DOCSLIB.ORG

San Juan Island National Historical Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
San Juan Island National Historical Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report National Park Service US Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science San Juan Island National Historical Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2014/835 ON THE COVER View of American Camp shoreline looking east. National Park Service photograph. THIS PAGE Wildflowers blooming in a field in American Camp. The glacial history of San Juan Island deposited large amounts of gravel. Later inhabitants of the island piled large rocks at the edges of fields. National Park Service photograph. San Juan Island National Historical Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2014/835 John P. Graham Colorado State University Research Associate National Park Service Geologic Resources Division Geologic Resources Inventory PO Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 August 2014 US Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the US Government. Printed copies of this report are produced in a limited quantity and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is available from the Geologic Resources Inventory website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ gre_publications.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Graham, J. P. 2014. San Juan Island National Historical Park: geologic resources inventory report. Natural resource report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2014/835. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 438/125611, August 2014 ii NPS Geologic Resources Division Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................ iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................. iv Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... v Products and Acknowledgements .............................................................................. vii GRI Products ............................................................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................... vii Geologic Setting and Significance ................................................................................ 1 Park Location and Designation ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Geologic Setting .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Geologic Features and Processes .................................................................................. 9 Tectonic Features ......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Glacial Features ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 Raised Beaches .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Aeolian Features ........................................................................................................................................................ 14 Beaches, Headlands, and Other Coastal Features ........................................................................................................ 14 Estuaries and Wetlands .............................................................................................................................................. 14 Paleontological Resources .......................................................................................................................................... 15 Geologic Resource Management Issues ..................................................................... 19 Coastal Erosion .......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Earthquakes and Tsunamis ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Volcanic Hazards ....................................................................................................................................................... 22 Global Climate Change .............................................................................................................................................. 23 Groundwater Issues ................................................................................................................................................... 24 Oil and Fuel Spills ....................................................................................................................................................... 26 Driftwood Impact to Coastline Features ...................................................................................................................... 26 Geologic History .......................................................................................................... 27 Assembling the West Coast of North America ............................................................................................................ 27 A Landscape Carved by Ice-Age Glaciers..................................................................................................................... 29 Modern Landscapes Shaped by Sea and Wind ............................................................................................................ 31 Geologic Map Data ...................................................................................................... 33 Geologic Maps .......................................................................................................................................................... 33 Source Maps .............................................................................................................................................................. 33 GRI GIS Data .............................................................................................................................................................. 33 GRI Map Posters ........................................................................................................................................................ 35 Map Unit Properties Table .......................................................................................................................................... 35 Use Constraints .......................................................................................................................................................... 35 Glossary ........................................................................................................................ 37 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................ 43 Additional References ................................................................................................. 47 Geology of National Park Service Areas ...................................................................................................................... 47 NPS Resource Management Guidance and Documents ............................................................................................... 47 Climate Change Resources ........................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • FALL 2016 Newsletter of the Washington Chapter of the Wildlife Society
    Page | 1 The WashingtonTHE WASHINGTON WILDLIFER Wildlifer FALL 2016 Newsletter of the Washington Chapter of The Wildlife Society MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT meeting. During the banquet at the annual meeting each year Danielle Munzing we give out awards to biologists, organizations, and landowners. The last couple of years I have been involved Happy Fall, Wildlife Society with WA-TWS, I have been surprised that we haven’t members! Time for wool socks, a hot received more nominations. Last month during our board drink in the thermos, and dark skies at meeting, I asked everyone to do some homework and I would 1630. Across Washington, wildlife like to ask the same of each of you. biologists will be busy with their winter work, whether it’s surveying Do you know someone who deserves to be recognized? big game, writing reports, or planning Consider nominating that person for the 2017 awards season. the 2017 annual conference. That’s right, your Washington There are EIGHT different awards available from the Chapter is hard at work with the Washington State Society of Chapter. American Foresters to bring you an incredible 4 days of I think many of us know someone who: workshops, speaker sessions, delicious food, and opportunities to socialize and network. All of this will be Does more than they need to taking place in the heart of Central Washington, at the Red Makes valuable and unique contributions to wildlife Lion Hotel and Convention Center in Yakima. The theme for conservation this year is Forests and Wildlife: Responding to Change. Uses foresight to address problems early As you can imagine, there will be a lot to talk about and we Shows their dedication are bringing together experts in both forestry and wildlife to Shows exceptional leadership inspire discussions ranging from white-nose syndrome to Established partnerships that would not have existed forest health and ecological integrity and so much more.
    [Show full text]
  • San Juan Islands – Bellingham Round Trip on MV Westward
    www.pacificcatalyst.com Travel Information San Juan Islands – Bellingham Round Trip on MV Westward General trip information All San Juan Islands trips begin and end in Bellingham. Bellingham, Washington can be reached by land or air. If you are arriving at SeaTac Interna- tional airport there are connecting flights to Bellingham or you can drive, take a shuttle, bus or Amtrak. All possibilities are listed here: https://www.rome2rio.com/s/SeaTac/Bellingham. You will need to take a cab to the boat. Our moorage will vary, please call the boat at 360.298.1661 for directions. If you fly in from outside the Seattle, WA area, we recommend that you arrive a day prior to the cruise departure date to ensure that you will not miss the boat. When to meet the boat • Meet the boat at 1:30 pm on the day of departure. We will sail at 2:00 pm. After helping you get your bags on board and showing you to your cabin, there will be a short presentation regarding safety procedures before we cast off. If you miss the boat Call the boat at 360.298.1661 as soon as it becomes obvious that you will be late. If there is no answer, leave a message. If you cannot leave a return number, call again in one hour or call our office at 360.378.7123. Should you need to catch up to the boat by float plane, contact Kenmore Air at 866.435.9524 after you made contact with the boat. The call sign for the Westward is WDD 4133.
    [Show full text]
  • 1922 Elizabeth T
    co.rYRIG HT, 192' The Moootainetro !scot1oror,d The MOUNTAINEER VOLUME FIFTEEN Number One D EC E M BER 15, 1 9 2 2 ffiount Adams, ffiount St. Helens and the (!oat Rocks I ncoq)Ora,tecl 1913 Organized 190!i EDITORlAL ST AitF 1922 Elizabeth T. Kirk,vood, Eclttor Margaret W. Hazard, Associate Editor· Fairman B. L�e, Publication Manager Arthur L. Loveless Effie L. Chapman Subsc1·iption Price. $2.00 per year. Annual ·(onl�') Se,·ent�·-Five Cents. Published by The Mountaineers lncorJ,orated Seattle, Washington Enlerecl as second-class matter December 15, 19t0. at the Post Office . at . eattle, "\Yash., under the .-\0t of March 3. 1879. .... I MOUNT ADAMS lllobcl Furrs AND REFLEC'rION POOL .. <§rtttings from Aristibes (. Jhoutribes Author of "ll3ith the <6obs on lltount ®l!!mµus" �. • � J� �·,,. ., .. e,..:,L....._d.L.. F_,,,.... cL.. ��-_, _..__ f.. pt",- 1-� r�._ '-';a_ ..ll.-�· t'� 1- tt.. �ti.. ..._.._....L- -.L.--e-- a';. ��c..L. 41- �. C4v(, � � �·,,-- �JL.,�f w/U. J/,--«---fi:( -A- -tr·�� �, : 'JJ! -, Y .,..._, e� .,...,____,� � � t-..__., ,..._ -u..,·,- .,..,_, ;-:.. � --r J /-e,-i L,J i-.,( '"'; 1..........,.- e..r- ,';z__ /-t.-.--,r� ;.,-.,.....__ � � ..-...,.,-<. ,.,.f--· :tL. ��- ''F.....- ,',L � .,.__ � 'f- f-� --"- ��7 � �. � �;')'... f ><- -a.c__ c/ � r v-f'.fl,'7'71.. I /!,,-e..-,K-// ,l...,"4/YL... t:l,._ c.J.� J..,_-...A 'f ',y-r/� �- lL.. ��•-/IC,/ ,V l j I '/ ;· , CONTENTS i Page Greetings .......................................................................tlristicles }!}, Phoiitricles ........ r The Mount Adams, Mount St. Helens, and the Goat Rocks Outing .......................................... B1/.ith Page Bennett 9 1 Selected References from Preceding Mount Adams and Mount St.
    [Show full text]
  • Victoria Attractions
    Traditional Victoria St. Ann’s Academy IMAX Victoria Victoria Harbour Ferry 835 Humboldt St. 250-953-8829 675 Belleville St. 250-480-4887 Hopping aboard a harbour taxi is a convenient Victoria’s Inner Harbour The sisters of St. Ann played a key role in the Crystal clear images, the largest IMAX screen in and fun way to see Victoria from the water and to Surrounded by majestic heritage buildings, beginnings of education and healthcare in BC. BC and wrap-around digital surround sound cross from one harbour location to another. The Victoria’s Inner Harbour is one of the most This historical, heritage site is open to visitors: combine to offer you an incredible cinematic nearest dock is a 5 minute walk from the Inn. beautiful waterfronts in the world and a stroll Open Thurs-Sun 1pm– 4pm experience. Located in the Royal BC Museum. $6 per hop. Harbour tours are also available. along the causeway is a must. Grounds Open Dawn to Dusk Runs frequently throughout the day 9am to Dusk. Miniature World BC Legislative Assembly Fort Rodd/Fisgard Lighthouse 649 Humboldt St. 250-385-9731 Built by the young British architect Francis Dallas Road/Mile 0 Scenic Route 603 Fort Rodd Hill Road 250-478-5849 Over 85 miniature dioramas and displays of story Rattenbury, BC’s majestic and historic parliament Begin a scenic route round our beautiful coastline A National historical park that commemorates the book scenes, historical mockups and doll houses buildings are open year round for regular, on Dallas Road at the Terry Fox monument at Victoria-Esquimalt coastal artillery fortress that to name a few, make this one of Victoria’s most complementary, guided tours.
    [Show full text]
  • Jefferson County Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Assessment 2011 2
    Jefferson County Department of Emergency Management 81 Elkins Road, Port Hadlock, Washington 98339 - Phone: (360) 385-9368 Email: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS PURPOSE 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 I. INTRODUCTION 6 II. GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 6 III. DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS 7 IV. SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL DISASTER EVENTS 9 V. NATURAL HAZARDS 12 • AVALANCHE 13 • DROUGHT 14 • EARTHQUAKES 17 • FLOOD 24 • LANDSLIDE 32 • SEVERE LOCAL STORM 34 • TSUNAMI / SEICHE 38 • VOLCANO 42 • WILDLAND / FOREST / INTERFACE FIRES 45 VI. TECHNOLOGICAL (HUMAN MADE) HAZARDS 48 • CIVIL DISTURBANCE 49 • DAM FAILURE 51 • ENERGY EMERGENCY 53 • FOOD AND WATER CONTAMINATION 56 • HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 58 • MARINE OIL SPILL – MAJOR POLLUTION EVENT 60 • SHELTER / REFUGE SITE 62 • TERRORISM 64 • URBAN FIRE 67 RESOURCES / REFERENCES 69 Jefferson County Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Assessment 2011 2 PURPOSE This Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Assessment (HIVA) document describes known natural and technological (human-made) hazards that could potentially impact the lives, economy, environment, and property of residents of Jefferson County. It provides a foundation for further planning to ensure that County leadership, agencies, and citizens are aware and prepared to meet the effects of disasters and emergencies. Incident management cannot be event driven. Through increased awareness and preventive measures, the ultimate goal is to help ensure a unified approach that will lesson vulnerability to hazards over time. The HIVA is not a detailed study, but a general overview of known hazards that can affect Jefferson County. Jefferson County Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Assessment 2011 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An integrated emergency management approach involves hazard identification, risk assessment, and vulnerability analysis. This document, the Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Assessment (HIVA) describes the hazard identification and assessment of both natural hazards and technological, or human caused hazards, which exist for the people of Jefferson County.
    [Show full text]
  • Anacortes Museum Research Files
    Last Revision: 10/02/2019 1 Anacortes Museum Research Files Key to Research Categories Category . Codes* Agriculture Ag Animals (See Fn Fauna) Arts, Crafts, Music (Monuments, Murals, Paintings, ACM Needlework, etc.) Artifacts/Archeology (Historic Things) Ar Boats (See Transportation - Boats TB) Boat Building (See Business/Industry-Boat Building BIB) Buildings: Historic (Businesses, Institutions, Properties, etc.) BH Buildings: Historic Homes BHH Buildings: Post 1950 (Recommend adding to BHH) BPH Buildings: 1950-Present BP Buildings: Structures (Bridges, Highways, etc.) BS Buildings, Structures: Skagit Valley BSV Businesses Industry (Fidalgo and Guemes Island Area) Anacortes area, general BI Boat building/repair BIB Canneries/codfish curing, seafood processors BIC Fishing industry, fishing BIF Logging industry BIL Mills BIM Businesses Industry (Skagit Valley) BIS Calendars Cl Census/Population/Demographics Cn Communication Cm Documents (Records, notes, files, forms, papers, lists) Dc Education Ed Engines En Entertainment (See: Ev Events, SR Sports, Recreation) Environment Env Events Ev Exhibits (Events, Displays: Anacortes Museum) Ex Fauna Fn Amphibians FnA Birds FnB Crustaceans FnC Echinoderms FnE Fish (Scaled) FnF Insects, Arachnids, Worms FnI Mammals FnM Mollusks FnMlk Various FnV Flora Fl INTERIM VERSION - PENDING COMPLETION OF PN, PS, AND PFG SUBJECT FILE REVIEW Last Revision: 10/02/2019 2 Category . Codes* Genealogy Gn Geology/Paleontology Glg Government/Public services Gv Health Hl Home Making Hm Legal (Decisions/Laws/Lawsuits) Lgl
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Summary San Juan Islands Scenic Byway Corridor Management Plan
    execuTive SuMMary San Juan iSlandS Scenic byway corridor ManaGeMenT Plan whaT iS a corridor Purpose of Developing the ManaGeMenT Plan? Corridor Management Plan Citizens from communities on San Juan Island and Orcas Island, along with agency partners at the local, regional, state, and federal level, have joined A corridor management together to develop this corridor management plan (CMP), which charts a course for the future of the San Juan Islands Scenic Byway. The CMP includes plan presents a clear recommendations for expanding stewardship and enhancing visitors’ experiences along the byway, while at the same time preserving the sensitive vision of what the scenic scenic, natural, archaeological, historic, cultural, and recreational resources of the islands and the quality of life enjoyed by islanders. CMP recommendations byway organization also include expanding multi-modal transportation options to reduce environmental impacts, enhance community livability, and improve visitor access. intends to accomplish. Telling Our Stories With specific strategies The CMP includes recommendations for telling the many interesting for managing tourism stories of the byway through interpretation, education, promotion, and hands-on stewardship activities. Through various projects and programs, and protecting unique visitors will become inspired as they learn and understand how islanders: natural and cultural • Live in this unique environment • Conserve energy and water; with a strong commitment to • Promote and enhance visitors’ resources, the plan sustainability and stewardship; experiences in the islands by • Protect natural resources such offering abundant recreation should reflect community as endangered wildlife, marine opportunities; life, and unique habitats; goals and respect local • Create and display diverse • Preserve and restore cultural works of art and architecture lifestyles and cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • What's Inside
    WHAT’S INSIDE CROW VALLEY POTTERY 360-376-4260 An island landmark www.crowvalley.com & GALLERY since 1959! “THE CABIN” “IN TOWN” This 1866 Homestead Log Cabin Downtown Eastsound! features pottery from our own A gallery of American Crafts, studio, plus works from over 80 with a focus on local and regional artists! An always changing paintings, glass, jewelry, pottery, selection make us one of the and all manner of art from a long region’s favorite galleries! Orcas list of artists! A “Must See” Road (across from Golf Course). Orcas venue! (Next to Darvill’s) Open daily 10 to 5 (Seasonally) Open all year (winter hours vary) OUR 18TH ANNUAL GARDEN ART SHOW! • JUNE 26 THRU JULY 12 at "The Cabin" Show opening reception: Friday June 26th, 4 to 7PM at "The Cabin". Live music of course, with Margie and Jeffri’s nibbles! Art For and About the Garden… an Orcas tradition! THE ANNUAL POTTER'S FEST! • JULY 17 THRU AUGUST at “The Cabin” Show opening reception: Friday July 17th, 4 to 7PM at "The Cabin". Naturally, live music and tasty treats too! With the varied works of over 50 potters... Crow Valley’s most awaited show! Orcas Island * BEACHFRONT COTTAGES * RV+CAMPING * MARINA * ACTIVITIES KIOSK OAD O NL UR W A * STORE & SUPPLIES O P D P * FAMILY FUN www.WestBeachResort.com 877-WEST-BCH Right Care, Right Here. When you need health care, it’s nice to know that you can get the care you need, right here on the island. PeaceHealth Peace Island Medical Center is San Juan County’s only critical access hospital.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Lamprey 2020 Regional Implementation Plan Washington
    Pacific Lamprey 2020 Regional Implementation Plan for the Washington Coast/Puget Sound Regional Management Units Submitted to the Conservation Team August 12, 2020 Primary Authors Primary Editors M.Plumb U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service This page left intentionally blank I. Status and Distribution of Pacific lamprey in the RMUs A. General Description of the RMUs The Puget Sound/Strait of Juan de Fuca Region is bordered by the Strait of Juan de Fuca to the west, the Cascade Range to the east, Puget Sound systems to the south, and the U.S.–Canada border to the north (Figure 1). The Puget Sound/Strait of Juan de Fuca Region includes all Washington river basins flowing into the Puget Sound, Hood Canal, and Strait of Juan de Fuca. The major river basins in the Puget Sound initiate from the Cascade Range and flow west, discharging into Puget Sound, with the exception of the Fraser River system, which flows northwest into British Columbia. All of the major river basins in Hood Canal and the Strait of Juan de Fuca originate in the Olympic Mountains. This region is comprised of 20 4th field HUCs ranging in size from 435-6,604 km2 (Table 1). The Washington Coast Region is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the West, Cape Flattery to the North, Olympic Mountain Range and Willapa Hills to the East, and the Columbia River to the South (Figure 2). This region includes all Washington river basins flowing directly into the Pacific Ocean. The Washington Coast Region includes the Hoh-Quillayute, Queets-Quinault, Upper and Lower Chehalis, Grays Harbor, and Willapa Bay sub-regions, or 4th field HUCs, ranging in size from 1,471-3,393 km2 (Table 2).
    [Show full text]
  • RCFB April 2021 Page 1 Agenda TUESDAY, April 27 OPENING and MANAGEMENT REPORTS 9:00 A.M
    REVISED 4/8/21 Proposed Agenda Recreation and Conservation Funding Board April 27, 2021 Online Meeting ATTENTION: Protecting the public, our partners, and our staff are of the utmost importance. Due to health concerns with the novel coronavirus this meeting will be held online. The public is encouraged to participate online and will be given opportunities to comment, as noted below. If you wish to participate online, please click the link below to register and follow the instructions in advance of the meeting. Technical support for the meeting will be provided by RCO’s board liaison who can be reached at [email protected]. Registration Link: https://zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_JqkQAGCrRSOwbHLmg3a6oA Phone Option: (669)900-6833 - Webinar ID: 967 5491 2108 Location: RCO will also have a public meeting location for members of the public to listen via phone as required by the Open Public Meeting Act, unless this requirement is waived by gubernatorial executive order. In order to enter the building, the public must not exhibit symptoms of the COVID-19 and will be required to comply with current state law around personal protective equipment. RCO staff will meet the public in front of the main entrance to the natural resources building and escort them in. *Additionally, RCO will record this meeting and would be happy to assist you after the meeting to gain access to the information. Order of Presentation: In general, each agenda item will include a short staff presentation and followed by board discussion. The board only makes decisions following the public comment portion of the agenda decision item.
    [Show full text]
  • Island County Fire Protection District No. 5 (Central Whidbey Island Fire and Rescue)
    Financial Statements Audit Report Island County Fire Protection District No. 5 (Central Whidbey Island Fire and Rescue) For the period January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2018 Published May 6, 2019 Report No. 1023772 Office of the Washington State Auditor Pat McCarthy May 6, 2019 Board of Commissioners Central Whidbey Island Fire and Rescue Coupeville, Washington Report on Financial Statements Please find attached our report on Central Whidbey Island Fire and Rescue’s financial statements. We are issuing this report in order to provide information on the District’s financial condition. Sincerely, Pat McCarthy State Auditor Olympia, WA Insurance Building, P.O. Box 40021 Olympia, Washington 98504-0021 (360) 902-0370 [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Independent Auditor's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and on Compliance and Other Matters Based on an Audit of Financial Statements Performed in Accordance with Government Auditing Standards..................................................................................................... 4 Independent Auditor's Report on Financial Statements .................................................................. 7 Financial Section ........................................................................................................................... 11 About the State Auditor's Office ................................................................................................... 33 Washington State Auditor’s Office Page 3 INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT ON INTERNAL
    [Show full text]
  • Best Practices for Shale Core Handling: Transportation, Sampling and Storage for Conduction of Analyses
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Review Best Practices for Shale Core Handling: Transportation, Sampling and Storage for Conduction of Analyses Sudeshna Basu 1,2,*, Adrian Jones 1 and Pedram Mahzari 1 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BS, UK; [email protected] (A.J.); [email protected] (P.M.) 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 9 January 2020; Accepted: 12 February 2020; Published: 20 February 2020 Abstract: Drill core shale samples are critical for palaeoenvironmental studies and potential hydrocarbon reservoirs. They need to be preserved carefully to maximise their retention of reservoir condition properties. However, they are susceptible to alteration due to cooling and depressurisation during retrieval to the surface, resulting in volume expansion and formation of desiccation and micro fractures. This leads to inconsistent measurements of different critical attributes, such as porosity and permeability. Best practices for core handling start during retrieval while extracting from the barrel, followed by correct procedures for transportation and storage. Appropriate preservation measures should be adopted depending on the objectives of the scientific investigation and core coherency, with respect to consolidation and weathering. It is particularly desirable to maintain a constant temperature of 1 to 4 ◦C and a consistent relative humidity of >75% to minimise any micro fracturing and internal moisture movement in the core. While core re-sampling, it should be ensured that there is no further core compaction, especially while using a hand corer. Keywords: shale; drill core instability; micro fracture; clay minerals 1.
    [Show full text]