DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogeny of Green Plants Embryophytes (Land Plants) “Green

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogeny of Green Plants Embryophytes (Land Plants) “Green Phylogeny of Green Plants Green plants “Green algae” Embryophytes Embryo (land plants) Coleochaetales Charales Chlorophytes Ref.5 Cuticle Sporopollenin Ref.4 Ref.6 Ref.7 Pop Quiz According to the phylogenetic tree shown in the previous slide, the group “green algae” is: A. Monophyletic B. Paraphyletic C. Polyphyletic D. I have no idea Phylogeny of Land Plants Embryophytes (land plants) “Bryophytes” Tracheophytes (vascular plants) Mosses Hornworts Liverworts tracheids in vascular Ref.10 Ref.8 Ref.9 tissue Ref.12 stomata Ref.11 Phylogeny of Tracheophytes Tracheophytes (vascular plants) Seed plants (Gymnosperms+Angiosperms) Lycophytes Ferns and fern allies seeds Ref.15 pollen Ref.14 Ref.13 Ref.16 true leaves Phylogeny of Seed Plants Seed plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms carpel endosperm bitegmic ovules Ref.20 Ref.18 Ref.17 flowers reduced female gametophyte Ref.19 Homework Integrate the information from the previous slides and draw a tree showing the relationships of the major plant groups. Also, mark the synapomorphies defining those major monophyletic groups along the branches. Life Cycle: Angiosperm (Flowering plants) Ref.1 Some Key Concept in Angiosperm Life Cycle NOTE: definitions used in lectures of this class are mainly following the textbook (Judd et al., 2008. Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach, 3rd ed.) Meiosis: two-stage nuclear division process that reduces the chromosome number of a cell by half (from a diploid cell to 4 haploid daughter cells), followed by production of spores. Mitosis: nuclear division that maintains the parental chromosome number for daughter cells; the basis for growth in size and asexual reproduction in plants. Fertilization: fusion of the sperm nucleus and the egg nucleus. Zygote (2n): the cell formed by the fusion of the sperm (1n) and egg (1n) at fertilization, germinates to produce a multi-cellular sporophyte (2n) via mitosis. Spore (1n): the first cell of a gametophyte (1n), product of meiosis. Sporophyte (2n): diploid, spore-producing generation of the plant life cycle, produces spores via meiosis in a structure called sporangium (plural, sporangia). Gametophyte (1n): Haploid, gamete-producing generation of the plant life cycle; produces gametes via mitosis in specialized structures/sex organs—gametangia (male: antheridium, produce sperm; female: archegonium, produce eggs) Some Key Concept in Angiosperm Life Cycle (cont.) Embryo vs. Embryo sac Embryo (2n): young sporophyte, from the first cell after fertilization (zygote) until germination of the seed (in seed plants) or emergence from protective gametophytic tissues (other land plants). Embryo sac (1n): female gametophyte of the angiosperms (flowering plants). Life Cycle: Fern and Fern Allies Ref.2 Life Cycle: Bryophytes Ref.3 The sporophyte generation is dependent on the photosynthetic gametophyte for nutrition Generalized Life Cycle in Plants Alternation of generations = cycle between haploid (1n) and diploid (2n) phase Difference between plants and animals Animals: meiosis produces gametes directly. Plants: meiosis produces spores (to start gametophyte generation), and mitosis produces gametes. Variation of Life Cycle in Plants “Bryophytes” (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) - Most of life is in 1n phase, therefore, gametophyte (green leafy base) dominant life cycle; sporophyte (brown stalked capsule/sporangium) dependent on gametophyte (grows out of gametophyte and gets all nutrition from gametophyte). Sporophyte produces spores that land on ground & germinate into gametophytes. Ferns and fern allies - sporophyte dominant; gametophyte free-living, but small and short-lived. Leaves = sporophyte, free-living. Spores germinate from sporangia on underside of leaves (sori) and produce small, green, free-living heart-shaped gametophyte on ground. Gametophyte with separate structures that produce egg & sperm; lives ~1 year, reproduces, then dies. Sporophyte dominant life cycle: lives longer and larger and reproduces many years. Seed plants (Angiosperms and Gymnosperms) - sporophyte dominant; gametophyte dependent on sporophyte and very reduced and short-lived. Microsporangia in pollen-bearing structures (pollen cones or anthers) that produce male gametophyte, short-lived and inside the pollen grain, which consists of 2-3 cells, one cell becomes sperm. Megasporangia in ovules that produce female gametophyte in cone (“gymnosperms”) or ovary (angiosperms) and produces the egg. Spores grow into pretty small gametophytes which are contained within the parent plant (inside cones or flower). Pollination vs. Fertilization Distinction and Relationship of Pollination and Fertilization Pollination: transference of pollen from the anther to the stigma. Fertilization: fusion of the sperm nucleus and egg nucleus. Pollination occurs only in seed plants; Fertilization occurs in all sexually Reproducing organisms. In plants, pollination must occur before fertilization! (Without pollination, fertilization can not take place. ) Pollination Syndromes “Sexual Encounters of the Floral Kind” Handout to accompany film – Biology 117/317 Pollination syndromes Wind Pollination: 1) flowers appear before leaves are out 2) large number of flowers (especially males), often in catkins 3) individual flowers small and inconspicuous - without parts for attraction 4) Big stamens produce lots of pollen 5) Stigmas large and plumose or roughened (papillate) to catch pollen 6) Ratio of pollen to ovules VERY HIGH (up to 6,000 to 1) Many different kinds of insects function as pollinators; often these involve very different floral characteristics: Bees, butterflies, etc.: 1) flowers showy, with brightly colored petals 2) flowers usually with some food reward, two common ones are: pollen - protein rich reward nectar - rich in nutrients (e.g., amino acids and sugars) 3) flowers often with strong favorable scent during the day 4) flowers often with ultraviolet markings visible only to the insects (not to humans) Pollination Syndromes (cont.) Moths: 1) flowers often white 2) flowers open and scent released in the evening or at night 3) nectar reward 4) flowers often long and tubular to limit access only to long tongued moths Carrion flies (Blowflies): 1) flowers purple or brown or greenish-brown 2) flowers often close to the ground 3) scent strong and foul (like dead animal) “Buzz” pollination by bees: 1) no nectar reward (pollen sole reward) 2) connivent anthers (anthers held together) at center of flower 3) anthers opening by terminal pores; pollen shakes out when the bee buzzes the flower Birds often pollinate flowers, too: Hummingbirds (found in North and South America only): 1) flowers with long tubular corollas 2) flowers usually red 3) nectar reward in large quantity, rich in sugars (few other nutrients) 4) flowers often dangle away from plant so that bird can reach it while hovering In other parts of the world different birds, including Honeycreepers (Hawaii), Honeyeaters (Australia) and Sunbirds (S. Africa) act as pollinators. Flowers adapted to these birds differ from those adapted for hummingbirds by having a “landing platform” for the birds to perch on, because they cannot hover. The flowers still have long tubular corollas and lots of sugar-rich nectar. Image Source Ref.1 http://8e.devbio.com/image.php?id=525 Ref.2 http://8e.devbio.com/image.php?id=524 Ref.3 http://8e.devbio.com/image.php?id=523 Ref.4 http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/c/c9/250px-Haeckel_Siphoneae.jpg Ref.5 http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/images/stemgrowth/SGembryo-apicalmeristem.jpg Ref.6 http://www.uni-muenster.de/GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/cut1a.jpg Ref.7 http://en.wikivisual.com/images/a/a4/Misc_pollen.jpg Ref.8 http://www.hiddenforest.co.nz/bryophytes/mosses/familys/racopilaceae/images/racop01bt.jpg Ref.9 http://ux.brookdalecc.edu/fac/biology/lab/102/images/liverwort1.jpg Ref.10 http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/BotanicalSciences/ClassificationPlants/Cryptogamia/Bryophyta/Nonvascular/hornwort1.JPG Ref.11 http://www.freewebs.com/jdingfel/Stomata.jpg Ref.12 http://f030091.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/image/OM_code_E/60.Tracheids.gif Ref.13 http://media-2.web.britannica.com/.../04/7604-004.jpg Ref.14 http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/define-ferns-1.jpg Ref.15 http://home.pacbell.net/kenww/my_iris/other/I_foetidissima_seeds-web.jpg Ref.16 http://www.bioquest.org/scope/projectfiles/PollenMixb.jpg Ref.17 http://www.icbgpanama.org/website/gall_pictures/Gnetumfrutos.jpg Ref.18 http://www.dickcontino.com/images/ginkgo.jpg Ref.19 http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/fertil1.gif Ref.20 http://web.gccaz.edu/~lsola/Flower/capsella3.jpg.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 1-1 Introduction
    Glime, J. M. 2017. Introduction. Chapt. 1. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 1. Physiological Ecology. Ebook sponsored 1-1-1 by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 25 April 2021 and available at <http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology/>. CHAPTER 1-1 INTRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS Thinking on a New Scale .................................................................................................................................... 1-1-2 Adaptations to Land ............................................................................................................................................ 1-1-3 Minimum Size..................................................................................................................................................... 1-1-5 Do Bryophytes Lack Diversity?.......................................................................................................................... 1-1-6 The "Moss".......................................................................................................................................................... 1-1-7 What's in a Name?............................................................................................................................................... 1-1-8 Phyla/Divisions............................................................................................................................................ 1-1-8 Role of Bryology................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Gymnosperms the MESOZOIC: ERA of GYMNOSPERM DOMINANCE
    Chapter 24 Gymnosperms THE MESOZOIC: ERA OF GYMNOSPERM DOMINANCE THE VASCULAR SYSTEM OF GYMNOSPERMS CYCADS GINKGO CONIFERS Pinaceae Include the Pines, Firs, and Spruces Cupressaceae Include the Junipers, Cypresses, and Redwoods Taxaceae Include the Yews, but Plum Yews Belong to Cephalotaxaceae Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae Are Largely Southern Hemisphere Conifers THE LIFE CYCLE OF PINUS, A REPRESENTATIVE GYMNOSPERM Pollen and Ovules Are Produced in Different Kinds of Structures Pollination Replaces the Need for Free Water Fertilization Leads to Seed Formation GNETOPHYTES GYMNOSPERMS: SEEDS, POLLEN, AND WOOD THE ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF GYMNOSPERMS The Origin of Seeds, Pollen, and Wood Seeds and Pollen Are Key Reproductive SUMMARY Innovations for Life on Land Seed Plants Have Distinctive Vegetative PLANTS, PEOPLE, AND THE Features ENVIRONMENT: The California Coast Relationships among Gymnosperms Redwood Forest 1 KEY CONCEPTS 1. The evolution of seeds, pollen, and wood freed plants from the need for water during reproduction, allowed for more effective dispersal of sperm, increased parental investment in the next generation and allowed for greater size and strength. 2. Seed plants originated in the Devonian period from a group called the progymnosperms, which possessed wood and heterospory, but reproduced by releasing spores. Currently, five lineages of seed plants survive--the flowering plants plus four groups of gymnosperms: cycads, Ginkgo, conifers, and gnetophytes. Conifers are the best known and most economically important group, including pines, firs, spruces, hemlocks, redwoods, cedars, cypress, yews, and several Southern Hemisphere genera. 3. The pine life cycle is heterosporous. Pollen strobili are small and seasonal. Each sporophyll has two microsporangia, in which microspores are formed and divide into immature male gametophytes while still retained in the microsporangia.
    [Show full text]
  • California's Native Ferns
    CALIFORNIA’S NATIVE FERNS A survey of our most common ferns and fern relatives Native ferns come in many sizes and live in many habitats • Besides living in shady woodlands and forests, ferns occur in ponds, by streams, in vernal pools, in rock outcrops, and even in desert mountains • Ferns are identified by producing fiddleheads, the new coiled up fronds, in spring, and • Spring from underground stems called rhizomes, and • Produce spores on the backside of fronds in spore sacs, arranged in clusters called sori (singular sorus) Although ferns belong to families just like other plants, the families are often difficult to identify • Families include the brake-fern family (Pteridaceae), the polypody family (Polypodiaceae), the wood fern family (Dryopteridaceae), the blechnum fern family (Blechnaceae), and several others • We’ll study ferns according to their habitat, starting with species that live in shaded places, then moving on to rock ferns, and finally water ferns Ferns from moist shade such as redwood forests are sometimes evergreen, but also often winter dormant. Here you see the evergreen sword fern Polystichum munitum Note that sword fern has once-divided fronds. Other features include swordlike pinnae and round sori Sword fern forms a handsome coarse ground cover under redwoods and other coastal conifers A sword fern relative, Dudley’s shield fern (Polystichum dudleyi) differs by having twice-divided pinnae. Details of the sori are similar to sword fern Deer fern, Blechnum spicant, is a smaller fern than sword fern, living in constantly moist habitats Deer fern is identified by having separate and different looking sterile fronds and fertile fronds as seen in the previous image.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chloroplast Rpl23 Gene Cluster of Spirogyra Maxima (Charophyceae) Shares Many Similarities with the Angiosperm Rpl23 Operon
    Algae Volume 17(1): 59-68, 2002 The Chloroplast rpl23 Gene Cluster of Spirogyra maxima (Charophyceae) Shares Many Similarities with the Angiosperm rpl23 Operon Jungho Lee* and James R. Manhart Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3258, U.S.A. A phylogenetic affinity between charophytes and embryophytes (land plants) has been explained by a few chloro- plast genomic characters including gene and intron (Manhart and Palmer 1990; Baldauf et al. 1990; Lew and Manhart 1993). Here we show that a charophyte, Spirogyra maxima, has the largest operon of angiosperm chloroplast genomes, rpl23 operon (trnI-rpl23-rpl2-rps19-rpl22-rps3-rpl16-rpl14-rps8-infA-rpl36-rps11-rpoA) containing both embryophyte introns, rpl16.i and rpl2.i. The rpl23 gene cluster of Spirogyra contains a distinct eubacterial promoter sequence upstream of rpl23, which is the first gene of the green algal rpl23 gene cluster. This sequence is completely absent in angiosperms but is present in non-flowering plants. The results imply that, in the rpl23 gene cluster, early charophytes had at least two promoters, one upstream of trnI and another upstream of rpl23, which partially or completely lost its function in land plants. A comparison of gene clusters of prokaryotes, algal chloroplast DNAs and land plant cpDNAs indicated a loss of numerous genes in chlorophyll a+b eukaryotes. A phylogenetic analysis using presence/absence of genes and introns as characters produced trees with a strongly supported clade contain- ing chlorophyll a+b eukaryotes. Spirogyra and embryophytes formed a clade characterized by the loss of rpl5 and rps9 and the gain of trnI (CAU) and introns in rpl2 and rpl16.
    [Show full text]
  • Xylans of Red and Green Algae: What Is Known About Their Structures and How They Are Synthesised?
    polymers Review Xylans of Red and Green Algae: What Is Known about Their Structures and How They Are Synthesised? Yves S.Y. Hsieh 1,* and Philip J. Harris 2,* 1 Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 2 School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.S.Y.H.); [email protected] (P.J.H.); Tel.: +46-8-790-9937 (Y.S.Y.H.); +64-9-923-8366 (P.J.H.) Received: 30 January 2019; Accepted: 17 February 2019; Published: 18 February 2019 Abstract: Xylans with a variety of structures have been characterised in green algae, including chlorophytes (Chlorophyta) and charophytes (in the Streptophyta), and red algae (Rhodophyta). Substituted 1,4-β-D-xylans, similar to those in land plants (embryophytes), occur in the cell wall matrix of advanced orders of charophyte green algae. Small proportions of 1,4-β-D-xylans have also been found in the cell walls of some chlorophyte green algae and red algae but have not been well characterised. 1,3-β-D-Xylans occur as triple helices in microfibrils in the cell walls of chlorophyte algae in the order Bryopsidales and of red algae in the order Bangiales. 1,3;1,4-β-D-Xylans occur in the cell wall matrix of red algae in the orders Palmariales and Nemaliales. In the angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana, the gene IRX10 encodes a xylan 1,4-β-D-xylosyltranferase (xylan synthase), and, when heterologously expressed, this protein catalysed the production of the backbone of 1,4-β-D-xylans.
    [Show full text]
  • Algae & Marine Plants of Point Reyes
    Algae & Marine Plants of Point Reyes Green Algae or Chlorophyta Genus/Species Common Name Acrosiphonia coalita Green rope, Tangled weed Blidingia minima Blidingia minima var. vexata Dwarf sea hair Bryopsis corticulans Cladophora columbiana Green tuft alga Codium fragile subsp. californicum Sea staghorn Codium setchellii Smooth spongy cushion, Green spongy cushion Trentepohlia aurea Ulva californica Ulva fenestrata Sea lettuce Ulva intestinalis Sea hair, Sea lettuce, Gutweed, Grass kelp Ulva linza Ulva taeniata Urospora sp. Brown Algae or Ochrophyta Genus/Species Common Name Alaria marginata Ribbon kelp, Winged kelp Analipus japonicus Fir branch seaweed, Sea fir Coilodesme californica Dactylosiphon bullosus Desmarestia herbacea Desmarestia latifrons Egregia menziesii Feather boa Fucus distichus Bladderwrack, Rockweed Haplogloia andersonii Anderson's gooey brown Laminaria setchellii Southern stiff-stiped kelp Laminaria sinclairii Leathesia marina Sea cauliflower Melanosiphon intestinalis Twisted sea tubes Nereocystis luetkeana Bull kelp, Bullwhip kelp, Bladder wrack, Edible kelp, Ribbon kelp Pelvetiopsis limitata Petalonia fascia False kelp Petrospongium rugosum Phaeostrophion irregulare Sand-scoured false kelp Pterygophora californica Woody-stemmed kelp, Stalked kelp, Walking kelp Ralfsia sp. Silvetia compressa Rockweed Stephanocystis osmundacea Page 1 of 4 Red Algae or Rhodophyta Genus/Species Common Name Ahnfeltia fastigiata Bushy Ahnfelt's seaweed Ahnfeltiopsis linearis Anisocladella pacifica Bangia sp. Bossiella dichotoma Bossiella
    [Show full text]
  • Anthocerotophyta
    Glime, J. M. 2017. Anthocerotophyta. Chapt. 2-8. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 1. Physiological Ecology. Ebook 2-8-1 sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 5 June 2020 and available at <http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology/>. CHAPTER 2-8 ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA TABLE OF CONTENTS Anthocerotophyta ......................................................................................................................................... 2-8-2 Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 2-8-10 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................................... 2-8-10 Literature Cited .......................................................................................................................................... 2-8-10 2-8-2 Chapter 2-8: Anthocerotophyta CHAPTER 2-8 ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA Figure 1. Notothylas orbicularis thallus with involucres. Photo by Michael Lüth, with permission. Anthocerotophyta These plants, once placed among the bryophytes in the families. The second class is Leiosporocerotopsida, a Anthocerotae, now generally placed in the phylum class with one order, one family, and one genus. The genus Anthocerotophyta (hornworts, Figure 1), seem more Leiosporoceros differs from members of the class distantly related, and genetic evidence may even present
    [Show full text]
  • Anders Langangen Charophytes (Charales) from Crete (Greece) Collected in 2010
    Fl. Medit. 22: 25-32 doi: 10.7320/FlMedit22.025 Version of Record published online on 28 December 2012 Anders Langangen Charophytes (Charales) from Crete (Greece) collected in 2010 Abstract Langangen, A.: Charophytes (Charales) from Crete (Greece) collected in 2010. — Fl. Medit. 22: 25-32. 2012. — ISSN: 1120-4052 printed, 2240-4538 online. In this article charophytes are reported from the island of Crete, the largest island in Greece. On 9 visited localities, charophytes have been found in six. All localities, except one (loc. 6) are freshwater. Totally six different species were found: Chara aspera, C. connivens, C. corfuen- sis, C. vulgaris, Nitella hyalina and N. tenuissima. The most interesting locality is Lake Kournas which is an eutrophic Chara-lake with rich vegetation of four species: Chara cor- fuensis, C. aspera and the two species of Nitella. Key words: Crete, Greece, Chara aspera, C. connivens, C. corfuensis, C. vulgaris, Nitella hyali- na, N. tenuissima. Introduction The island of Crete is the largest island in Greece and is situated in the southernmost part of the country. I visited several water bodies, lakes, reservoirs and seasonally wet meadows. The localities are listed in Table 1, and of nine, charophytes were found in six. Charophytes have earlier been reported from Crete in several works e.g. Corillion (1957), Koumpli-Sovantzi (1997), Bergmeister & Abrahamczyk (2008). Materials and methods This work is based on material collected in Crete (Greece) in the given localities in 2010 (Fig. 1). The specific conductivity of the water was measured with a Milwaukee, SM 301 EC meter, range 0-1990 µm/cm.
    [Show full text]
  • Information and Care Instructions Mother Fern
    Information and Care Instructions Mother Fern Quick Reference Botanical Name - Asplenium bulbiferum Detailed Care Exposure - Shade to bright, indirect Your Mother Fern was grown in a plastic pot. Depending on the item, it may then have been Indoor Placement - Bright location but not in direct afternoon sun transplanted into a decorative pot before sale or simply “dropped” into a container while still in the USDA Hardiness - Zone 10a to 11 plastic pot. Inside Temperature - 50-70˚F WATERING Min Outside Temperature - 30˚F 1. Let the top of the soil dry out slightly before Plant Type - Evergreen Fern watering; check frequently, especially if kept in a hot, dry spot. Mother Ferns like to be kept evenly moist, Watering - Allow soil to dry out slightly before watering. Do not allow but not soggy. the pot to sit in standing water for more than a few minutes 2. When watering, use the recommended amount of water for your pot size (See Quick Reference Guide) Water Amount Used - 4” Pot = 1/3 cup of water poured directly on the soil. In order not to damage 6 1/2” Pot = 1 1/4 cups of water your furniture, countertop or floor, place your Mother Fertilizing - Fertilize monthly Fern in a saucer, bowl or sink when watering. Allow the water to drain for 5 minutes. Do not allow the soil to sit in water for any more than 5 minutes or damage to the roots may occur. Avoid continuous use of softened water as the sodium in it can build up to damaging levels in the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Ferns of the National Forests in Alaska
    Ferns of the National Forests in Alaska United States Forest Service R10-RG-182 Department of Alaska Region June 2010 Agriculture Ferns abound in Alaska’s two national forests, the Chugach and the Tongass, which are situated on the southcentral and southeastern coast respectively. These forests contain myriad habitats where ferns thrive. Most showy are the ferns occupying the forest floor of temperate rainforest habitats. However, ferns grow in nearly all non-forested habitats such as beach meadows, wet meadows, alpine meadows, high alpine, and talus slopes. The cool, wet climate highly influenced by the Pacific Ocean creates ideal growing conditions for ferns. In the past, ferns had been loosely grouped with other spore-bearing vascular plants, often called “fern allies.” Recent genetic studies reveal surprises about the relationships among ferns and fern allies. First, ferns appear to be closely related to horsetails; in fact these plants are now grouped as ferns. Second, plants commonly called fern allies (club-mosses, spike-mosses and quillworts) are not at all related to the ferns. General relationships among members of the plant kingdom are shown in the diagram below. Ferns & Horsetails Flowering Plants Conifers Club-mosses, Spike-mosses & Quillworts Mosses & Liverworts Thirty of the fifty-four ferns and horsetails known to grow in Alaska’s national forests are described and pictured in this brochure. They are arranged in the same order as listed in the fern checklist presented on pages 26 and 27. 2 Midrib Blade Pinnule(s) Frond (leaf) Pinna Petiole (leaf stalk) Parts of a fern frond, northern wood fern (p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unicellular and Colonial Organisms Prokaryotic And
    The Unicellular and Colonial Organisms Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells As you know, the building blocks of life are cells. Prokaryotic cells are those cells that do NOT have a nucleus. They mostly include bacteria and archaea. These cells do not have membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells are those that have a true nucleus. That would include plant, animal, algae, and fungal cells. As you can see, to the left, eukaryotic cells are typically larger than prokaryotic cells. Today in lab, we will look at examples of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic unicellular organisms that are commonly found in pond water. When examining pond water under a microscope… The unpigmented, moving microbes will usually be protozoans. Greenish or golden-brown organisms will typically be algae. Microorganisms that are blue-green will be cyanobacteria. As you can see below, living things are divided into 3 domains based upon shared characteristics. Domain Eukarya is further divided into 4 Kingdoms. Domain Kingdom Cell type Organization Nutrition Organisms Absorb, Unicellular-small; Prokaryotic Photsyn., Archaeacteria Archaea Archaebacteria Lacking peptidoglycan Chemosyn. Unicellular-small; Absorb, Bacteria, Prokaryotic Peptidoglycan in cell Photsyn., Bacteria Eubacteria Cyanobacteria wall Chemosyn. Ingestion, Eukaryotic Unicellular or colonial Protozoa, Algae Protista Photosynthesis Fungi, yeast, Fungi Eukaryotic Multicellular Absorption Eukarya molds Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Photosynthesis Plants Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Ingestion Animals Prokaryotic Organisms – the archaea, non-photosynthetic bacteria, and cyanobacteria Archaea - Microorganisms that resemble bacteria, but are different from them in certain aspects. Archaea cell walls do not include the macromolecule peptidoglycan, which is always found in the cell walls of bacteria. Archaea usually live in extreme, often very hot or salty environments, such as hot mineral springs or deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
    [Show full text]
  • Coral Reef Algae
    Coral Reef Algae Peggy Fong and Valerie J. Paul Abstract Benthic macroalgae, or “seaweeds,” are key mem- 1 Importance of Coral Reef Algae bers of coral reef communities that provide vital ecological functions such as stabilization of reef structure, production Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and productive eco- of tropical sands, nutrient retention and recycling, primary systems on the planet, forming heterogeneous habitats that production, and trophic support. Macroalgae of an astonish- serve as important sources of primary production within ing range of diversity, abundance, and morphological form provide these equally diverse ecological functions. Marine tropical marine environments (Odum and Odum 1955; macroalgae are a functional rather than phylogenetic group Connell 1978). Coral reefs are located along the coastlines of comprised of members from two Kingdoms and at least over 100 countries and provide a variety of ecosystem goods four major Phyla. Structurally, coral reef macroalgae range and services. Reefs serve as a major food source for many from simple chains of prokaryotic cells to upright vine-like developing nations, provide barriers to high wave action that rockweeds with complex internal structures analogous to buffer coastlines and beaches from erosion, and supply an vascular plants. There is abundant evidence that the his- important revenue base for local economies through fishing torical state of coral reef algal communities was dominance and recreational activities (Odgen 1997). by encrusting and turf-forming macroalgae, yet over the Benthic algae are key members of coral reef communities last few decades upright and more fleshy macroalgae have (Fig. 1) that provide vital ecological functions such as stabili- proliferated across all areas and zones of reefs with increas- zation of reef structure, production of tropical sands, nutrient ing frequency and abundance.
    [Show full text]