INTRODUCTION 1.1 About Beed District Beed Is One of the District of Marathwada Areas of Maharashtra
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INTRODUCTION 1.1 About Beed District Beed is one of the district of Marathwada areas of Maharashtra. It is situated flanked by Aurangabad and Jalna districts in the north, Parbhani in the east, Latur in the south east, Osmanabad in in south and Ahmadnagar district in the west and southwest. It is bounded by north latitude 18°28‟ and 19°28‟ and east longitude between 74°48‟ and 76°45‟. The district headquarters is located at Beed Town. For administrative purpose the district has been divided in 11 Talukas viz., Beed, Georai, Patoda, Ashti, Shirur (Kasar), Ambajogai, Kaij, Majalgaon, Dharur, Parli (Vaijnath) and Wadwani. As per census 2011, the population of the district is 25.85 lakh. The district has 6 towns and 1360 villages. The major part of the district comes under Godavari basin. Godavari, Manjra and Sina are the major rivers that drain the district along with their tributaries. Table 1.1: Ground water exploration In the Deccan Trap Basalt area of the district, 52 exploratory wells (EW), 11 observation wells (OW) and 5 Piezometer (PZ) were drilled. The depth of the wells ranged from 18.00 to 200.20 metres below ground level (m bgl). The discharge from these wells varied from Traces to 19.66 litres per second (lps), and 20 wells (29%) were found to be high yielding with discharge > 3 lps. The static water levels ranged from 3.11 to > 100 m bgl. The aquifer zones were encountered in the depth range of 5 m bgl to 195 m bgl, thus indicating the presence of water bearing zones even at deeper depths beyond 100 m bgl. In addition to this 8 piezometers have been drilled through outsourcing in 1997-98 under HP-I, whereas 10 wells have been drilled under accelerated ground water exploration programmed through outsourcing in 2004-05. 1.2 Climate and Rainfall The Climate of the district is characterized by a hot summer and general dryness throughout the year except during the south-west monsoon season, i.e., June to September. The temperature rises rapidly after February till May, which is the hottest month of the year. The mean daily maximum temperature during May is 42.0°C and the mean daily minimum temperature during December is 12.0°C Figure 1.1: Location Figure 1.2: Location of exploratory wells Table 1.2: Annual Rainfall data 1.2 Geomorphology and Soil Types The district can be broadly divided into 3 physiographic units namely; Lowland Beed, Highland Beed and Sina basin. Lowland Beed is the low lying northern part comprising a part of Godavari valley and is also known as Gangathari. It has a general elevation rangiong from 400 metre above mean sea level (m amsl) in the east to 500 m amsl in the west with number of residual hills reaching upto 600 m amsl. Highland Beed occupies the southern part forming a part of Balaghat Plateau. This dissected series of hills extending from west to east divides the district into two parts. Sina basin is low lying undulating area southwest and west of Highland Beed comprising almost whole of Ashti taluka. It is interspersed with many low lying residual hills. The district is drained by Godavari, Manjra and Sina rivers and their tributaries. Godavari River flows from west to east along the northern boundary of the district. Manjra River starts from the mountains of Patoda taluka and flows west to east forming the southern boundary of the district. Sina River flows along the south-western boundary of the district. In the district, rocky and thin layered soils are observed in major part of the district except on the banks of Godavari and Sindphana Rivers, where dark brown to black and clayey loamy to loamy soils are observed. The nutrient levels in almost all the soils are low. 1.3 Ground Water Scenario 1.3.1 Hydrogeology The major part of the district is covered by Basaltic flows commonly known as Deccan Traps of Upper Cretaceous-Lower Eocene age. Alluvial deposits of Recent to Sub-Recent age are observed along the river courses of Godavari and Sindphana. 1.3.1.1 Hard Rock Areas 1.3.1.2 Deccan Trap Basalt The Deccan Trap includes several flows of Basalt which are supposed to have extruded from fissure volcanoes. Ground water in Deccan Trap Basalt occurs mostly in the upper weathered and fractured parts down to 20-25 m depth. At places potential zones are encountered at deeper levels in the form of fractures and inter-flow zones. The upper weathered and fractured parts form phreatic aquifer and ground water occurs under water table (unconfined) conditions. This aquifer is tapped by mainly dug wells in the depth range of 3.00 to 29.60 m bgl and their yield ranges between 5700 and 72900 lph. At deeper levels, the ground water occurs under semi- confined conditions. These are tapped by Dug-cum-Bore well (DCB) ranging in depth from 11 to 50 m bgl. Figure 1.3: Hydrogeology The confined aquifers in Basalt are encountered at depth of more than 40 to 50 m and are tapped by bore wells ranging in depth from 40 to 100 m bgl. Bore wells drilled down to 70 m depth, tapping weathered and vesicular basalt are found to yield 500 to 3000 lph. As per Ground Water Exploration data deeper potential aquifers below 100 m bgl have been observed in Gevrai and Ashti talukas. 1.3.2 Soft Rock Areas 1.3.2.1 Alluvium Alluvial deposits occur in long narrow basin along Godavari and Sindphana rivers. About a 10% area of the district is occupied by Alluvium. It consists of sand, gravels and boulders with intercalations of clays and silt. The beds of sand and gravels are discontinuous and ventricular and pinch out laterally within short distance. Ground water occurs under phreatic and semi- confined conditions in inter granular pore spaces of gravel and sand. This aquifer is tapped mainly by dug wells ranging in depth 5 to 25 m bgl with 2 to 3 m diameter and the yield varies from 100 to 250 m3/day. 1.4 Water Level Scenario Central Ground Water Board periodically monitors 43 Ground Water Monitoring Wells (GWMW) stations in Beed district, four times a year i.e. in January, May (Pre-monsoon), August and November (Post-monsoon). 1.4.1 Depth to Water Level – Pre-monsoon (May-2017) The depth to water levels in the district during May 2017 ranges between 0.8 (Wadwani) and 11.95m bgl (Tintawarni). Depth to water levels during pre-monsoon (May 2017) has been depicted in Figure-4. Figure 1.4: Depth to Water Level (Pre-monsoon- May 2017) Shallow water levels within 2 mbgl are observed in an isolated patch in central part of the district in Wadvani taluka. The water levels between 5 and 10 m bgl are observed in major parts of the district in north-central, south-central, western and eastern parts. The moderate to deeper water levels of 10 to 20 m bgl are observed in western, north western, south and eastern parts of the district, occupying parts of Ashti, Beed, Kaij, Georai talukas. The water levels between 2 and 5 m bgl are observed in elongated patch in northwest-south east direction occupying parts of parts of Georai, Majalgaon, Wadwani, Dharur and Ambejogai talukas. 1.4.2 Depth to Water Level – Post-monsoon (Nov.-2017) The depth to water levels in the district during Nov. 2017 ranges between 1.00 (Ambajogai) and 9.10 m bgl (Chousala). Depth to water levels during post-monsoon (Nov. 2017) has been depicted in Figure-5. Figure 1.5: Depth to Water Level (Post-monsoon- Nov. 2017) In major parts of the district water levels are between 2 and 5 m bgl, predominantly observed in entire eastern part of the district, occupying major parts of Georai, Wadwani, Dharur, Beed, Kaij, Majalgaon and Parli. The water levels, between 5 and 10 m bgl are seen central-western patch i.e., almost entire Shirur, Patoda and southern parts of Beed and Ashti talukas. Shallow water levels less than 2 m bgl are observed in parts of Georai, Beed, Wadwani and Ambajogai talukas. 1.4.3 Seasonal Water Level Fluctuation– (May-Nov. 2017) The seasonal rise in water levels in the district ranges from 0.011 (Kanherwadi) to 1.55 m (Tintarwani). In major parts of the district water level fluctuation in the range of 0 to 2 m is observed in northern and western parts of the district occupying parts of Georai, Wadwani, Majalgaon, Shirur-Kasar, Patoda and Ashti. Water level fluctuation in the range of 2 to 4 m is observed in central and southern parts of the district and fluctuation of more than 4 m is observed in parts of Ambejogai and Kaij talukas. 1.4.4 Water Level Trend (2010-2017) Trend of water levels for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period for last ten years (2010-2017) have been computed for 43 NHNS. The analysis of trend indicates that during pre-monsoon period, rise in water level has been recorded at 26 stations and it ranges between 0.06 (Dharampuri) and 1.30 m/year (Badrapur2). The fall in water level trend has been observed at only 2 stations and it ranges between 0.04 (Mauj) and 0.08 m/year (Khadkat). During postmonsoon period, rise in water levels has been recorded at 16 stations and it ranges from 0.04 (Adas) to 1.26 m/year (Tintarvani), whereas at 15 stations, fall in water level ranging between Negligible (Pali) and 1.51 m/year (Pendgaon) is observed.