Section 4.1 Additive, Multiplicative, and Ciphered Systems of Numeration
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Numbers - the Essence
Numbers - the essence A computer consists in essence of a sequence of electrical on/off switches. Big question: How do switches become a computer? ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 1 Friday, September 25, 2009 • A single switch is called a bit • A sequence of 8 bits is called a byte • Two or more bytes are often grouped to form word • Modern laptop/desktop standardly will have memory of 1 gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 2 Friday, September 25, 2009 Question: How do encode information with switches ? Answer: With numbers - binary numbers using only 0’s and 1’s where for each switch on position = 1 off position = 0 ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 3 Friday, September 25, 2009 • For a byte consisting of 8 bits there are a total of 28 = 256 ways to place 0’s and 1’s. Example 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 • For each grouping of 4 bits there are 24 = 16 ways to place 0’s and 1’s. • For a byte the first and second groupings of four bits can be represented by two hexadecimal digits • this will be made clear in following slides. ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 4 Friday, September 25, 2009 Bits & Bytes imply creation of data and computer analysis of data • storing data (reading) • processing data - arithmetic operations, evaluations & comparisons • output of results ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 5 Friday, September 25, 2009 Numeral systems A numeral system is any method of symbolically representing the counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . -
On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet
- ON THE <)|{I<; IN <>F TIIK INDIAN BRAHMA ALPHABET GEORG BtfHLKi; SECOND REVISED EDITION OF INDIAN STUDIES, NO III. TOGETHER WITH TWO APPENDICES ON THE OKU; IN OF THE KHAROSTHI ALPHABET AND OF THK SO-CALLED LETTER-NUMERALS OF THE BRAHMI. WITH TIIKKK PLATES. STRASSBUKi-. K A K 1. I. 1 1M I: \ I I; 1898. I'lintccl liy Adolf Ilcil/.haiisi'ii, Vicniiii. Preface to the Second Edition. .As the few separate copies of the Indian Studies No. Ill, struck off in 1895, were sold very soon and rather numerous requests for additional ones were addressed both to me and to the bookseller of the Imperial Academy, Messrs. Carl Gerold's Sohn, I asked the Academy for permission to issue a second edition, which Mr. Karl J. Trlibner had consented to publish. My petition was readily granted. In addition Messrs, von Holder, the publishers of the Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, kindly allowed me to reprint my article on the origin of the Kharosthi, which had appeared in vol. IX of that Journal and is now given in Appendix I. To these two sections I have added, in Appendix II, a brief review of the arguments for Dr. Burnell's hypothesis, which derives the so-called letter- numerals or numerical symbols of the Brahma alphabet from the ancient Egyptian numeral signs, together with a third com- parative table, in order to include in this volume all those points, which require fuller discussion, and in order to make it a serviceable companion to the palaeography of the Grund- riss. -
Nondecimal Positional Systems
M03_LONG0847_05_AIE_C03.qxd 9/17/07 10:38 AM Page 162 Not for Sale 162 CHAPTER 3 Numeration and Computation 3.2 Nondecimal Positional Systems In the preceding section, we discussed several numeration systems, including the decimal system in common use today. As already mentioned, the decimal system is a positional system based on 10. This is probably so because we have ten fingers and historically, as now, people often counted on their fingers. In the Did You Know box at the end of this section, we will give applications of positional systems that are based on whole numbers other than 10. One very useful application of bases other than ten is as a way to deepen our understanding of number systems, arithmetic in general, and our own decimal system. Although bases other than ten were in the K–5 curriculum in the past, they are not present currently. However, nondecimal positional systems are studied in the “math methods” course that is a part of an elementary education degree and may return to elementary school in the future. We will discuss addition and subtraction in base five in the next section and multiplication in base six in the following one. Base Five Notation For our purposes, perhaps the quickest route to understanding base five notation is to reconsider the abacus of Figure 3.1. This time, however, we allow only 5 beads to be moved forward on each wire. As before, we start with the wire to the students’ right (our left) and move 1 bead forward each time as we count 1, 2, 3, and so on. -
13054-Duodecimal.Pdf
Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal to encode Duodecimal Digit Forms in the UCS Author: Karl Pentzlin Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2013-03-30 1. Introduction The duodecimal system (also called dozenal) is a positional numbering system using 12 as its base, similar to the well-known decimal (base 10) and hexadecimal (base 16) systems. Thus, it needs 12 digits, instead of ten digits like the decimal system. It is used by teachers to explain the decimal system by comparing it to an alternative, by hobbyists (see e.g. fig. 1), and by propagators who claim it being superior to the decimal system (mostly because thirds can be expressed by a finite number of digits in a "duodecimal point" presentation). • Besides mathematical and hobbyist publications, the duodecimal system has appeared as subject in the press (see e.g. [Bellos 2012] in the English newspaper "The Guardian" from 2012-12-12, where the lack of types to represent these digits correctly is explicitly stated). Such examples emphasize the need of the encoding of the digit forms proposed here. While it is common practice to represent the extra six digits needed for the hexadecimal system by the uppercase Latin capital letters A,B.C,D,E,F, there is no such established convention regarding the duodecimal system. Some proponents use the Latin letters T and E as the first letters of the English names of "ten" and "eleven" (which obviously is directly perceivable only for English speakers). -
Vigesimal Numerals on Ifẹ̀ (Togo) and Ifẹ̀ (Nigeria) Dialects of Yorùbá
Vigesimal Numerals on Ifẹ̀ (Togo) and Ifẹ̀ (Nigeria) Dialects of Yorùbá Felix Abídèmí Fábùnmi (Ilé-Ifẹ̀) Abstract This study intends to bring Ifẹ̀ (Togo) into a linguistic limelight using the numeral systems. Numerals are a very important aspect of the day to day socio-economic and linguistic life of Ifẹ̀ (Togo) people. The traditional Ifẹ̀ (Togo) number system is vigesimal. In this study, forty- two different number words are listed for Yorùbá Ifẹ̀ (Nigeria) and Yorùbá Ifẹ̀ (Togo) and compared with Standard Yorùbá. We compared the Ifẹ̀ (Togo) number words and counting patterns with that of the Standard Yorùbá and Ifẹ̀ (Nigeria) and discovered that, by the nature of the components of these numbers, majority of the basic number words are either bisyllabic or trisyllabic, each syllable having the form VCV for the cardinals, and CVCV for the ordinals. There are irregularities in tonality; there are also alternations in the sequences of the vowel (oral and nasalized) and consonant sounds. This work finds out that Ifẹ̀ (Togo) has two counting patterns. In the first pattern, it uses addition solely to derive the number words but with a counting pattern where 'ten', 'twenty' and the added number units are taken as a whole. In the second counting pattern, subtraction is used to derive number words but this is applicable only to three numbers i. e. seventeen – /mɛ́ɛtadínóɡú/, eighteen – /méèʤìdínóɡu/ and nineteen – /mɔ̀kɔ̃dínoɡ́ u/. The Ifẹ̀ (Togo) dialect of Yorùbá mostly uses additive number positions. The dialect favours additive number positions more than the subtractive and the multiplicative positions. In other words, higher numbers are frequently used as bases for addition not as bases for multiplication in Ifẹ̀ (Togo). -
Zero Displacement Ternary Number System: the Most Economical Way of Representing Numbers
Revista de Ciências da Computação, Volume III, Ano III, 2008, nº3 Zero Displacement Ternary Number System: the most economical way of representing numbers Fernando Guilherme Silvano Lobo Pimentel , Bank of Portugal, Email: [email protected] Abstract This paper concerns the efficiency of number systems. Following the identification of the most economical conventional integer number system, from a solid criteria, an improvement to such system’s representation economy is proposed which combines the representation efficiency of positional number systems without 0 with the possibility of representing the number 0. A modification to base 3 without 0 makes it possible to obtain a new number system which, according to the identified optimization criteria, becomes the most economic among all integer ones. Key Words: Positional Number Systems, Efficiency, Zero Resumo Este artigo aborda a questão da eficiência de sistemas de números. Partindo da identificação da mais económica base inteira de números de acordo com um critério preestabelecido, propõe-se um melhoramento à economia de representação nessa mesma base através da combinação da eficiência de representação de sistemas de números posicionais sem o zero com a possibilidade de representar o número zero. Uma modificação à base 3 sem zero permite a obtenção de um novo sistema de números que, de acordo com o critério de optimização identificado, é o sistema de representação mais económico entre os sistemas de números inteiros. Palavras-Chave: Sistemas de Números Posicionais, Eficiência, Zero 1 Introduction Counting systems are an indispensable tool in Computing Science. For reasons that are both technological and user friendliness, the performance of information processing depends heavily on the adopted numbering system. -
Roman Numerals
History of Numbers 1c. I can distinguish between an additive and positional system, and convert between Roman and Hindu-Arabic numbers. Roman Numerals The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome (753 BC–476 AD) and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. By the 11th century, the more efJicient Hindu–Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe by way of Arab traders. Roman numerals, however, remained in commo use well into the 14th and 15th centuries, even in accounting and other business records (where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus). Roman numerals are still used today, in certain contexts. See: Modern Uses of Roman Numerals Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Roman numerals, as used today, are based on seven symbols: The numbers 1 to 10 are expressed in Roman numerals as: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X. This an additive system. Numbers are formed by combining symbols and adding together their values. For example, III is three (three ones) and XIII is thirteen (a ten plus three ones). Because each symbol (I, V, X ...) has a Jixed value rather than representing multiples of ten, one hundred and so on (according to the numeral's position) there is no need for “place holding” zeros, as in numbers like 207 or 1066. Using Roman numerals, those numbers are written as CCVII (two hundreds, plus a ive and two ones) and MLXVI (a thousand plus a ifty plus a ten, a ive and a one). -
The Festvox Indic Frontend for Grapheme-To-Phoneme Conversion
The Festvox Indic Frontend for Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion Alok Parlikar, Sunayana Sitaram, Andrew Wilkinson and Alan W Black Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, USA aup, ssitaram, aewilkin, [email protected] Abstract Text-to-Speech (TTS) systems convert text into phonetic pronunciations which are then processed by Acoustic Models. TTS frontends typically include text processing, lexical lookup and Grapheme-to-Phoneme (g2p) conversion stages. This paper describes the design and implementation of the Indic frontend, which provides explicit support for many major Indian languages, along with a unified framework with easy extensibility for other Indian languages. The Indic frontend handles many phenomena common to Indian languages such as schwa deletion, contextual nasalization, and voicing. It also handles multi-script synthesis between various Indian-language scripts and English. We describe experiments comparing the quality of TTS systems built using the Indic frontend to grapheme-based systems. While this frontend was designed keeping TTS in mind, it can also be used as a general g2p system for Automatic Speech Recognition. Keywords: speech synthesis, Indian language resources, pronunciation 1. Introduction in models of the spectrum and the prosody. Another prob- lem with this approach is that since each grapheme maps Intelligible and natural-sounding Text-to-Speech to a single “phoneme” in all contexts, this technique does (TTS) systems exist for a number of languages of the world not work well in the case of languages that have pronun- today. However, for low-resource, high-population lan- ciation ambiguities. We refer to this technique as “Raw guages, such as languages of the Indian subcontinent, there Graphemes.” are very few high-quality TTS systems available. -
The Hexadecimal Number System and Memory Addressing
C5537_App C_1107_03/16/2005 APPENDIX C The Hexadecimal Number System and Memory Addressing nderstanding the number system and the coding system that computers use to U store data and communicate with each other is fundamental to understanding how computers work. Early attempts to invent an electronic computing device met with disappointing results as long as inventors tried to use the decimal number sys- tem, with the digits 0–9. Then John Atanasoff proposed using a coding system that expressed everything in terms of different sequences of only two numerals: one repre- sented by the presence of a charge and one represented by the absence of a charge. The numbering system that can be supported by the expression of only two numerals is called base 2, or binary; it was invented by Ada Lovelace many years before, using the numerals 0 and 1. Under Atanasoff’s design, all numbers and other characters would be converted to this binary number system, and all storage, comparisons, and arithmetic would be done using it. Even today, this is one of the basic principles of computers. Every character or number entered into a computer is first converted into a series of 0s and 1s. Many coding schemes and techniques have been invented to manipulate these 0s and 1s, called bits for binary digits. The most widespread binary coding scheme for microcomputers, which is recog- nized as the microcomputer standard, is called ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). (Appendix B lists the binary code for the basic 127- character set.) In ASCII, each character is assigned an 8-bit code called a byte. -
Tai Lü / ᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ Tai Lùe Romanization: KNAB 2012
Institute of the Estonian Language KNAB: Place Names Database 2012-10-11 Tai Lü / ᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ Tai Lùe romanization: KNAB 2012 I. Consonant characters 1 ᦀ ’a 13 ᦌ sa 25 ᦘ pha 37 ᦤ da A 2 ᦁ a 14 ᦍ ya 26 ᦙ ma 38 ᦥ ba A 3 ᦂ k’a 15 ᦎ t’a 27 ᦚ f’a 39 ᦦ kw’a 4 ᦃ kh’a 16 ᦏ th’a 28 ᦛ v’a 40 ᦧ khw’a 5 ᦄ ng’a 17 ᦐ n’a 29 ᦜ l’a 41 ᦨ kwa 6 ᦅ ka 18 ᦑ ta 30 ᦝ fa 42 ᦩ khwa A 7 ᦆ kha 19 ᦒ tha 31 ᦞ va 43 ᦪ sw’a A A 8 ᦇ nga 20 ᦓ na 32 ᦟ la 44 ᦫ swa 9 ᦈ ts’a 21 ᦔ p’a 33 ᦠ h’a 45 ᧞ lae A 10 ᦉ s’a 22 ᦕ ph’a 34 ᦡ d’a 46 ᧟ laew A 11 ᦊ y’a 23 ᦖ m’a 35 ᦢ b’a 12 ᦋ tsa 24 ᦗ pa 36 ᦣ ha A Syllable-final forms of these characters: ᧅ -k, ᧂ -ng, ᧃ -n, ᧄ -m, ᧁ -u, ᧆ -d, ᧇ -b. See also Note D to Table II. II. Vowel characters (ᦀ stands for any consonant character) C 1 ᦀ a 6 ᦀᦴ u 11 ᦀᦹ ue 16 ᦀᦽ oi A 2 ᦰ ( ) 7 ᦵᦀ e 12 ᦵᦀᦲ oe 17 ᦀᦾ awy 3 ᦀᦱ aa 8 ᦶᦀ ae 13 ᦺᦀ ai 18 ᦀᦿ uei 4 ᦀᦲ i 9 ᦷᦀ o 14 ᦀᦻ aai 19 ᦀᧀ oei B D 5 ᦀᦳ ŭ,u 10 ᦀᦸ aw 15 ᦀᦼ ui A Indicates vowel shortness in the following cases: ᦀᦲᦰ ĭ [i], ᦵᦀᦰ ĕ [e], ᦶᦀᦰ ăe [ ∎ ], ᦷᦀᦰ ŏ [o], ᦀᦸᦰ ăw [ ], ᦀᦹᦰ ŭe [ ɯ ], ᦵᦀᦲᦰ ŏe [ ]. -
Abstract of Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania
Abstract of http://www.uog.ac.pg/glec/thesis/ch1web/ABSTRACT.htm Abstract of Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania by Glendon A. Lean In modern technological societies we take the existence of numbers and the act of counting for granted: they occur in most everyday activities. They are regarded as being sufficiently important to warrant their occupying a substantial part of the primary school curriculum. Most of us, however, would find it difficult to answer with any authority several basic questions about number and counting. For example, how and when did numbers arise in human cultures: are they relatively recent inventions or are they an ancient feature of language? Is counting an important part of all cultures or only of some? Do all cultures count in essentially the same ways? In English, for example, we use what is known as a base 10 counting system and this is true of other European languages. Indeed our view of counting and number tends to be very much a Eurocentric one and yet the large majority the languages spoken in the world - about 4500 - are not European in nature but are the languages of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific, Africa, and the Americas. If we take these into account we obtain a quite different picture of counting systems from that of the Eurocentric view. This study, which attempts to answer these questions, is the culmination of more than twenty years on the counting systems of the indigenous and largely unwritten languages of the Pacific region and it involved extensive fieldwork as well as the consultation of published and rare unpublished sources. -
2 1 2 = 30 60 and 1
Math 153 Spring 2010 R. Schultz SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES FROM math153exercises01.pdf As usual, \Burton" refers to the Seventh Edition of the course text by Burton (the page numbers for the Sixth Edition may be off slightly). Problems from Burton, p. 28 3. The fraction 1=6 is equal to 10=60 and therefore the sexagesimal expression is 0;10. To find the expansion for 1=9 we need to solve 1=9 = x=60. By elementary algebra this means 2 9x = 60 or x = 6 3 . Thus 6 2 1 6 40 1 x = + = + 60 3 · 60 60 60 · 60 which yields the sexagsimal expression 0; 10; 40 for 1/9. Finding the expression for 1/5 just amounts to writing this as 12/60, so the form here is 0;12. 1 1 30 To find 1=24 we again write 1=24 = x=60 and solve for x to get x = 2 2 . Now 2 = 60 and therefore we can proceed as in the second example to conclude that the sexagesimal form for 1/24 is 0;2,30. 1 One proceeds similarly for 1/40, solving 1=40 = x=60 to get x = 1 2 . Much as in the preceding discussion this yields the form 0;1,30. Finally, the same method leads to the equation 5=12 = x=60, which implies that 5/12 has the sexagesimal form 0;25. 4. We shall only rewrite these in standard base 10 fractional notation. The answers are in the back of Burton. (a) The sexagesimal number 1,23,45 is equal to 1 3600 + 23 60 + 45.