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Why Fish Do Not Feel Pain
Key, Brian (2016) Why fish do not eelf pain. Animal Sentience 3(1) DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1011 This article has appeared in the journal Animal Sentience, a peer-reviewed journal on animal cognition and feeling. It has been made open access, free for all, by WellBeing International and deposited in the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Call for Commentary: Animal Sentience publishes Open Peer Commentary on all accepted target articles. Target articles are peer-reviewed. Commentaries are editorially reviewed. There are submitted commentaries as well as invited commentaries. Commentaries appear as soon as they have been revised and accepted. Target article authors may respond to their commentaries individually or in a joint response to multiple commentaries. Instructions: http://animalstudiesrepository.org/animsent/guidelines.html Why fish do not feel pain Brian Key Biomedical Sciences University of Queensland Australia Abstract: Only humans can report feeling pain. In contrast, pain in animals is typically inferred on the basis of nonverbal behaviour. Unfortunately, these behavioural data can be problematic when the reliability and validity of the behavioural tests are questionable. The thesis proposed here is based on the bioengineering principle that structure determines function. Basic functional homologies can be mapped to structural homologies across a broad spectrum of vertebrate species. For example, olfaction depends on olfactory glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs of the forebrain, visual orientation responses depend on the laminated optic tectum in the midbrain, and locomotion depends on pattern generators in the spinal cord throughout vertebrate phylogeny, from fish to humans. Here I delineate the region of the human brain that is directly responsible for feeling painful stimuli. -
An Examination of the Complex Pharmacological Properties of the Non-Selective Opioid Receptor Modulator Buprenorphine Leana J. P
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 17 November 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0443.v1 An Examination of the Complex Pharmacological Properties of the Non-Selective Opioid Receptor Modulator Buprenorphine Leana J. Pande1, Brian J. Piper1,2* 1Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine 2Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes * Brian J. Piper, Ph.D.525 Pine Street, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine Scranton, PA 18411, USA Abstract: Buprenorphine, an analogue of thebaine, is a Schedule III opioid in the United States used for opioid-use disorder and as an analgesic. Research has shown drugs like buprenorphine have a complicated pharmacology with characteristics that challenge traditional definitions of terms like agonist, antagonist, and efficacy. Buprenorphine has a high affinity for the mu (MOR), delta (DOR), kappa (KOR), and intermediate for the nociceptin opioid receptors (NOR). Buprenorphine is generally described as a partial MOR agonist with limited activity and decreased response at the mu- receptor relative to full agonists. In opioid naïve patients, the drug’s analgesic efficacy is equivalent to a full MOR agonist, despite decreased receptor occupancy and the “ceiling effect” produced from larger doses. Some argue buprenorphine’s effects depend on the endpoint measured, as it functions as a partial agonist for respiratory depression, but a full-agonist for pain. Buprenorphine’s active metabolite, norbuprenorphine, attenuates buprenorphine's analgesic effects due to NOR binding and respiratory depressant effects. The method of administration impacts efficacy and tolerance when administered for analgesia. There have been eleven-thousand reports involving buprenorphine and minors (age < 19) to US poison control centers, the preponderance (89.2%) with children. -
Use of Analgesics in Exotic Felids Edward C. Ramsay, DVM Professor, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University Of
Use of Analgesics in Exotic Felids Formatted: Centered Edward C. Ramsay, DVM Professor, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, and Consulting Veterinarian, Knoxville Zoological Gardens, Knoxville, Tennessee. Corresponding address: Ed Ramsay Dept. of Sm Animal Clin Sci C247, Veterinary Teaching Hospital University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996-4544 Phone: 865-755-8219 FAX: 865-974-5554 Email: [email protected] 2 Treatment of pain in domestic and non-domestic cats has been a challenge for the clinician. Many cat species are stoic and show few or very subtle external signs of pain. Additionally, the adverse effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in domestic cats are well documented and have discouraged many practitioners from trying novel NSAID’s in exotic felids. As in other animals, each cat’s response to pain and analgesics will vary, necessitating an individualized treatment plan. As a rule, always treat painful felids to effect, and not by rote reliance on published dosages. It is frequently necessary to try different agents and combinations to find which produces the optimal analgesic effect in exotic felids. In order to minimize adverse effects, it is desirable to work toward treatment with the lowest effective dose when treating chronic pain. Non-steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs NSAIDs are antiinflammatory drugs which act both centrally and peripherally. The primary effects are believed to be caused by their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes in the arachidonic acid metabolism cascade. The COX-1 isoform is regarded as constitutive (continuously expressed) and is responsible for many homeostatic processes, such as maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity, platelet function, and renal autoregulation. -
Nonparaphilic Sexual Addiction Mark Kahabka
The Linacre Quarterly Volume 63 | Number 4 Article 2 11-1-1996 Nonparaphilic Sexual Addiction Mark Kahabka Follow this and additional works at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq Part of the Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, and the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Kahabka, Mark (1996) "Nonparaphilic Sexual Addiction," The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 63: No. 4, Article 2. Available at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq/vol63/iss4/2 Nonparaphilic Sexual Addiction by Mr. Mark Kahabka The author is a recent graduate from the Master's program in Pastoral Counseling at Saint Paul University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Impulse control disorders of a sexual nature have probably plagued humankind from its beginnings. Sometimes classified today as "sexual addiction" or "nonparaphilic sexual addiction,"l it has been labeled by at least one professional working within the field as "'The World's Oldest/Newest Perplexity."'2 Newest, because for the most part, the only available data until recently has come from those working within the criminal justice system and as Patrick Carnes points out, "they never see the many addicts who have not been arrested."3 By definition, both paraphilic4 and nonparaphilic sexual disorders "involve intense sexual urges and fantasies" and which the "individual repeatedly acts on these urges or is highly distressed by them .. "5 Such disorders were at one time categorized under the classification of neurotic obsessions and compulsions, and thus were usually labeled as disorders of an obsessive compulsive nature. Since those falling into this latter category, however, perceive such obessions and compulsions as "an unwanted invasion of consciousness"6 (in contrast to sexual impulse control disorders, which are "inherently pleasurable and consciously desired"7) they are now placed under the "impulse control disorder" category.s To help clarify the distinction: The purpose of the compulsions is to reduce anxiety, which often stems from unwanted but intrusive thoughts. -
Integrating Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder in HIV Primary Care
Integrating Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder in HIV Primary Care Michael MacVeigh, MD K r i st en Meyer s, BS, C A D C 1 May 10-12, 2017 Por t land Our Clinic Building Overview • W elcome Back and Overview of Bup TA training • Sit e Specific Updat es • Opioid Crisis: Nationwide Overview • Stigma, Shame, and the Power of Language • Relapse Sensitive Environments and Retention in Care • Met hods t o Reduce Diversion • Higher Level of Care, Alt ernat ives t o OBOT, Tapering Off Bup • Mental Health and OUD • Pain and OUD Metro Health Clinic Bluegrass Care Clinic Centro Ararat Clinic Opioid Crisis Nationwide Nationally, opioids were involved in more than 61 percent of deaths from overdoses in 2014 By HAEYOUN PARK and MATTHEW BLOCH JAN. 19, 2016, New York Times The C.D.C. says that 91 people in the United States die every day from opioid overdose. By CHRISTINE HAUSERFEB. 13, 2017, New York Times 2015 Data Comparison Overdose deaths: 52,404. Car crashes deaths: 37,757 Gun deaths, including homicides and suicides: 36,252 NBC News, Dec 9 2016 N gggg 2016 National Drug Threat Summary Opiate Crisis Nationwide “Deaths from overdoses are reaching levels similar to the H.I.V. epidemic at its peak” Robert Anderson, the C.D.C.’s chief of mortality statistics. HIV and OUD: ?W h o ? W h a t ? a r e w e t r e a t i n g ? 29 year old m ale 1/18/2017: HIV Viral Load= <20 1/25/2016: Pain MGMT Profile: +Amphetamines +Methamphetamines +Benzodiazepines +Mar ijuana +Opiat es +Morphine HIV and OUD 32 year old m ale 11/15/2016: HIV Viral Load= 26 2/19/2017: -
CEDIA® Buprenorphine II Assay
CEDIA® Buprenorphine II Assay For In Vitro Diagnostic Use Only Rx Only 10020849 (3 x 17 mL Kit) 10020850 (65 mL Kit) Intended Use Warnings and Precautions The CEDIA® Buprenorphine II Assay is a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for the DANGER: Powder reagents contain ≤55% w/w Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) fragments and qualitative and/or semi-quantitative determination for the presence of buprenorphine and its ≤1% w/w Sodium Azide. Liquid reagents contain ≤0.5% Bovine Serum, ≤0.2% Sodium Azide, metabolites in human urine at a cut-off concentration of 10 ng/mL. The assay is intended to and ≤0.1% Drug-Specific Antibody (Mouse). be used in laboratories and provides a simple and rapid analytical screening procedure to detect buprenorphine and its metabolites in human urine. The assay is designed for use with a The reagents are harmful if swallowed. number of clinical chemistry analyzers. H317 - May cause allergic skin reaction. The semi-quantitative mode is for the purpose of enabling laboratories to determine an H334 - May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled. appropriate dilution of the specimen for confirmation by a confirmatory method such as EUH032 - Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or permitting laboratories to establish quality control procedures. Avoid breathing mist or vapor. Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace. Wear protective gloves/eye protection/face protection. In case of inadequate The assay provides only a preliminary analytical test result. A more specific alternative ventilation wear respiratory protection. -
Does the Kappa Opioid Receptor System Contribute to Pain Aversion?
UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Does the kappa opioid receptor system contribute to pain aversion? Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8gx6n97q Authors Cahill, Catherine M Taylor, Anna MW Cook, Christopher et al. Publication Date 2014 DOI 10.3389/fphar.2014.00253 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California REVIEW ARTICLE published: 17 November 2014 doi: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00253 Does the kappa opioid receptor system contribute to pain aversion? Catherine M. Cahill 1,2,3 *, Anna M. W. Taylor1,4 , Christopher Cook1,2 , Edmund Ong1,3 , Jose A. Morón5 and Christopher J. Evans 4 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA 2 Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA 3 Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada 4 Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 5 Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA Edited by: The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and the endogenous peptide-ligand dynorphin have Dominique Massotte, Institut des received significant attention due the involvement in mediating a variety of behavioral Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, France and neurophysiological responses, including opposing the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse including opioids. Accumulating evidence indicates this system is involved in Reviewed by: Lynn G. Kirby, University of regulating states of motivation and emotion. Acute activation of the KOR produces an Pennsylvania, USA increase in motivational behavior to escape a threat, however, KOR activation associated Clifford John Woolf, Boston Children’s with chronic stress leads to the expression of symptoms indicative of mood disorders. -
Buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: Everything You Need to Know OCTOBER 2016 uprenorphine, a medication that is FDA-approved others are FDA-approved for pain (injectable, patch, and for addiction treatment and pain relief, has also buccal mucoadhesive film). Bbeen found to dramatically decrease death rates from opioid overdose. Only 10% of patients needing Per the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA treatment, however, have access to the medication. 2000), physicians need a waiver to prescribe buprenor- phine for addiction; attendance in an eight-hour This document provides answers to frequently asked in-person or online course is required to obtain a waiver. questions about buprenorphine and supplements the The Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016 California Health Care Foundation (CHCF) webinars allows nurse practitioners and physician assistants to pre- “Expanding Access to Buprenorphine in Primary scribe buprenorphine treatment after 24 hours of certified Care Practices” and “Is Buprenorphine for Pain a training. Clinicians are capped at 30 patients the first year Safer Alternative to High-Dose or Long-Term Opioid and 100 patients per year thereafter. The cap increases Use?”1, 2 The clinical information contained in this paper to 275 patients for physicians board-certified in addic- is intended to act as a guideline, not a replacement for tion, or those in practices that meet certain qualifications: onsite medical judgment. Based on information cov- 24-hour call coverage, use of health information technol- ered in the CHCF webinars, the content was reviewed ogy, provision of care management services, registration by addiction specialists Howard Kornfeld, MD, James with CURES (Controlled Substance Utilization Review and Gasper, PharmD, and Andrew Herring, MD. -
![Chapter 329 [New] Uniform Controlled Substances Act](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/1442/chapter-329-new-uniform-controlled-substances-act-1221442.webp)
Chapter 329 [New] Uniform Controlled Substances Act
CHAPTER 329 [NEW] UNIFORM CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT Part I. General Provisions Section 329-1 Definitions 329-2 Hawaii advisory commission on drug abuse and controlled substances; number; appointment 329-3 Annual report 329-4 Duties of the commission Part II. Standards and Schedules 329-11 Authority to schedule controlled substances 329-12 Nomenclature 329-13 Schedule I tests 329-14 Schedule I 329-15 Schedule II tests 329-16 Schedule II 329-17 Schedule III Tests 329-18 Schedule III 329-19 Schedule IV tests 329-20 Schedule IV 329-21 Schedule V tests 329-22 Schedule V 329-23 Republishing and distribution of schedules Part III. Regulation of Manufacture, Distribution, Prescription, and Dispensing of Controlled Substances 329-31 Rules 329-31.5 Clinics 329-32 Registration requirements 329-33 Registration 329-34 Revocation and suspension of registration 329-35 Order to show cause 329-36 Records of registrants 329-37 Filing requirements 329-38 Prescriptions 329-39 Labels 329-40 Methadone treatment programs Part IV. Offenses and Penalties 329-41 Prohibited acts B-penalties 329-42 Prohibited acts C-penalties 329-43 Penalties under other laws 329-43.5 Prohibited acts related to drug paraphernalia Amended 0612 1 329-44 Notice of conviction to be sent to licensing board, department of commerce and consumer affairs 329-45 Repealed 329-46 Prohibited acts related to visits to more than one practitioner to obtain controlled substance prescriptions 329-49 Administrative penalties 329-50 Injunctive relief Part V. Enforcement and Administrative Provisions 329-51 Powers of enforcement personnel 329-52 Administrative inspections 329-53 Injunctions 329-54 Cooperative arrangements and confidentiality 329-55 Forfeitures 329-56 Burden of proof; liabilities 329-57 Judicial review 329-58 Education and research 329-59 Controlled substance registration revolving fund; established Part VI. -
Increased Heart Rate Functions As a Signal of Acute Distress in Non‑Communicating Persons with Intellectual Disability Emilie Kildal1, Kristine Stadskleiv2,3, Elin S
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Increased heart rate functions as a signal of acute distress in non‑communicating persons with intellectual disability Emilie Kildal1, Kristine Stadskleiv2,3, Elin S. Boysen4, Tone Øderud4, Inger‑Lise Dahl5, Trine M. Seeberg4, Svein Guldal6, Frode Strisland4, Cecilie Morland7,8 & Bjørnar Hassel1,9* Intellectual disability (ID) afects approximately 1% of the population. Some patients with severe or profound ID are essentially non‑communicating and therefore risk experiencing pain and distress without being able to notify their caregivers, which is a major health issue. This real‑world proof of concept study aimed to see if heart rate (HR) monitoring could reveal whether non‑communicating persons with ID experience acute pain or distress in their daily lives. We monitored HR in 14 non‑ communicating participants with ID in their daily environment to see if specifc situations were associated with increased HR. We defned increased HR as being > 1 standard deviation above the daily mean and lasting > 5 s. In 11 out of 14 participants, increased HR indicated pain or distress in situations that were not previously suspected to be stressful, e.g. passive stretching of spastic limbs or being transported in patient lifts. Increased HR suggesting joy was detected in three participants (during car rides, movies). In some situations that were previously suspected to be stressful, absence of HR increase suggested absence of pain or distress. We conclude that HR monitoring may identify acute pain and distress in non‑communicating persons with ID, allowing for improved health care for this patient group. Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurological condition that afects approximately 1% of the population 1, 2. -
Drug Plasma Half-Life and Urine Detection Window | January 2019
500 Chipeta Way | Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1221 Phone: (800) 522-2787 | Fax: (801) 583-2712 www.aruplab.com | www.arupconsult.com DRUG PLASMA HALF-LIFE AND URINE DETECTION WINDOW | JANUARY 2019 URINE- PLASMA DRUG, DRUG METABOLITE(S)* COMMON TRADE AND STREET NAMES, NOTES DETECTION HALF-LIFEt WINDOWt STIMULANTS Benzedrine, dexedrine, Adderall, Vyvanse, speed; could be methamphetamine Amphetamine 7–34 hours 1–5 days metabolite; if so, typically < 30 percent of parent Cocaine Coke, crack; parent drug rarely observed due to short half-life 0.7–1.5 hours < 1 day Benzoylecgonine Cocaine metabolite 5.5–7.5 hours 1–2 days Desoxyn, methedrine, Vicks inhaler (D- and L-isomers not resolved; low concentrations Methamphetamine expected if the source is Vicks); selegeline (Atapryl, Carbex, Eldepryl, Zelapar) 6–17 hours 1–5 days metabolite Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) MDA 11–17 hours 1–3 days Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) MDEA, MDE, Eve 6–11 hours 1–3 days Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) MDMA, XTC, ecstasy, Molly 6–10 hours 1–3 days Methylphenidate Ritalin, Concerta, Focalin, Metadate, Methylin 1.4–4.2 hours < 1 day Ritalinic acid Methylphenidate metabolite 1.8–2.5 hours < 1 day Phentermine Adipex-P, Lomaira, Qsymia 19–24 hours 1–5 days OPIOIDS Buprenorphine Belbuca, Buprenex, Butrans, Suboxone, Subutex, Sublocade, Zubsolv 26–42 hours 1–7 days Norbuprenorphine, Glucuronides Buprenorphine metabolites 15–150 hours 1–14 days Included in many preparations; morphine metabolite; may be a contaminant if < 2 Codeine 1.9–3.9 hours 1–3 days percent of morphine Fentanyl Actiq, Duragesic, Fentora, Lazanda, Sublimaze, Subsys, Ionsys 3–12 hours 1–3 days Norfentanyl Fentanyl metabolite 9–10 hours 1–3 days Heroin Diacetylmorphine, dope, smack, dust; parent drug not detected. -
Oral Fluid Drug Screen Test Package Insert
Methadone is a long acting pain reliever producing effects that last from 12-48hours. Ideally, methadone Propoxyphene (PPX) is a narcotic analgesic compound bearing structural similarity to methadone. As an Oral Fluid Drug Screen Test frees the client from the pressures of obtaining illegal heroin, from the dangers of injection, and from the analgesic, propoxyphene can be from 50-75% as potent as oral codeine. Darvocet™, one of the most emotional roller coaster that most opiates produce. Methadone, if taken for long periods and at large common brand names for the drug, contains 50-100 mg of propoxyphene napsylate and 325-650 mg of doses, can lead to a very long withdrawal period. A study 414 specimens collected from 16 donors taking acetaminophen. Peak plasma concentrations of propoxyphene are achieved from 1 to 2 hours post dose. Package Insert therapeutic methadone at doses between 30-100 mg/day all showed saliva methadone concentrations In the case of overdose, propoxyphene blood concentrations can reach significantly higher levels. A rapid test for the simultaneous, qualitative detection of multiple drugs or drug metabolites in human exceeding 20 ng/mL. 5 In humans, propoxyphene is metabolized by N-demethylation to yieldnorpropoxyphene. oral fluid. For in vitro diagnostic use by healthcare professionals including professionals at point of care The MTD assay contained within the Oral Fluid Drug Screen Test yields a positive result when the MTD Norpropoxyphene has a longer half-life (30 to 36 hours) than parent propoxyphene (6 to 12 hours).The sites. Also applicable for workplace safety and law enforcement use. concentration in saliva exceeds 30ng/mL.