Compiling Functional Code for System-Level Environment
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GHC Reading Guide
GHC Reading Guide - Exploring entrances and mental models to the source code - Takenobu T. Rev. 0.01.1 WIP NOTE: - This is not an official document by the ghc development team. - Please refer to the official documents in detail. - Don't forget “semantics”. It's very important. - This is written for ghc 9.0. Contents Introduction 1. Compiler - Compilation pipeline - Each pipeline stages - Intermediate language syntax - Call graph 2. Runtime system 3. Core libraries Appendix References Introduction Introduction Official resources are here GHC source repository : The GHC Commentary (for developers) : https://gitlab.haskell.org/ghc/ghc https://gitlab.haskell.org/ghc/ghc/-/wikis/commentary GHC Documentation (for users) : * master HEAD https://ghc.gitlab.haskell.org/ghc/doc/ * latest major release https://downloads.haskell.org/~ghc/latest/docs/html/ * version specified https://downloads.haskell.org/~ghc/9.0.1/docs/html/ The User's Guide Core Libraries GHC API Introduction The GHC = Compiler + Runtime System (RTS) + Core Libraries Haskell source (.hs) GHC compiler RuntimeSystem Core Libraries object (.o) (libHsRts.o) (GHC.Base, ...) Linker Executable binary including the RTS (* static link case) Introduction Each division is located in the GHC source tree GHC source repository : https://gitlab.haskell.org/ghc/ghc compiler/ ... compiler sources rts/ ... runtime system sources libraries/ ... core library sources ghc/ ... compiler main includes/ ... include files testsuite/ ... test suites nofib/ ... performance tests mk/ ... build system hadrian/ ... hadrian build system docs/ ... documents : : 1. Compiler 1. Compiler Compilation pipeline 1. compiler The GHC compiler Haskell language GHC compiler Assembly language (native or llvm) 1. compiler GHC compiler comprises pipeline stages GHC compiler Haskell language Parser Renamer Type checker Desugarer Core to Core Core to STG STG to Cmm Assembly language Cmm to Asm (native or llvm) 1. -
Dynamic Extension of Typed Functional Languages
Dynamic Extension of Typed Functional Languages Don Stewart PhD Dissertation School of Computer Science and Engineering University of New South Wales 2010 Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Manuel M. T. Chakravarty Co-supervisor: Dr. Gabriele Keller Abstract We present a solution to the problem of dynamic extension in statically typed functional languages with type erasure. The presented solution re- tains the benefits of static checking, including type safety, aggressive op- timizations, and native code compilation of components, while allowing extensibility of programs at runtime. Our approach is based on a framework for dynamic extension in a stat- ically typed setting, combining dynamic linking, runtime type checking, first class modules and code hot swapping. We show that this framework is sufficient to allow a broad class of dynamic extension capabilities in any statically typed functional language with type erasure semantics. Uniquely, we employ the full compile-time type system to perform run- time type checking of dynamic components, and emphasize the use of na- tive code extension to ensure that the performance benefits of static typing are retained in a dynamic environment. We also develop the concept of fully dynamic software architectures, where the static core is minimal and all code is hot swappable. Benefits of the approach include hot swappable code and sophisticated application extension via embedded domain specific languages. We instantiate the concepts of the framework via a full implementation in the Haskell programming language: providing rich mechanisms for dy- namic linking, loading, hot swapping, and runtime type checking in Haskell for the first time. We demonstrate the feasibility of this architecture through a number of novel applications: an extensible text editor; a plugin-based network chat bot; a simulator for polymer chemistry; and xmonad, an ex- tensible window manager. -
What I Wish I Knew When Learning Haskell
What I Wish I Knew When Learning Haskell Stephen Diehl 2 Version This is the fifth major draft of this document since 2009. All versions of this text are freely available onmywebsite: 1. HTML Version http://dev.stephendiehl.com/hask/index.html 2. PDF Version http://dev.stephendiehl.com/hask/tutorial.pdf 3. EPUB Version http://dev.stephendiehl.com/hask/tutorial.epub 4. Kindle Version http://dev.stephendiehl.com/hask/tutorial.mobi Pull requests are always accepted for fixes and additional content. The only way this document will stayupto date and accurate through the kindness of readers like you and community patches and pull requests on Github. https://github.com/sdiehl/wiwinwlh Publish Date: March 3, 2020 Git Commit: 77482103ff953a8f189a050c4271919846a56612 Author This text is authored by Stephen Diehl. 1. Web: www.stephendiehl.com 2. Twitter: https://twitter.com/smdiehl 3. Github: https://github.com/sdiehl Special thanks to Erik Aker for copyediting assistance. Copyright © 20092020 Stephen Diehl This code included in the text is dedicated to the public domain. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform thecode, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. You may distribute this text in its full form freely, but may not reauthor or sublicense this work. Any reproductions of major portions of the text must include attribution. The software is provided ”as is”, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including But not limitedtothe warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In no event shall the authorsor copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, Arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software. -
Open WATCOM Programmer's Guide
this document downloaded from... Use of this document the wings of subject to the terms and conditions as flight in an age stated on the website. of adventure for more downloads visit our other sites Positive Infinity and vulcanhammer.net chet-aero.com Watcom FORTRAN 77 Programmer's Guide Version 1.8 Notice of Copyright Copyright 2002-2008 the Open Watcom Contributors. Portions Copyright 1984-2002 Sybase, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. Any part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, or translated in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, manual, optical, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of anyone. For more information please visit http://www.openwatcom.org/ Portions of this manual are reprinted with permission from Tenberry Software, Inc. ii Preface The Watcom FORTRAN 77 Programmer's Guide includes the following major components: · DOS Programming Guide · The DOS/4GW DOS Extender · Windows 3.x Programming Guide · Windows NT Programming Guide · OS/2 Programming Guide · Novell NLM Programming Guide · Mixed Language Programming · Common Problems Acknowledgements This book was produced with the Watcom GML electronic publishing system, a software tool developed by WATCOM. In this system, writers use an ASCII text editor to create source files containing text annotated with tags. These tags label the structural elements of the document, such as chapters, sections, paragraphs, and lists. The Watcom GML software, which runs on a variety of operating systems, interprets the tags to format the text into a form such as you see here. Writers can produce output for a variety of printers, including laser printers, using separately specified layout directives for such things as font selection, column width and height, number of columns, etc. -
COMPILING FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING CONSTRUCTS to a LOGIC ENGINE by Harvey Abramson and Peter Ludemann Technical Report 86-24 November 1986
COMPILING FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING CONSTRUCTS TO A LOGIC ENGINE by Harvey Abramson and Peter Ludemann Technical Report 86-24 November 1986 Compiling Functional Programming Constructs to a Logic Engine Harvey Abramson t and Peter Ltidemann:I: Department of Computer Science University of British Columbia Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1W5 Copyright © 1986 Abstract In this paper we consider how various constructs used in functional programming can be efficiently translated to code for a Prolog engine (designed by Ltidemann) similar in spirit but not identical to the Warren machine. It turns out that this Prolog engine which contains a delay mechanism designed to permit co routining and sound implementation of negation is sufficient to handle all common functional programming constructs; indeed, such a machine has about the same efficiency as a machine designed specifically for a functional programming language. This machine has been fully implemented. t Present address: Department of Computer Science, Bristol University, Bristol, England . f Present address: IBM Canada Ltd., 1 Park Centre, 895 Don Mills Road, North York, Ontario, Canada M3C 1W3 The proposals for combining the two paradigms Compiling Functional Programming have been roughly classified in [BoGi86] as being Constructs to a Logic Engine either functional plus logic or logic plus functional. Harvey Abramson t and Peter Ltidemanni In the former approach, invertibility, nondeterminism Department of Computer Science and unification are added to some higher order functional language; in the latter approach, first-order University of British Columbia functions are added to a first-order logic with an Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T lWS equality theory. We do not take any position as to Copyright© 1986 which approach is best, but since a logic machine already deals with unification, nondeterminism and invertibility, we have taken, from an implementation Abstract viewpoint, the logic plus functional approach. -
Parameter Passing, Generics, Exceptions
Lecture 9: Parameter Passing, Generics and Polymorphism, Exceptions COMP 524 Programming Language Concepts Stephen Olivier February 12, 2008 Based on notes by A. Block, N. Fisher, F. Hernandez-Campos, and D. Stotts The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Parameter Passing •Pass-by-value: Input parameter •Pass-by-result: Output parameter •Pass-by-value-result: Input/output parameter •Pass-by-reference: Input/output parameter, no copy •Pass-by-name: Effectively textual substitution The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2 Pass-by-value int m=8, i=5; foo(m); print m; # print 8 proc foo(int b){ b = b+5; } The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 3 Pass-by-reference int m=8; foo(m); print m; # print 13 proc foo(int b){ b = b+5; } The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 4 Pass-by-value-result int m=8; foo(m); print m; # print 13 proc foo(int b){ b = b+5; } The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 5 Pass-by-name •Arguments passed by name are re-evaluated in the caller’s referencing environment every time they are used. •They are implemented using a hidden-subroutine, known as a thunk. •This is a costly parameter passing mechanism. •Think of it as an in-line substitution (subroutine code put in-line at point of call, with parameters substituted). •Or, actual parameters substituted textually in the subroutine body for the formulas. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 6 Pass-by-name array A[1..100] of int; array A[1..100] of int; int i=5; int i=5; foo(A[i], i); foo(A[i]); print A[i]; #print A[6]=7 -
The Glasgow Haskell Compiler User's Guide, Version 4.08
The Glasgow Haskell Compiler User's Guide, Version 4.08 The GHC Team The Glasgow Haskell Compiler User's Guide, Version 4.08 by The GHC Team Table of Contents The Glasgow Haskell Compiler License ........................................................................................... 9 1. Introduction to GHC ....................................................................................................................10 1.1. The (batch) compilation system components.....................................................................10 1.2. What really happens when I “compile” a Haskell program? .............................................11 1.3. Meta-information: Web sites, mailing lists, etc. ................................................................11 1.4. GHC version numbering policy .........................................................................................12 1.5. Release notes for version 4.08 (July 2000) ........................................................................13 1.5.1. User-visible compiler changes...............................................................................13 1.5.2. User-visible library changes ..................................................................................14 1.5.3. Internal changes.....................................................................................................14 2. Installing from binary distributions............................................................................................16 2.1. Installing on Unix-a-likes...................................................................................................16 -
The Glorious Glasgow Haskell Compilation System User's Guide
The Glorious Glasgow Haskell Compilation System User’s Guide, Version 7.8.2 i The Glorious Glasgow Haskell Compilation System User’s Guide, Version 7.8.2 The Glorious Glasgow Haskell Compilation System User’s Guide, Version 7.8.2 ii COLLABORATORS TITLE : The Glorious Glasgow Haskell Compilation System User’s Guide, Version 7.8.2 ACTION NAME DATE SIGNATURE WRITTEN BY The GHC Team April 11, 2014 REVISION HISTORY NUMBER DATE DESCRIPTION NAME The Glorious Glasgow Haskell Compilation System User’s Guide, Version 7.8.2 iii Contents 1 Introduction to GHC 1 1.1 Obtaining GHC . .1 1.2 Meta-information: Web sites, mailing lists, etc. .1 1.3 Reporting bugs in GHC . .2 1.4 GHC version numbering policy . .2 1.5 Release notes for version 7.8.1 . .3 1.5.1 Highlights . .3 1.5.2 Full details . .5 1.5.2.1 Language . .5 1.5.2.2 Compiler . .5 1.5.2.3 GHCi . .6 1.5.2.4 Template Haskell . .6 1.5.2.5 Runtime system . .6 1.5.2.6 Build system . .6 1.5.3 Libraries . .6 1.5.3.1 array . .6 1.5.3.2 base . .7 1.5.3.3 bin-package-db . .7 1.5.3.4 binary . .7 1.5.3.5 bytestring . .7 1.5.3.6 Cabal . .8 1.5.3.7 containers . .8 1.5.3.8 deepseq . .8 1.5.3.9 directory . .8 1.5.3.10 filepath . .8 1.5.3.11 ghc-prim . .8 1.5.3.12 haskell98 . -
Programming Languages
◦ ◦◦◦ TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAT¨ MUNCHEN¨ ◦◦◦◦ ◦ ◦ ◦◦◦ ◦◦◦◦ ¨ ¨ ◦ ◦◦ FAKULTAT FUR INFORMATIK Programming Languages Multiple Inheritance Dr. Axel Simon and Dr. Michael Petter Winter term 2012 Multiple Inheritance 1 / 29 Outline Inheritance Principles 1 Interface Inheritance 2 Implementation Inheritance 3 Liskov Substition Principle and Shapes C++ Object Heap Layout 1 Basics 2 Single-Inheritance Excursion: Linearization 3 Virtual Methods 1 Ambiguous common parents 2 Principles of Linearization C++ Multiple Parents Heap Layout 3 Linearization algorithm 1 Multiple-Inheritance 2 Virtual Methods 3 Common Parents Discussion & Learning Outcomes Multiple Inheritance 2 / 29 “Wouldn’t it be nice to inherit from several parents?” Multiple Inheritance Inheritance Principles 3 / 29 Interface vs. Implementation inheritance The classic motivation for inheritance is implementation inheritance Code reusage Child specializes parents, replacing particular methods with custom ones Parent acts as library of common behaviours Implemented in languages like C++ or Lisp Code sharing in interface inheritance inverts this relation Behaviour contract Child provides methods, with signatures predetermined by the parent Parent acts as generic code frame with room for customization Implemented in languages like Java or C# Multiple Inheritance Inheritance Principles 4 / 29 Interface Inheritance DropDownList refresh() ActionObserver MyDDL changed() changed() Multiple Inheritance Inheritance Principles 5 / 29 Implementation inheritance PowerShovel FrontLoader actuate() actuate() -
Freebsd Foundation February 2018 Update
FreeBSD Foundation February 2018 Update Upcoming Events Message from the Executive Director Dear FreeBSD Community Member, AsiaBSDCon 2018 Welcome to our February Newsletter! In this newsletter you’ll read about FreeBSD Developers Summit conferences we participated in to promote and teach about FreeBSD, March 8-9, 2018 software development projects we are working on, why we need Tokyo, Japan funding, upcoming events, a release engineering update, and more. AsiaBSDCon 2018 Enjoy! March 8-11, 2018 Tokyo, Japan Deb SCALE 16x March 8-11, 2018 Pasadena, CA February 2018 Development Projects FOSSASIA 2018 March 22-25, 2018 Update: The Modern FreeBSD Tool Chain: Singapore, Singapore LLVM's LLD Linker As with other BSD distributions, FreeBSD has a base system that FreeBSD Journal is developed, tested and released by a single team. Included in the base system is the tool chain, the set of programs used to build, debug and test software. FreeBSD has relied on the GNU tool chain suite for most of its history. This includes the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) compiler, and GNU binutils which include the GNU "bfd" linker. These tools served the FreeBSD project well from 1993 until 2007, when the GNU project migrated to releasing its software under the General Public License, version 3 (GPLv3). A number of FreeBSD developers and users objected to new restrictions included in GPLv3, and the GNU tool chain became increasingly outdated. The January/February issue of the FreeBSD Journal is now available. Don't miss articles on The FreeBSD project migrated to Clang/LLVM for the compiler in Tracing ifconfig Commands, Storage FreeBSD 10, and most of GNU binutils were replaced with the ELF Tool Multipathing, and more. -
Hassling with the IDE - for Haskell
Hassling with the IDE - for Haskell This guide is for students that are new to the Haskell language and are in need for a proper Integrated Development Environment (IDE) to work on the projects of the course. This guide is intended for Windows users. It may work similarly on Linux and iOS. For more information, see: - https://www.haskell.org/platform/mac.html for iOS - https://www.haskell.org/downloads/linux/ for Linux For any errors, please contact me at [email protected]. Changelog 04/09/2019 Initial version 24/08/2020 Updated contents for the year 2020 / 2021, thanks to Bernadet for pointing it out 1. Installing Visual Studio Code Visual Studio Code (VSC) is a lightweight, but rather extensive, code editor. We’ll talk about its features throughout this guide. You can download VSC at: https://code.visualstudio.com/download Once installed, take note of the sidebar on the left. From top to bottom, it contains: - Explorer (Ctrl + Shift + E) - Search (Ctrl + Shift + F) - Source control (Ctrl + Shift + G) - Debug (Ctrl + Shift + D) - Extensions (Ctrl + Shift + X) The bold options are important to remember. They will be mentioned throughout this document. 2. Installing GHC (and stack / cabal) on Windows Download the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC). This compiler is used throughout this course and any other course that uses Haskell. You can find its download instructions at: https://www.haskell.org/platform/windows.html The download link recommends you to use Chocolatey. Chocolatey is an open source project that provides developers and admins alike a better way to manage Windows software. -
Subroutines and Control Abstraction8 8.3.2 Call by Name
Subroutines and Control Abstraction8 8.3.2 Call by Name Call by name implements the normal-order argument evaluation described in Section 6.6.2. A call-by-name parameter is re-evaluated in the caller’s referencing environment every time it is used. The effect is as if the called routine had been textually expanded at the point of call, with the actual parameter (which may be a complicated expression) replacing every occurrence of the formal parameter. To avoid the usual problems with macro parameters, the “expansion” is defined to include parentheses around the replaced parameter wherever syntactically valid, and to make “suitable systematic changes” to the names of any formal parame- ters or local identifiers that share the same name, so that their meanings never conflict [NBB+63, p. 12]. Call by name is the default in Algol 60; call by value is available as an alternative. In Simula call by value is the default; call by name is the alternative. Toimplement call by name,Algol 60 implementations pass a hidden subroutine that evaluates the actual parameter in the caller’s referencing environment. The hidden routine is usually called a thunk.2 In most cases thunks are trivial. If an actual parameter is a variable name, for example, the thunk simply reads the EXAMPLE 8.68 variable from memory. In some cases, however, a thunk can be elaborate. Perhaps Jensen’s device the most famous occurs in what is known as Jensen’s device, named after Jørn Jensen [Rut67]. The idea is to pass to a subroutine both a built-up expression and one or more of the variables used in the expression.