110¡ 100¡ 60¡ 50¡ POPULATION CHANGE IN FORMS OF COMPARATIVE INDEX OF ELECTRICITYYukon PRICES RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS (%) CONSUMPTION TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION 80 Seattle 77 1999 (tons of equivalent petroleum per capita) Vancouver 93 Northwest Territories Nunavut 70 Québec Oil Montréal 100 60 5.68 Toronto 139 Hudson Bay 6 29,460,000 Québec 50 5.16 Chicago 212 7,300,000 5 4.70 San FranciscoAlaska 219 40 Sea Boston 225 3.95 30 4 U.K. * 251 20 263,250,000 France * 288 Gas 3 2.55 New York 291 10 Coal 2 Germany 347 0 Japan * 446 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 1 BEC É NORWAY CANADA QU 0 100 200 300 400 UNITED STATES FRANCE Source: L’Énergie au Québec, 1999 0 Monthly bill (taxes included) for a consumption of 625 kWh * At January 1, 1999 Labrador Source: L’Énergie au Québec, 1999 Sources: Hydro-Québec, Comparison of Electricity Prices in Major North American Cities at May 1, 1999. Manitoba (Newfoundland) Electricity Association, International Electricity Prices of January 1, 1999. Alberta

James Bay y Council) 50¡ Edmonton 1927 Boundary (Priv

Lake British Columbia Saskatchewan Winnipeg QUÉBEC

50¡ CANADA Calgary Newfoundland

Vancouver er St. John’s iv R Regina ce Ontario n Winnipeg re w a Chicoutimi L t. S

Seattle Thunder Bay New Prince Edward Tacoma Spokane Lake Superior Island Québec Brunswick Washington Charlottetown North Dakota Fredericton Montana

Montréal Portland Maine Halifax

Minnesota Ottawa L a k e Vermont H Eugene u Idaho n r New a o Oregon g n i Hampshire

Minneapolis-Saint Paul h

c South Dakota Wisconsin i Toronto tario ake On M L New York

e

k Michigan Syracuse

a Buffalo

Rochester Boston L Flint Wyoming Milwaukee Grand Rapids Springfield Detroit Hartford Iowa Lake Erie 1999 ELECTRICITY GENERATION Chicago Toledo Pennsylvania Nebraska Cleveland Rhode Island West Des Moines

40¡ Omaha Akron 3,691 TWh 550 TWh 169 TWh Salt Lake City New York Ohio United States Canada Québec Indiana Pittsburgh Philadelphia

Nevada Maryland (0.2%) Indianapolis Columbus Others P Illinois Hydro Dayton Baltimore Natural gas Natural gas (9%) Oil (6%) Nuclear Oil (0.8%) Denver (15%) (1.1%) (3%) a Kansas City Cincinnati Sacramento Utah Washington Oil (3%) Nuclear Coal c UNITED STATES (20%) (19%) West i Oakland Delaware Kansas Virginia Others San Fransico Colorado Saint Louis New York f Louisville Others (0.9%) Enlargement San Jose (2%) i Nuclear Richmond (13%) c Virginia Wichita Norfolk Coal Hydro Hydro Fresno Missouri Kentucky (51%) (60%) (96%) California O

Sources: 1) Energy Information Administration 2) Natural Resources, Canada 3) L’Énergie au Québec, 1999 c Las Vegas Winston-Salem Tulsa Nashville e Oklahoma North Carolina Knoxville a Oklahoma City Tennessee Charlotte n Arkansas Albuquerque Memphis Electricity Generation Los Angeles Chattanooga n Arizona a Columbia e and Atmospheric Emissions New Mexico South Phoenix c Atlanta Carolina in Canada and the United States Birmingham O Augusta

San Diego Dallas c Mississippi i Fort Worth t Tucson Georgia n Production sites by Energy Source * Urban area Jackson Alabama a l Los Angeles Louisiana Prevailing winds in summer t Enlargement Texas A 2,000 MW and more 600 Ð 2,000 MW 30¡ 200 Ð 600 MW Baton Rouge Jacksonville Source: L’Énergie au Québec, 1999 and I.N.R.S. Pensacola

San Antonio Houston Hydro New Orleans Limits CO2 = Carbon dioxide SO2 = Sulfur dioxide NOx = Nitrogen oxides SOURCES OF EMISSIONS OF CO2, SO2 AND NOx 1996 Nuclear Orlando United States Canada Québec Source: Hydro-Québec, 2000 Source: Hydro-Québec, 2000 International border TOTAL EMISSIONS OF CO2, SO2 AND NOX 1996 Coal Electricity Electricity Electricity (0.1%) Provincial or state border Others Others Others Clearwater Tampa (36%) (34%) (’000 METRIC TONS) (’000 METRIC TONS) (’000 METRIC TONS) (11%) (20%) (24.4%) Industry Saint Petersburg Oil (30.5%) Florida 2 10,000,000 5,422,300 10,000,000 10,000,000 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SO AND NO EMISSIONS

CO Sarasota 2 x Natural gas OF GENERATING OPTIONS, LIFE-CYCLE ANALYSIS Transport Fort Lauderdale- OF GENERATING OPTIONS, LIFE-CYCLE ANALYSIS 1,000,000 459,576 1,000,000 1,000,000 Transport (32%) Industry Industry Transport West Palm Beach (26%) (21%) (20%) (45%) Base and peak Base load options Intermittent Base and peak Base load options Intermittent Lambert azimuthal projection, central meridian 96°00’ West. 100,000 56,940 100,000 100,000 Others (4%) load with limited flexibility options that need load with limited flexibility options that need * One site may include several generating stations Cartography: Carto-Média (6160B901.qxd , December 20, 2000). Others (3%) Electricity (0.1%) 1,200 12,000 Others (4%) eq./TWh) Electricity options a backup source /TWh) options a backup source 2 18,007 19,600 Transport (3%) Electricity Miami 2 December 2000, 1st edition Transport (22%) Transport 0 100 200 miles (65%) /TWh) Intranet: (4%) (8%) 1,000 x 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 CO eq. techno-info.hydro.qc.ca/produits et services/geomatique/thematique/ (kt SO (kt CO 2 SO 2,654 2,000 2 0100 300 km

2 800 8,000 (kt NO NO (KG/CAPITA) (KG/CAPITA) (KG/CAPITA) Industry X 1,000 1,000 1,000 SO (28%) 406 600 6,000 Sources: 25,000 100 273 100 90 Industriy Industry Base map: 20,600 (70%) (89%) National Atlas of the United States, USGS. 100 100 100 400 4,000 20,000 80 80 74 National Atlas of Canada, EMR, Canada. 68 For emissions of CO2, SO2 and NOx, all life cycle of the generating option World 68 Electricity (0.2%) Ministère des Ressources naturelles, Gouvernement du Québec. 15,600 Others Others (5%) 200 is considered. 2,000 Electricity Electricity Others (3%) Industry Winds: 15,000 60 56 60 (5%) 10 10 10 (29 %) (10%) (12%) Fossil fuel or nuclear: Resource Data International Inc. Transport Transport 0 0 Plants: 10,000 40 40 37 (48%) (60%) Exploration and resource extraction, preparation, transportation, storage of fuel,

7,800 coal Powermap - Powerdat, Resource Data International Inc.

coal

solar

Wind solar

Northeastern North America Wind

Northeastern North America Hydro

Hydro construction of plant, combustion, maintenance, dismantling Diesel

x

Hydro Hydro Diesel Provincial Generation and Transmission Grid, Newfoundland Hydro

1 1 1 Nuclear

Nuclear

Fuel cell Fuel

Biomass

Biomass

Fuel cell Fuel

Biomass

Biomass Heavy oil Heavy

5,000 20 20 oil Heavy BC Hydro, TransAlta run-of-river

Bituminous Renewables:

Natural gas Natural

run-of-river

Bituminous (plantation)

NO Industry

Natural gas Natural

Photovoltaic (plantation)

Photovoltaic System operating map of Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Power Inc., 1996 with reservoir with

US CA QC US CA QC US CA QC reservoir with United States Canada Québec United States Canada Québec United States Canada Québec (25%) waste) (forest Construction of plant, maintenance, dismantling Industry Transport cycle combined combined cycle combined Territories/Zones, Northern and Southern Ontario, Ontario Hydro, 1998

0 0 0 0 0 0 (18%) (84%) waste) (forestry Sites de production d’électricité au Québec en 2000, Hydro-Québec. (H from natural gas) natural from (H Average Source: Hydro-Québec, 2000 Average Range of values gas) natural from (H