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Scientometrics: Tools, Techniques and Software for Analysis Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services ISSN: 2231-6094 Vol. 9 No. 2, 2019, pp. 116-121 © The Research Publication, www.trp.org.in Scientometrics: Tools, Techniques and Software for Analysis V. Jayasree1 and M. D. Baby2 1Research Scholar, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 2Professor & Head, School of Library & Information Science, Rajagiri College of Social Science, Kochi, Kerala, India E-Mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract - This paper aims to discuss the significance of e- Russian term “naukometriya” (measurement of science) resources on scientometrics study. Tools for scientometric coined by Nalimov and Mulchenko (1969). Scientometrics analysis are listed out. Data collected from literature search is a branch of science which can also be termed as "Science and website of softwares. Citation tracking tools like Web of of Science". It involves quantitative studies of scientific science, Scopus and Google Scholar citations, CiteseerX etc., activities, especially publications, which overlap with are discussed. Various software tools for bibliometric analysis like Bibexcel, CiteSpace, Histcite, Pajek, Publish or Perish, bibliometrics to some extent. The terms bibliometrics and Scholarometer, VOS viewer-tool for constructing and scientometrics were almost simultaneously introduced by visualizing bibliometric networks, CitNet explorer - tool for Pritchard and by Nalimov and Mulchenko in 1969. visualizing and analysing citation networks of publications etc Pritchard explained the term bibliometrics as “the are discussed, The study concludes that combination of application of mathematical and statistical methods to books different software tools can be used for complete scientometric and other media of communication, Nalimov and analysis and the familiarization of bibliometric software Mulchenko (1989) define scientometrics, "as the application among students and researchers will help to promote research of those quantitative methods which are dealing with the in scientometrics in a more productive method. analysis of science viewed as an information process. Keywords: Scientometrics, Scientometric Analysis, Citation Tracking Tools, Bibliometric Software According to these interpretations, scientometrics is restricted to the measurement of science communication I. INTRODUCTION whereas bibliometrics is designed to deal with more general information processes. Scientometrics is related to and has “Few would dispute the claim that a nation's science and overlapping interests with bibliometrics. The term technology base is a critical element for its economic bibliometrics and scientometrics refer to component fields strength, political structure and cultural validity”, related to the study of the dynamics of disciplines as reflected in the production of their literature. Now a day's Eugene Garfield both terms are used as synonyms and the borderlines between the two specialties almost vanished. The work that The importance of scientific knowledge is recognized like gave rise to the laws of bibliometrics was perhaps the never before in this knowledge millennium age. There are earliest research with in the scientometric field. The first many ways of looking at Science. According to Concise law, which came to be known as Lotka‟s Law, after Alfred Oxford English Dictionary, science is the pursuit of Lotka, in 1926 suggested that within a defined area over a systematic and ordered knowledge. It is a very complicated specific period a low number of authors accounted for a system of knowledge production and knowledge exchange. large percentage of publications in the area. In 1935, George It can be viewed as a means of constructing models of Kingsley Zipf, described the frequency of words in a text reality. Science is a major human activity having far and became known as Zipf‟s Law. In 1948 Samuel Clement reaching applications and implications in every aspect of Bradford‟s analysis indicated that within a given area over a human life. But measuring such an activity, knowledge or specific time a few journals publish a high percent of its impact in human life is a challenge and therefore the next articles and there are many journals that publish only a few best thing to do is to measure all that is measureable about articles each which came to be known as Bradford‟s Law. them like measuring the volume of research, i.e., scientific These laws form the foundation of the development of the output of a country by the number of research papers modern-day scientometric literature. The development of published by scientists in that country, extent of the Impact Factor and the work of Eugene Garfield is one of collaboration, citation rate for measuring the impact of the most renowned accomplishments in the field of articles etc., scientometrics. Garfield first described the Impact Factor in 1955 as a method of selecting journals for inclusion in a Quantification is imperative in all aspects of life. The genetics citation index he had been developing. This academic and research activities need to be measured even eventually resulted in the publication of the Science Citation in the scholarly world. Scientometrics has become a leading Index in 1961 as a means of linking articles together via tool for measuring the value of research activities. The term their references. Since then, journal Impact Factor has “Scientometrics” has been first used as a translation of the developed into a widely used bibliometric indicator. In the meantime, Derek De Solla Price was studying the IJISS Vol.9 No.2 April-June 2019 116 Scientometrics: Tools, Techniques and Software for Analysis exponential growth of science and the citation activity of IV. WEB BASED TOOLS scientific literature. Several papers were published by him who described the key elements of scientometric analysis, The Impact Factor continued to grow as a significant factor including work on patterns of communication between and in the late 1990s Thomson Scientific launched a web- scientists and the overall history and study of science itself. based version of the citation indices, allowing users to search across citation databases on the Internet. Internet II. APPLICATIONS OF SCIENTOMETRIC and e-resources has become an essential tool for research TECHNIQUES and analysis. Several new citation measures were developed that were formerly impractical. These include Scientometrics as a technique has extensive applications in article download counts and Google‟s Page Rank, a understanding the structure of a discipline, identifying the numerical value that represents the importance of a page on research trends and research networks, growth of the Web. New areas such as webometrics have also knowledge, calculating the research impact of a published developed to look at the quality of Web pages and links work, , trends in authorship and collaboration in research, within them. Web usage and weblog analysis are identify suitable research partners in one's own specialized sophisticated new techniques that allow researchers to research field, potential for cross disciplinary work, and understand how the Web is used for analysis. In 2004 potential for national and international collaboration. In the Scopus was released as a new tool to search and navigate area of information dissemination, it helps in the decision through the literature and link between references and making of - where to publish for maximum visibility, citations. This abstracts and provide citation database of analyze and compare journal information and track how peer-reviewed literature& patents. Web sources has also research is received by others. Institutions can use introduced additional tools that increase the speed and scientometrics tools to make informed decisions like accuracy of research evaluation. One of these is the Author allocation of funds, policy decisions, track emerging trends Identifier that automatically matches and de-duplicates and find niche research areas, compare and benchmark author names, with a 99% accuracy rate. Attention is impact of research with other institutions, find collaborating increasingly turning from rating the performance of journals partner/institutions national, internationally, with in an to also rating individual authors. The h-index, a simple institution/track corporate/academic collaboration. It also metric developed in 2005 by Professor J. Hirsch and helps to find an institutions disciplinary focus/to see how adopted by Scopus and Web of Science is one way to do institutions collaborate geographically/institutions research this, while the Scopus Citation Tracker allows users to track strength/most productive author and institutions in a who is being cited, how often and by whom. This can also particular discipline. It helps to identify the core periodicals, help identify research trends. Other key indicators that have journal impact factor, citation studies/productivity metrics, been developed include the Eigen factor, the Y factor and author metrics, scholarly output, h- indices and so on. The the g-index. most common units of analysis in science mapping are journals, documents, cited references, authors and V. SCIENTOMETRIC STUDY: SOURCES FOR DATA descriptive terms or words. Journals are traditionally the most valued data source for III. SCIENTOMETRIC INDICATORS scientometric study. However most of recent studies use digital data sources. Data collection from publications will Indicators for science and technology may be defined as be cumbersome
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