project implemented a comprehensive capacity building process which included the provision of computer equipment, computer software and very importantly and extensive training programme. Each country lead agency for the CRIS is being provided with a geographic information systems (GIS) workstation as well as GIS and Microsoft software valued at almost US $5000.

The training involved has been conducted over the period of the CRIS development and has been structured to complement the major phases of the development. Four topics were conducted over three separate weeklong regional training workshops. The topics addressed were: Metadata Development; Data Automation/Conversion; Database Development and CRIS Administration; and Feature Extraction.

Beyond the regional workshops, additional training to strengthen the designated CRIS beneficiary agencies was also provided. A representative of the Land Use Division benefited from a CPACC scholarship for a University of the West Indies (UWI) one-year Certificate in Geographic and Land Information Systems (CGLIS) diploma programme over the period 1999-2000. The CGLIS involved six one-week modules in Trinidad or Barbados followed exams and then the submission of a project for final certification.

Finally, the CPACC project also provided topographic information for the island of Grenada from the Ordinance Survey to fill the data shortage recognized under the project. Specifically, this data will be used to assist in the coastal vulnerability and risk assessment pilot study that the CPACC project is also undertaking in Grenada with the Land Use division and the physical Planning Unit. Satellite imagery covering the island(s) of (Grenada and) Carriacou is also being provided and will also support the study. These new data sources will be very important to the development of a comprehensive environmental database to support planning and sustainable development generally, and certainly in the context of GCC.