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Information as of 1 May 2017 has been used in preparation of this directory. PREFACE The Central Intelligence Agency publishes and updates the online directory of Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments weekly. The directory is intended to be used primarily as a reference aid and includes as many governments of the world as is considered practical, some of them not officially recognized by the United States. Regimes with which the United States has no diplomatic exchanges are indicated by the initials NDE. Governments are listed in alphabetical order according to the most commonly used version of each country's name. The spelling of the personal names in this directory follows transliteration systems generally agreed upon by US Government agencies, except in the cases in which officials have stated a preference for alternate spellings of their names. NOTE: Although the head of the central bank is listed for each country, in most cases he or she is not a Cabinet member. Ambassadors to the United States and Permanent Representatives to the UN, New York, have also been included. Key To Abbreviations Adm. Admiral Admin. Administrative, Administration Asst. Assistant Brig. Brigadier Capt. Captain Cdr. Commander Cdte. Comandante Chmn. Chairman, Chairwoman Col. Colonel Ctte. Committee Del. Delegate Dep. Deputy Dept. Department Dir. Director Div. Division Dr. Doctor Eng. Engineer Fd. Mar. Field Marshal Fed. Federal Gen. General Govt. Government Intl. International Lt. Lieutenant Maj. Major Mar. Marshal Mbr. Member Min. Minister, Ministry NDE No Diplomatic Exchange Org. Organization Pres. President Prof. Professor RAdm. Rear Admiral Ret. Retired Sec. Secretary VAdm. Vice Admiral VMar. Vice Marshal Afghanistan Last Updated: 30 Mar 2017 Pres. Ashraf GHANI CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. First Vice Pres. Abdul Rashid DOSTAM Second Vice Pres. Sarwar DANESH First Deputy CEO Khyal Mohammad KHAN Second Deputy CEO Mohammad MOHAQQEQ Min. of Agriculture, Irrigation, & Livestock Assadullah ZAMIR Min. of Border & Tribal Affairs Min. of Commerce & Industry Homayoun RASA Min. of Counternarcotics Salamat AZIMI Min. of Defense Abdullah HABIBI Khan Min. of Economy Abdul Satar MURAD Min. of Education Asadullah HANIF Balkhi Min. of Energy & Water Ali Ahmad OSMANI Min. of Finance Eklil Ahmad HAKIMI Min. of Foreign Affairs Salahuddin RABBANI Min. of Hajj & Islamic Affairs Faiz Muhammad OSMANI Min. of Higher Education Farida MOHMAND Min. of Information & Culture Min. of Interior Taj Mohammad JAHID Min. of Justice Abdul Basir ANWAR Min. of Martyred, Disabled, Labor, & Social Affairs Nasreen ORYAKHIL Min. of Mines & Petroleum Min. of Parliamentary Affairs Ghulab Nabi FARAHI Min. of Public Health Ferozuddin FEROZ Min. of Public Works Mahmoud BALEGH Min. of Refugees & Repatriation Sayed Hussain Alemi BALKHI Min. of Rural Rehabilitation & Development Nasir Ahmad DURRANI Min. of Telecommunication & Information Technology Abdul Razaq WAHIDI Min. of Transportation & Civil Aviation Mohammadullah BATASH Min. of Urban Development Sayed Sadat NADERI Min. of Women's Affairs Dilbar NAZARI National Security Adviser Mohammad Hanif ATMAR Dir. Gen., National Directorate of Security Mohammad Masoom STANEKZAI Dir. Gen., Independent Directorate for Local Governance Ghulam Jelani POPAL Governor, Da Afghanistan Bank Khalilullah SEDIQ Ambassador to the US Hamdullah MOHIB Permanent Representative to the UN, New York Mahmood SAIQAL Albania Last Updated: 7 Sep 2016 Pres. Bujar NISHANI Prime Min. Edi RAMA Dep. Prime Min. Niko PELESHI Min. of Agriculture, Rural Development, & Water Resources Edmond PANARITI Min. of Culture Mirela KUMBARO Min. of Defense Mimi KODHELI Min. of Economy Milva EKONOMI Min. of Education & Sports Lindita NIKOLLA Min. of Energy & Industry Damian GJIKNURI Min. of Environment Lefter KOKA Min. of Finance Arben AHMETAJ Min. of Foreign Affairs Ditmir BUSHATI Min. of Health Ilir BEQAJ Min. of Innovation & Public Admin. Milena HARITO Min. of Integration Klajda GJOSHA Min. of Interior Sajmir TAHIRI Min. of Justice Ylli MANJANI Min. of Local Govt. Affairs Bled CUCI Min. of Relations With Parliament Ermonela FELAJ Min. of Transport & Infrastructure Edmond HAXHINASTO Min. of Urban Development Eglantina GJERMENI Min. of Youth & Social Welfare Blendi KLOSI Governor, Bank of Albania Gent SEJKO Ambassador to the US Floreta FABER Permanent Representative to the UN, New York Besiana KADARE Algeria Last Updated: 6 Aug 2015 Pres. Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA Prime Min. Abdelmalek SELLAL Min. of Agriculture, Rural Development, & Fisheries Sid-Ahmed FERROUKHI Min. of Commerce Bakhti BELAIB Min. of Communication Hamid GRIN Min. of Culture Azzedine MIHOUBI Min. of Energy Salah KHEBRI Min. of Finance Abderrahmane BENKHELFA Min. of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation Ramtane LAMAMRA Min. of Health, Population, & Hospital Reform Abdelmalek BOUDIAF Min. of Higher Education & Scientific Research Tahar HADJAR Min. of Housing, Urban Planning, & the City Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE Min. of Industry & Mines Abdesalam BOUCHOUAREB Min. of Interior & Local Govts. Nouredine BEDOUI Min. of Justice & Keeper of the Seals Tayeb LOUH Min. of Land Management, Tourism, and Handicrafts Amar GHOUL Min. of Labor, Employment, & Social Security Mohamed GHAZI Min. of Maghreb and African Affairs and the Arab League Abdelkader MESSAHEL Min. of National Defense Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA Min. of National Education Nouria BENGHEBRIT Min. of National Planning & Environment Dalila BOUDJEMAA Min. of National Solidarity, Family, & Women's Affairs Mounia MESLEM Min. of Post, Information Technologies, & Communications Iman Houda FERAOUN Min. of Public Works Abdelkader OUALI Min. of Relations With the Parliament Tahar KHAOUA Min. of Religious Affairs & Endowments Mohamed AISSA Min. of Sports Mohamed TAHMI Min. of Training and Education Professionals Mohamed MEBARKI Min. of Transport Boudjema TALAI Min. of Vocational Training Nouredine BEDOUI Min. of War Veterans (Moudjahidine) Tayeb ZITOUNI Min. of Water Resources & the Environment Abdelouahab NOURI Min. of Youth & Sports El Hadi Ould ALI Min.-Del. to the Min. of Finance in Charge of the Budget Hadji Baba AMMI Sec. Gen. of the Govt. Ahmed NOUI Governor, Bank of Algeria Mohamed LAKSACI Ambassador to the US Madjid BOUGUERRA Permanent Representative to the UN, New York Sabri BOUKADOUM Andorra Last Updated: 30 Dec 2015 Head of State (Co-Prince) Francois HOLLANDE Head of State (Co-Prince) Joan-Enric VIVES i SICILIA, Bishop Head of Govt. Antoni MARTI Petit Min. of Culture, Youth, & Sports Olga GELABERT FABREGA Min. of Education & Higher Education Eric JOVER COMAS Min. of Environment, Agriculture, & Sustainability Silvia CALVO ARMENGOL Min. of Finance Jordi CINCA Mateos Min. of Foreign Affairs Gilbert SABOYA Sunye Min. of Health, Social Affairs, & Employment Maria Rosa FERRER OBIOLS Min. of Justice & Interior Xavier ESPOT Zamora Min. of Public Admin., Transportation, & Telecommunications Jordi ALCOBE Font Min. of Territorial Planning Jordi TORRES FALCO Min. of Tourism & Commerce Francesc CAMP Torres Ambassador to the US Elisenda VIVES BALMANA Permanent Representative to the UN, New York Elisenda VIVES BALMANA Angola Last Updated: 15 Sep 2016 Pres. Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS Vice Pres. Manuel Domingos VICENTE Min. of Agriculture Marcos Alexandre NHUNGA Min. of Commerce Rosa Escorcio PACAVIRA DE MATOS Min. of Culture Rosa Maria MARTINS DA CRUZ E SILVA Min. of Defense Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO Min. of Economy Abraao Pio dos Santos GOURGEL Min. of Education Mpinda SIMAO Min. of Energy & Water Joao Baptista BORGES Min. of Environment Maria de Fatima Monteiro JARDIM Min. of External Relations Georges Rebelo CHIKOTI Min. of Family & Women Promotion Maria Felomena de Fatima Lobao TELO DELGADO Min. of Finance Augusto Archer de SOUSA MANGUEIRA Min. of Fisheries Victoria Christopher Francisco Lopes de Barros NETO Min. of Former Combatants & Veterans of War Candido Pereira dos Santos VAN DUNEM, Maj. Gen. Min. of Geology, Mines, & Industry Manuel Francisco QUEIROS Min. of Health Jose Vieira DIAS VAN-DUNEM Min. of Higher Education Adao do NASCIMENTO Min. of Hotels & Tourism Pedro MUTINDE Min. of Industry Bernarda Goncalves Martins Henriques DA SILVA Min. of Interior Angelo de Barros Veiga TAVARES Min. of Justice & Human Rights Rui Jorge Carneiro MANGUEIRA Min. of Parliamentary Affairs Rosa Luis de Sousa MICOLO Min. of Petroleum Jose Maria Botelho de VASCONCELOS Min. of Planning Job GRACA Min. of Public Admin., Employment, & Social Security Antonio Domingos da Costa Pitra NETO Min. of Science & Technology Maria Candida TEIXEIRA Min. of Social Communication Jose Luis DE MATOS Min. of Telecommunications & Information Technology Jose Carvalho DA ROCHA Min. of Territorial Admin. Bornito de Sousa Baltazar DIOGO Min. of Transport Augusto da Silva TOMAS Min. of Urbanism & Housing Jose Antonio Maria DA CONCEICAO E SILVA Min. of Welfare & Social Reintegration Joao Baptista KUSSUMUA Min. of Youth & Sports Goncalves Manuel MUANDUMBA Min. in the Office of the Presidency, Civil Affairs Edeltrudes Mauricio Fernandes GASPAR DA COSTA Min. in the Office of the Presidency, Military Affairs Manuel Helder "Kopelipa" VIEIRA DIAS Sec. of the Council of Ministers Frederico Manuel dos Santos e Silva CARDOSO Governor, National Bank of Angola Jose de Lima MASSANO Ambassador to the US Agostinho NETO Permanent Representative to the UN, New York Ismael Abraao GASPAR MARTINS Antigua and Barbuda Last Updated: 7 Jan 2015 Governor Gen. Rodney WILLIAMS Prime Min. Gaston BROWNE Senior Min. Lester BIRD Min. of Agriculture,
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  • Intra-Party Democracy in the Zambian Polity1

    Intra-Party Democracy in the Zambian Polity1

    John Bwalya, Owen B. Sichone: REFRACTORY FRONTIER: INTRA-PARTY … REFRACTORY FRONTIER: INTRA-PARTY DEMOCRACY IN THE ZAMBIAN POLITY1 John Bwalya Owen B. Sichone Abstract: Despite the important role that intra-party democracy plays in democratic consolidation, particularly in third-wave democracies, it has not received as much attention as inter-party democracy. Based on the Zambian polity, this article uses the concept of selectocracy to explain why, to a large extent, intra-party democracy has remained a refractory frontier. Two traits of intra-party democracy are examined: leadership transitions at party president-level and the selection of political party members for key leadership positions. The present study of four political parties: United National Independence Party (UNIP), Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), United Party for National Development (UPND) and Patriotic Front (PF) demonstrates that the iron law of oligarchy predominates leadership transitions and selection. Within this milieu, intertwined but fluid factors, inimical to democratic consolidation but underpinning selectocracy, are explained. Keywords: Intra-party Democracy, Leadership Transition, Ethnicity, Selectocracy, Third Wave Democracies Introduction Although there is a general consensus that political parties are essential to liberal democracy (Teorell 1999; Matlosa 2007; Randall 2007; Omotola 2010; Ennser-Jedenastik and Müller 2015), they often failed to live up to the expected democratic values such as sustaining intra-party democracy (Rakner and Svasånd 2013). As a result, some scholars have noted that parties may therefore not necessarily be good for democratic consolidation because they promote private economic interests, which are inimical to democracy and state building (Aaron 1 The authors gratefully acknowledge the comments from the editorial staff and anonymous reviewers.