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Plant Quality Mediates the Response of Disease to Global Environmental Change by Leslie Elizabeth Decker a Dissertation Submitt

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Plant Quality Mediates the Response of Disease to Global Environmental Change by Leslie Elizabeth Decker a Dissertation Submitt Plant Quality Mediates the Response of Disease to Global Environmental Change By Leslie Elizabeth Decker A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ecology and Evolutionary Biology) in The University of Michigan 2018 Doctoral Committee: Professor Mark D. Hunter, Chair Associate Professor Meghan A. Duffy Associate Professor Inés Ibáñez Professor Knute J. Nadelhoffer ÓLeslie E. Decker 2018 [email protected] ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1325-052X Dedication To my family: Christa, Bill and Kayleigh. Thank you for always picking up the phone. ii Acknowledgements Many people have guided, encouraged and inspired me throughout this process. I am endlessly grateful for this network of support. First, I must thank my advisor, Mark, for all of the excellent advice, unwavering confidence, and high expectations he continually provided to and set for me. My committee members, Meghan Duffy, Inés Ibáñez, and Knute Nadelhoffer, have also been fantastic sources of wisdom, inspiration, and encouragement. Thank you all so much for your time and knowledge. None of this research would have been possible without the work of many fantastic and talented undergraduate research technicians. Abby Potts, Abbey Soule, Riley Peterson, Yitong Yang, Jordan McMahon, Kendall Schissler, Jackie Kristofik, Kathleen Moriarty, Brennan Shilling, Skye Huerta, and Graham Bevier spent countless hours feeding caterpillars, picking roots, grinding plant tissue and staring at butterfly wings. I’d like to thank the members of the Hunter Lab, past and present, for their helpful discussions, constructive comments and general willingness to support each other. Specifically, I must thank Amanda Meier, Hillary Streit, Katherine Crocker, Kristel Sanchez, Anne Elise Stratton, Callie Chappell, Johanna Nifosi, Holly Andrews, and Leiling Tao. The fantastic members of the EEB staff have helped me immensely through this process. Cindy Carl, Jane Sullivan, Carol Solomon, Katie Davis, Gail Kuhnlein, Michael Ehnis, Kendra Renner, Jackie Glebe, Amber Statdler, Kati Ellis, and Robert Heller have all at one point or another made my life much easier. Thank you! The UMBS community is a tightknit group who supported and welcomed me with open arms. I continually feel like I am home when I am in the company of these wonderful people. Thank you to Tony Sutterly, Richard Spray, Chris Vogel, Karie Slavik, Dave Karowe, Tim Viverica, Jason iii Tallant, Renee Kinney, Adam Schubel, Lisa Readmond, Sherry Webster, and Bob Vande Kopple. In addition, to working up north, I also had the good fortune to work with Michael Palmer and Paul Girard at the Matthaei Botanical Gardens. I am also very grateful for their help. Thanks to my collaborators Jaap de Roode, Angela Smilanich and Chris Jeffrey who guided me through the process of practicing and analyzing new techniques and approaches. Many graduate students and post-docs in these labs were incredibly patient teaching me protocols, providing monarch and parasite materials, and discussing complex results. Thank you to Kaitlin McDermott, Casey Phillbin, Nadya Muchoney, Su’ad Yoon, Carmen Mo, Camden Gowler, Amanda Pierce, and Andrew Mongue. I would not have been able to finish many projects nor survive grad school without the brilliance and support of my friends and fellow graduate students at University of Michigan and other institutions. Jeff Shi, Raleigh Ricart, Meghan Hemken, Buck Castillo, Dave Edwards, John Den Uyl, Molly Gallagher, Cindee Giffen, Alex Fotis, Mauricio Santos Vega, Kate Hogan, Michelle Fearon, Jaqueline Popma, Ben Lee, Jeremey Graham, Shavon Henry, Kevin Bakker, Paul Glaum, Alex Taylor, Alison Gould, and Susan Cheng have all been and continue to be wonderful friends and peers. Special thanks to Kian Kamgar-Parsi, who kept me sane with many tacos and words of assurance through the cruelest months of dissertation writing. Finally, I am grateful to all of my funding sources: The University of Michigan Rackham Graduate School, The University of Michigan Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Block Grants, Nancy W. Walls Award for Fieldwork, The Helen Olson Brower Memorial Fellowship in Environmental Studies, The University of Michigan Biological Station Gates Graduate Student Fund for Outstanding Graduate Students, The Women’s National Farm & Garden Foundation Fellowship, and The National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant (DDIG). iv Table of Contents Dedication................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. iii List of Tables ...........................................................................................................................vii List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... viii List Appendices ........................................................................................................................ xi Abstract ...................................................................................................................................xii Chapter 1 : Introduction............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Global Environmental Change and Ecological Interactions......................................................... 1 1.2 Milkweed Chemistry, Monarchs, Parasites, and Other Natural Enemies ..................................... 3 1.3 Summary of Dissertation Chapters ............................................................................................... 6 1.4 References .................................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2 : Elevated Atmospheric Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide Reduce Monarch Tolerance and Increase Parasite Virulence by Altering the Medicinal Properties of Milkweeds . 16 2.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 16 2.3 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................... 19 2.4 Results ........................................................................................................................................ 25 2.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 28 2.6 References .................................................................................................................................. 32 2.7 Tables & Figures ........................................................................................................................ 37 Chapter 3 : Defense and Evasion from Predators in A Changing World ................................... 43 3.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 43 3.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 44 3.3 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................... 47 3.4 Results ........................................................................................................................................ 55 3.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 60 3.6 References .................................................................................................................................. 66 3.7 Tables & Figures ........................................................................................................................ 74 Chapter 4 : Effects of CO2 on Environmentally Mediated Immunity in a Specialist Herbivore . 81 4.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 81 4.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 82 4.3 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................... 87 4.4 Results ........................................................................................................................................ 95 v 4. 5 Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 100 4.6 References ................................................................................................................................ 105 4.7 Tables & Figures ...................................................................................................................... 112 Chapter 5 : Variation Among Individual Milkweed Species, Not Elevated CO2, Influences the Relationship Between
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