History of Analytic Philosophy
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The Analytic-Synthetic Distinction and the Classical Model of Science: Kant, Bolzano and Frege
Synthese (2010) 174:237–261 DOI 10.1007/s11229-008-9420-9 The analytic-synthetic distinction and the classical model of science: Kant, Bolzano and Frege Willem R. de Jong Received: 10 April 2007 / Revised: 24 July 2007 / Accepted: 1 April 2008 / Published online: 8 November 2008 © The Author(s) 2008. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract This paper concentrates on some aspects of the history of the analytic- synthetic distinction from Kant to Bolzano and Frege. This history evinces con- siderable continuity but also some important discontinuities. The analytic-synthetic distinction has to be seen in the first place in relation to a science, i.e. an ordered system of cognition. Looking especially to the place and role of logic it will be argued that Kant, Bolzano and Frege each developed the analytic-synthetic distinction within the same conception of scientific rationality, that is, within the Classical Model of Science: scientific knowledge as cognitio ex principiis. But as we will see, the way the distinction between analytic and synthetic judgments or propositions functions within this model turns out to differ considerably between them. Keywords Analytic-synthetic · Science · Logic · Kant · Bolzano · Frege 1 Introduction As is well known, the critical Kant is the first to apply the analytic-synthetic distinction to such things as judgments, sentences or propositions. For Kant this distinction is not only important in his repudiation of traditional, so-called dogmatic, metaphysics, but it is also crucial in his inquiry into (the possibility of) metaphysics as a rational science. Namely, this distinction should be “indispensable with regard to the critique of human understanding, and therefore deserves to be classical in it” (Kant 1783, p. -
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</Em>
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 8-6-2008 Three Wittgensteins: Interpreting the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus Thomas J. Brommage Jr. University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Brommage, Thomas J. Jr., "Three Wittgensteins: Interpreting the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" (2008). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/149 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Three Wittgensteins: Interpreting the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus by Thomas J. Brommage, Jr. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Philosophy College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Co-Major Professor: Kwasi Wiredu, B.Phil. Co-Major Professor: Stephen P. Turner, Ph.D. Charles B. Guignon, Ph.D. Richard N. Manning, J. D., Ph.D. Joanne B. Waugh, Ph.D. Date of Approval: August 6, 2008 Keywords: Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, logical empiricism, resolute reading, metaphysics © Copyright 2008 , Thomas J. Brommage, Jr. Acknowledgments There are many people whom have helped me along the way. My most prominent debts include Ray Langely, Billy Joe Lucas, and Mary T. Clark, who trained me in philosophy at Manhattanville College; and also to Joanne Waugh, Stephen Turner, Kwasi Wiredu and Cahrles Guignon, all of whom have nurtured my love for the philosophy of language. -
The Fact of Modern Mathematics: Geometry, Logic, and Concept Formation in Kant and Cassirer
THE FACT OF MODERN MATHEMATICS: GEOMETRY, LOGIC, AND CONCEPT FORMATION IN KANT AND CASSIRER by Jeremy Heis B.A., Michigan State University, 1999 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2007 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Jeremy Heis It was defended on September 5, 2007 and approved by Jeremy Avigad, Associate Professor, Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University Stephen Engstrom, Associate Professor, Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh Anil Gupta, Distinguished Professor, Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh Kenneth Manders, Associate Professor, Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh Thomas Ricketts, Professor, Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh Dissertation Advisor: Mark Wilson, Professor, Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Jeremy Heis 2007 iii THE FACT OF MODERN MATHEMATICS: GEOMETRY, LOGIC, AND CONCEPT FORMATION IN KANT AND CASSIRER Jeremy Heis, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2007 It is now commonly accepted that any adequate history of late nineteenth and early twentieth century philosophy—and thus of the origins of analytic philosophy—must take seriously the role of Neo-Kantianism and Kant interpretation in the period. This dissertation is a contribution to our understanding of this interesting but poorly understood stage in the history of philosophy. Kant’s theory of the concepts, postulates, and proofs of geometry was informed by philosophical reflection on diagram-based geometry in the Greek synthetic tradition. However, even before the widespread acceptance of non-Euclidean geometry, the projective revolution in nineteenth century geometry eliminated diagrams from proofs and introduced “ideal” elements that could not be given a straightforward interpretation in empirical space. -
Bernard Bolzano. Theory of Science
428 • Philosophia Mathematica Menzel, Christopher [1991] ‘The true modal logic’, Journal of Philosophical Logic 20, 331–374. ———[1993]: ‘Singular propositions and modal logic’, Philosophical Topics 21, 113–148. ———[2008]: ‘Actualism’, in Edward N. Zalta, ed., Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 Edition). Stanford University. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/actualism, last accessed June 2015. Nelson, Michael [2009]: ‘The contingency of existence’, in L.M. Jorgensen and S. Newlands, eds, Metaphysics and the Good: Themes from the Philosophy of Robert Adams, Chapter 3, pp. 95–155. Oxford University Press. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/philmat/article/23/3/428/1449457 by guest on 30 September 2021 Parsons, Charles [1983]: Mathematics in Philosophy: Selected Essays. New York: Cornell University Press. Plantinga, Alvin [1979]: ‘Actualism and possible worlds’, in Michael Loux, ed., The Possible and the Actual, pp. 253–273. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ———[1983]: ‘On existentialism’, Philosophical Studies 44, 1–20. Prior, Arthur N. [1956]: ‘Modality and quantification in S5’, The Journal of Symbolic Logic 21, 60–62. ———[1957]: Time and Modality. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ———[1968]: Papers on Time and Tense. Oxford University Press. Quine, W.V. [1951]: ‘Two dogmas of empiricism’, Philosophical Review 60, 20–43. ———[1969]: Ontological Relativity and Other Essays. New York: Columbia University Press. ———[1986]: Philosophy of Logic. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Shapiro, Stewart [1991]: Foundations without Foundationalism: A Case for Second-order Logic.Oxford University Press. Stalnaker, Robert [2012]: Mere Possibilities: Metaphysical Foundations of Modal Semantics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Turner, Jason [2005]: ‘Strong and weak possibility’, Philosophical Studies 125, 191–217. -
Barry Smith Kasimir Twardowski
BARRY SMITH KASIMIR TWARDOWSKI: AN ESSAY ON THE BORDERLINES OF ONTOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LOGIC1 1. Introduction The influence of Kasimir Twardowski on modern Polish philos ophy is all -pervasive. As is well known, almost all important 20th century Polish philosophers went through the hard training of his courses in Lvov. Twardowski instilled in his students an enduring concern for clarity and rigour. He taught them to regard philosophy as a collaborative effort, a matter of disciplined discussion and argument. And he encouraged them to work together with scientists from other disciplines above all with psychologists, and also with mathematicians - so that the Lvov school of philosophy would gradually evolve into the Warsaw school of logic2. Kasimir Skrzypna - Twardowski, Ritter von Ogonczyk, was born in Vienna in 1866, the son of a high official in the Austro-Hun garian Ministry of Finance. He was educated at the Theresianum, where, as in all Austrian grammar schools, a course in philos ophy (which is to say, psychology plus logic) was compulsory in the final year3. The officially prescribed textbook for this course for much of the second half of the 19th century (and in many cases also later) was the Philosophische Propadeutik of Robert Zimmermann, first published in Vienna in 1853 and transla - ted into Hungarian and Italian shortly thereafter. Zimmermann's work, the logical sections of which are little more than lightly disguised summaries of Bolzano's Wissenschaftsfehre prepared at Bolzano's own request, can now be seen to have done much to bring about a renaissance of Bolzanianism in Austria in a period when Bolzano's own writings were officially suppressed. -
Bolzano and the Traditions of Analysis
Bolzano and the Traditions of Analysis Paul Rusnock (Appeared in Grazer Phil. Studien 53 (1997) 61-86.) §1 Russell’s discussion of analytic philosophy in his popular History begins on a sur- prising note: the first analytic philosopher he mentions is . Weierstrass. His fur- ther remarks—in which he discusses Cantor and Frege, singling out their work in the foundations of mathematics—indicate that he thought that the origin of mod- ern philosophical analysis lay in the elaboration of modern mathematical analysis in the nineteenth century [13, 829-30]. Given the markedly different meanings attached to the word “analysis” in these two contexts, this juxtaposition might be dismissed as merely an odd coincidence. As it turns out, however, modern philo- sophical and mathematical analysis are rather closely linked. They have, for one thing, a common root, albeit one long since buried and forgotten. More important still, and apparently unknown to Russell, is the circumstance that one individual was instrumental in the creation of both: Bolzano. Russell’s account could easily leave one with the impression that analytic phi- losophy had no deep roots in philosophical tradition; that, instead, it emerged when methods and principles used more or less tacitly in mathematics were, af- ter long use, finally articulated and brought to the attention of the philosophical public. A most misleading impression this would be. For right at the begin- ning of the reconstruction of the calculus which Russell attributed to Weierstrass we find Bolzano setting out with great clarity the methodology guiding these de- velopments in mathematics—a methodology which, far from being rootless, was developed in close conjunction with Bolzano’s usual critical survey of the relevant philosophical literature. -
Reason, Causation and Compatibility with the Phenomena
Reason, causation and compatibility with the phenomena Basil Evangelidis Series in Philosophy Copyright © 2020 Vernon Press, an imprint of Vernon Art and Science Inc, on behalf of the author. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Vernon Art and Science Inc. www.vernonpress.com In the Americas: In the rest of the world: Vernon Press Vernon Press 1000 N West Street, C/Sancti Espiritu 17, Suite 1200, Wilmington, Malaga, 29006 Delaware 19801 Spain United States Series in Philosophy Library of Congress Control Number: 2019942259 ISBN: 978-1-62273-755-0 Cover design by Vernon Press. Cover image by Garik Barseghyan from Pixabay. Product and company names mentioned in this work are the trademarks of their respective owners. While every care has been taken in preparing this work, neither the authors nor Vernon Art and Science Inc. may be held responsible for any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition. Table of contents Abbreviations vii Preface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 Causation, determinism and the universe 1 1. Natural principles and the rise of free-will 1 1.1. “The most exact of the sciences” 2 1.2. -
An Introduction to Bolzano's Essay on Beauty Aesthetics
Zlom2_2015_Sestava 1 27.11.15 11:45 Stránka 203 AESTHETICS IN CENTRAL EUROPE ARTICLES AND ARCHIVE DOCUMENTS AN INTRODUCTION TO BOLZANO’S ESSAY ON BEAUTY PAISLEY LIVINGSTON A neglected gem in the history of aesthetics, Bolzano’s essay on beauty is best understood when read alongside his other writings and philosophical sources. 1 This introduction is designed to contribute to such a reading. In Part I, I identify and discuss three salient ways in which Bolzano’s account can be misunderstood. As a lack of familiarity with Bolzano’s background assumptions is one source of these misunderstandings, in Part II, I elucidate some of his ideas about the psychological processes involved in the contemplation and enjoyment of beauty. In Part III, I situate Bolzano’s discussion of beauty within the more general framework of his ideas about the nature of philosophy, the relation between philosophy and aesthetics, and the place of the concept of beauty within the latter. Part IV is devoted to Bolzano’s discussion of some of his philosophical antecedents, including Kant. In Part V, I raise some objections to Bolzano’s account and indicate how his advocates might respond to them. Many thanks to the editors of Estetika for inviting me to submit this introduction and for taking the initiative to commission and publish Adam Bresnahan’s translation of the first half of Bolzano’s essay. Special thanks are due to Tereza Hadravová and Jakub Stejskal for helpful comments on a draft of the introduction. The work for this essay was supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project No. -
'Liar' Paradox
Filozofia Nauki Rok XII, 2004, Nr 2(46) Wojciech Żełaniec New Considerations on The ‘Liar’ Paradox They Argue no corrupted Mind In him—the Fault Is with Man-Kind. Swift, Verses on The Death o f Dr. Swift INTRODUCTION This is going to be a piece of philosophy concerning the famous or infamous ‘Liar’, the sentence ‘This sentence is false’. I strongly hope that these ‘new consid erations’ argue no corrupted mind in myself, the fault of whatever could therein be found fault with being on the part of the subject-matter, i. e. ordinary language, itself.1 As we have all known the ‘Liar’ is paradoxical, in the sense that whichever truth- value you try to assign to it, you end up with the truth value other than the one you started with. Tarski has shown why this should be so—as we know, chiefly for level- of-language-related reasons. I shall have nothing to say on this aspect of things, though. Nor do I think that what I shall have to say will in any direct way be relevant to the Tarskian aspect of things. It will, however, certainly be vaguely in line with what I take to be the main thrust and main moral from the justly celebrated Tarskian study, to wit, that ‘you can’t say anything like the ‘Liar” . 1 I owe the main idea of this piece to a study by John Leslie Mackie, ‘Logical Paradoxes’, ch. 6 in his Truth, Probability And Paradox, Oxford 1973, Clarendon Press. I have refounded his stuff, though, and recast it in quite a different mould. -
Bolzano and Kant on the Nature of Logic
This article was downloaded by: [University of California, San Diego] On: 02 February 2013, At: 09:11 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK History and Philosophy of Logic Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/thpl20 Bolzano and Kant on the Nature of Logic Clinton Tolley a a Department of Philosophy, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0119, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0119, USA Version of record first published: 06 Jul 2012. To cite this article: Clinton Tolley (2012): Bolzano and Kant on the Nature of Logic, History and Philosophy of Logic, 33:4, 307-327 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01445340.2012.680705 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. -
Introduction
Introduction ernard Bolzano was a Christian humanist who devoted a lifetime of thought and writing to a far-reaching and wide-ranging reform of the representation, organization, and discovery of knowledge. He was ordained as a Catholic priest in 1805 and thereafter, for almost fifteen Byears, he held a university post in Prague lecturing in theology and giving regular ‘edifying discourses’ to both the students and the public. He was eventually dis- missed from his post by the Hapsburg Emperor, Franz I, because his public views, on social and political issues were deemed dangerously liberal, and his theological views even heretical. Nevertheless, he was popular as an educator and unflag- ging in his zeal as a reformer, driven in these roles, as in all parts of his life, by an ethical principle that he called the ‘highest moral law’, namely, ‘always to behave in a way which will best promote the common good’. The well-being and progress—in the broadest sense—of humanity was his lifelong and overriding concern. His working life occupied, almost exactly,the first half of the nineteenth century and was spent in the midst of a strong resurgence of Czech culture within a society dominated by German and Austrian influences. Born on 5 October 1781 of an Italian father and German mother, Bolzano clearly identified himself with the people and culture of his adopted country; he chose to describe himself as a ‘Bohemian of the German tongue’. In spite of numerous obstacles, recurring illnesses, and persecution, his extraordinary energy, determination and hard work resulted in a prodigious output embracing philosophy, logic, mathematics, physics, politics, education, theology, and ethics. -
Science in the Czech Lands: the Significance of Prague As a Place for the History of Science
SCIENCE IN THE CZECH LANDS: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PRAGUE AS A PLACE FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE 24 September 2019 Conference Room, Centre for Theoretical Studies, Jilská 1, 110 00, PRAHA Organizer: Centre for Science, Technology, and Society Studies, with the support of GACR GRANT, GJ19-03125Y - Matematika v Českých zemích: od jezuitského učení po Bernarda Bolzana Programme 9:30 – 10:45 Iva Lelková, Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Comenius Studies and Early Modern Intellectual History, Praha Mathematicians in the early modern Bohemia and their correspondence contacts within European intellectual networks This paper will explore correspondence contacts of mathematicians active in Bohemia in the second half of the seventeenth century with the rest of Europe. The research is based mostly on correspondence of Jesuit polymath Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680). Prague looms large within Kircher’s correspondence and mathematicians based in Bohemia like Theodor Moretus, Gottfried Aloys Kinner von Löwenthurn or Adam Adamandus Kochański corresponded about current mathematical topics not only with Kircher, who rarely left Rome, but also with other outstanding figures of the seventeenth century Republic of Letters like Christiaan Huygens, René Descartes and others. The paper will attempt to answer the question how the mathematicians active in Bohemia created their contacts with European scholars and what kind of conclusion about their position within European scholarly networks can be made on basis of limited amount of scholarly correspondences accessible. 11:00 – 12:15 Georg Schuppener, University of Leipzig, Germany Jesuit and post-Jesuit mathematics in the 18th and beginning 19th centuries Since the middle of the 16th century the Jesuits dominated mathematics and the related disciplines in Bohemia.