DOCSLIB.ORG

Investigation of Attentional Bias in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Investigation of Attentional Bias in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Investigation of Attentional Bias in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Johnston, Rachel Award date: 2020 Awarding institution: Queen's University Belfast Link to publication Terms of use All those accessing thesis content in Queen’s University Belfast Research Portal are subject to the following terms and conditions of use • Copyright is subject to the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988, or as modified by any successor legislation • Copyright and moral rights for thesis content are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners • A copy of a thesis may be downloaded for personal non-commercial research/study without the need for permission or charge • Distribution or reproduction of thesis content in any format is not permitted without the permission of the copyright holder • When citing this work, full bibliographic details should be supplied, including the author, title, awarding institution and date of thesis Take down policy A thesis can be removed from the Research Portal if there has been a breach of copyright, or a similarly robust reason. If you believe this document breaches copyright, or there is sufficient cause to take down, please contact us, citing details. Email: [email protected] Supplementary materials Where possible, we endeavour to provide supplementary materials to theses. This may include video, audio and other types of files. We endeavour to capture all content and upload as part of the Pure record for each thesis. Note, it may not be possible in all instances to convert analogue formats to usable digital formats for some supplementary materials. We exercise best efforts on our behalf and, in such instances, encourage the individual to consult the physical thesis for further information. Download date: 07. Oct. 2021 Investigation of Attentional Bias in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder A thesis submitted to the School of Psychology, Queen’s University, Belfast, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) July 2019 By Rachel Ellen Johnston, BSc (Hons) Supervisors: Dr Kevin Dyer, Dr Donncha Hanna and Dr Eugene O’Hare Acknowledgments I would firstly like to convey my heartfelt gratitude towards my two supervisors, Dr Kevin Dyer and Dr Donncha Hanna for their unwavering support, patience and guidance throughout this PhD journey. I am so grateful to you both for this opportunity to carry out this research and for the invaluable experience I have gained. To all the staff at the School of Psychology, thank you for your incredible support and help. A special mention to Paul Coulter, Fred Maddalena and Kamil Kansas for their technical expertise, time and efforts. I would like to extend my gratitude to all those who participated in this research, without whom this PhD would not have been possible. One of the greatest gifts that has come from this PhD has been the friendships I have gained along the way. Rebecca, Jayne, Nicola, Emma and Paddy I will always be grateful to you all for your incredible friendships and support. To my mum, thank you for teaching me not to give up even when I feel like it’s impossible to keep going. To my life compasses, my Grannies (aka G-Harps and Hawk-Eye), thank you for your endless love, sacrifice, dedication and for showing me that there is always a silver lining. To my siblings, Adam and Leigh, thank you for everything and for always being there. To my best friend and lifejacket Cat, thank you for your support and love throughout this process. To my friends Alex, Colleen and Rebecca, thank you for all your support. To my husband, Ross, I can’t describe how lucky I feel to have you. Thank you for your incredible love, support and for believing in me and for teaching me to I believe in myself. Thank you to you and Forrest for never failing to make me smile on days it felt impossible to do so. II Abstract Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent mental health difficulty that has a substantive negative impact on quality of life. The leading psychological treatment, Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), is highly effective but has high rates of treatment refusal and dropout resulting in a need for innovative, acceptable and effective interventions for OCD to be created. A potential avenue for therapeutic intervention is the reduction of an attentional bias for anxiogenic stimuli. Salkovskis’ (1999) model of OCD suggests that an attentional bias for symptom specific to OCD symptoms plays a role in the creation and maintenance of symptoms. However, the previous literature exploring attentional bias in OCD has produced inconsistent findings and as a result the attentional processes involved in OCD are unclear. An intervention that targets attention bias and has significant therapeutic potential is Attentional Bias Modification Training (ABMT). ABMT has demonstrated efficacy in treating symptoms of psychopathology, but little research has been carried out on the application of ABMT to OCD. The aims of this PhD project was to explore an attentional bias in OCD in order to: 1. discern if ABMT paradigms are acceptable, efficacious interventions for OCD; 2. improve the stimuli and paradigms used in the measurement of attentional bias; and 3. further explore the mechanisms of attentional bias using this improved measurement understanding. Chapter 4 aimed to explore the perceived acceptability of ABMT by 66 individuals with a self-reported diagnosis of OCD and compared this with acceptability of ERP in order to ascertain if ABMT would be a preferable treatment option. The results indicated that ERP was rated higher than ABMT in terms of level of anxiety-provocation and how challenging it would be as a treatment modality. Despite this, ERP was also rated higher by participants for its effectiveness and ability to reduce OCD symptoms. III Chapter 5 aimed to compare the effects of ABMT with those of ERP on attentional bias, OCD symptoms and performance in a behavioural approach task (BAT) towards contamination related objects. A total of 77 participants without a diagnosis of OCD but with clinical levels of OCD symptoms took part. In contrast to what was hypothesised, the results of Chapter 5 found that ABMT had a negative influence on attentional bias. Inspection of BAT performance revealed that both ERP groups displayed significantly greater reduction of avoidance in the BAT task in comparison to the ABMT group. No differences were detected between acceptability of the ERP group and ABMT. Chapter 6 sought to create and validate visual stimuli related to OCD symptoms of symmetry, checking and contamination as there are few visual resources available for OCD research which is problematic when investigating attentional biases and designing appropriate interventions. It also included a neutral category that could be employed as control images. The images were validated by three groups: individuals with OCD (N=25), clinical psychologists (N=5) and a control group (N=40). A high test-retest reliability and Cronbach’s alpha was found for the stimuli set. The previous research exploring attentional bias in OCD has been filled with inconsistent and conflicting findings. Chapter 7 aimed to investigate the conditions in which an attentional bias in OCD can be observed by comparing different types of stimuli and methods of measuring attention. Participants were individuals with moderate obsessive-compulsive symptoms with contamination concerns (N=21) and control participants (N=21). The results found that the traditional approach for measuring attentional bias, reaction time, did not reveal any significant findings. However, the eye tracking data found that all participants displayed attentional biases IV for aversive words, aversive images and contamination images. No attentional bias was detected for neutral stimuli or contamination related words. The results suggest that reaction time is not sensitive enough to detect an attentional bias. They also support the argument that verbal stimuli may not be enough to provoke anxiety in individuals with contamination concerns as neither reaction time nor eye tracking data found evidence of an attentional bias. Finally, Chapter 8 provides a discussion of the clinical implications of the empirical findings of the current thesis. V Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................ I Abstract .......................................................................................................... III Chapter 1 Attentional bias in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ....................... 1 1.1. Abstract .................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.2.1. Symptoms ........................................................................................... 3 1.2.2. Quality of life impact ...................................................................... 6 1.2.3. Prevalence ....................................................................................... 7 1.3. Theoretical Models................................................................................. 8 1.3.1. Treatment ......................................................................................... 17 1.3.2 Treatment resistance.......................................................................... 19 1.4. Conclusion ..........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • OCD As a Dynamical Disease and the Familial Context of Ritual Rigidity: a Nonlinear Dynamics Perspective
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Dissertations (1934 -) Projects OCD as a Dynamical Disease and the Familial Context of Ritual Rigidity: A Nonlinear Dynamics Perspective Robert W. Bond Marquette University Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu Part of the Psychiatry and Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Bond, Robert W., "OCD as a Dynamical Disease and the Familial Context of Ritual Rigidity: A Nonlinear Dynamics Perspective" (2011). Dissertations (1934 -). 127. https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/127 OCD AS A DYNAMICAL DISEASE AND THE FAMILIAL CONTEXT OF RITUAL RIGIDITY: A NONLINEAR DYNAMICS PERSPECTIVE by Robert W. Bond, Jr., B.S., M.S. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin August, 2011 ABSTRACT OCD AS A DYNAMICAL DISEASE AND THE FAMILIAL CONTEXT OF RITUAL RIGIDITY: A NONLINEAR DYNAMICS PERSPECTIVE Robert W. Bond, Jr., B.S., M.S. Marquette University, 2011 Comparatively few studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have addressed the interpersonal dynamical patterns within families that could exacerbate or quell symptom severity in the ill relatives or hypothesize other roles for familial variables. Furthermore, the extant studies have relied primarily upon linear models. Methodological limitations of linear models, such as assuming that change occurs as the result of unidirectional influences and that the scores obtained for each variable are independent of each other are at variance with temporal, dynamic phenomena and have restricted the empirical investigations of the dynamics of OCD. The current study investigated whether OCD could be considered a dynamical disease such that the complex rhythmic processes that are the norm for living things would be replaced by relatively constant dynamics or by periodic dynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • Poor Insight in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Examining the Role of Cognitive, Metacognitive, and Neuropsychological Variables
    POOR INSIGHT IN OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: EXAMINING THE ROLE OF COGNITIVE, METACOGNITIVE, AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES by Heather K. Hood Master of Arts, Ryerson University, 2009 Bachelor of Arts, University of Guelph, 2007 A dissertation presented to Ryerson University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Program of Psychology Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2014 ©Heather K. Hood 2014 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION FOR ELECTRONIC SUBMISSION OF A DISSERTATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this dissertation. This is a true copy of the dissertation, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I authorize Ryerson University to lend this dissertation to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize Ryerson University to reproduce this dissertation by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I understand that my dissertation may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Poor Insight in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Examining the Role of Cognitive, Metacognitive, and Neuropsychological Variables Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 Heather K. Hood Psychology Ryerson University The purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive and neuropsychological constructs that are conceptually related to poor insight in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The relationship between dimensions of insight (Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale; BABS) and cognitive (magical thinking, paranoia/suspiciousness), metacognitive (metacognition, decentering, cognitive flexibility), and neuropsychological indices of cognitive flexibility were examined. Participants with OCD (N = 80) referred for treatment at an outpatient anxiety disorders clinic completed a clinical interview, a brief battery of neuropsychological measures, and a computer-administered questionnaire package assessing the variables of interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Ambivalence in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
    Self-Ambivalence in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Sunil S Bhar Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July, 2004 Produced on acid-free paper Department of Psychology University of Melbourne ii iii Abstract According to the cognitive model, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is maintained by various belief factors such as an inflated sense of responsibility, perfectionism and an overestimation about the importance of thoughts. Despite much support for this hypothesis, there is a lack of understanding about the role of self-concept in the maintenance or treatment of OCD. Guidano and Liotti (1983) suggest that individuals who are ambivalent about their self-worth, personal morality and lovability use perfectionistic and obsessive compulsive behaviours to continuously restore self- esteem. This thesis develops a model of OCD that integrates self-ambivalence in the cognitive model of OCD. Specifically, it explored the hypothesis that the OCD symptoms and the belief factors related to the vulnerability of OCD are mechanisms that provide relief from self- ambivalence. It addressed three questions. First, is self-ambivalence related to OCD symptoms and OCD-related beliefs? Second, to what extent is self-ambivalence specific to OCD, compared to other anxiety disorders? Third, to what extent is self-ambivalence important in accounting for response and relapse of OCD to psychological interventions? In order to explore these questions, a questionnaire measuring self- ambivalence was first developed and evaluated. Non clinical and clinical participants were recruited for research. Non-clinical participants (N = 269) comprised undergraduate students (N = 226: mean age = 19.55; SD = 3.27) and community controls (N = 43; mean age = 43.78; SD = 3.92).
    [Show full text]
  • Berrypub5102.Pdf
    A review of obsessive intrusive thoughts in the general population Author Berry, Lisa-Marie, Laskey, Ben Published 2012 Journal Title Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.02.002 Copyright Statement © 2012 Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, providing that the work is properly cited. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/352184 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Obsessive Intrusive Thoughts 1 Obsessive Intrusive Thoughts in the General Population Lisa-Marie Berrya and Ben Laskeya,b aDivision of Clinical Psychology, University of Manchester, UK bCornwall CAMHS (CiC Team), Truro, UK Address for correspondence: Lisa-Marie Berry Division of Clinical Psychology University of Manchester M13 9PL. UK Tel: +44 (0) 161 306 0400 Fax: +44 (0) 161 306 0406 Email: [email protected] Running head: Obsessive Intrusive Thoughts Abstract: 132 words Body text: 6473 Figures: 0 Tables: 0 Obsessive Intrusive Thoughts 2 Abstract Intrusive thoughts feature as a key factor in our current understanding of Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Cognitive theories of OCD assume that the interpretation of normal intrusive thoughts leads to the development and maintenance of the disorder. Research that supports the role of beliefs and appraisals in maintaining distress in OCD is based on the supposition that clinical obsessions are comparable to normal intrusive thoughts. This paper reviews research investigating the occurrence of intrusive thoughts in a non-clinical population, in order to assess if these thoughts are comparable to obsessions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Appraisal of Intrusive Images Among Outpatients with Social Anxiety Disorder
    The Appraisal of Intrusive Images Among Outpatients with Social Anxiety Disorder Undirtitill Jóhann Pálmar Harðarson Lokaverkefni til cand. psych-gráðu Sálfræðideild Heilbrigðisvísindasvið The Appraisal of Intrusive Images Among Outpatients with Social Anxiety Disorder Jóhann Pálmar Harðarson Lokaverkefni til cand. psych-gráðu í sálfræði Leiðbeinandi: Andri Steinþór Björnsson Sálfræðideild Heilbrigðisvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands Júní 2016 2 Ritgerð þessi er lokaverkefni til cand. psych gráðu í sálfræði og er óheimilt að afrita ritgerðina á nokkurn hátt nema með leyfi rétthafa. © Jóhann Pálmar Harðarson og Andri Steinþór Björnsson, 2016 Prentun: Háskólaprent Reykjavík, Ísland 2016 3 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 7 Methods .................................................................................................................................... 12 Participants ........................................................................................................................... 12 Measures ............................................................................................................................... 15 The Imagery and Social Trauma Interview .......................................................................... 15 The MINI International
    [Show full text]
  • The Examination of Inhibition in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
    Modern Psychological Studies Volume 23 Number 2 Article 6 2018 The Examination of Inhibition in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Stephanie J. Glover University of Denver, [email protected] Christopher A. Moyer [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.utc.edu/mps Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Glover, Stephanie J. and Moyer, Christopher A. (2018) "The Examination of Inhibition in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder," Modern Psychological Studies: Vol. 23 : No. 2 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholar.utc.edu/mps/vol23/iss2/6 This articles is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals, Magazines, and Newsletters at UTC Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Modern Psychological Studies by an authorized editor of UTC Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INHIBITION IN OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER 1 Abstract Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by intrusive, anxiety-provoking obsessions and irresistible compulsions that are performed to relieve anxiety. It is theorized that a deficit in inhibition may play a role in obsessive-compulsive symptomology. Areas of cognitive functioning that are affected by inhibition deficits may lead to obsessions and intrusive thoughts, while behavioral inhibition deficits may lead to compulsions. In the current paper, inhibition is examined in individuals with OCD, how such a deficit affects attention, recall, and response control, and how this relates to the disorder’s symptoms. A better
    [Show full text]
  • Compulsions Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    COMPULSIONS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Rockne S O'Bannon,Keith R A DeCandido,Will Sliney | 112 pages | 27 Dec 2011 | Boom! Studios | 9781608866397 | English | Los Angeles, United States Compulsions PDF Book In other words, finding a way to discontinue compulsions is the way to decondition anxiety and have less frequent and intense obsessions. Patients who do not respond to one medication sometimes respond to another. Obviously, putting oneself through this process is uncomfortable and often very depressing, but letting oneself off the hook does not feel like an option. A teacher may fear she is not adequately understood when she speaks and never feels she can explain things perfectly enough. In most cases, individuals with OCD feel driven to engage in compulsive behavior and would rather not have to do these time consuming and many times torturous acts. Compulsive overeating is the inability to control one's amount of nutritional intake, resulting in excessive weight gain. This leads to more ritualistic behavior — the vicious cycle of OCD. About the Author: Stacey Kuhl Wochner. Environment An association between childhood trauma and obsessive-compulsive symptoms has been reported in some studies. It is this heightened sense of responsibility, and need to protect loved ones that often drives the person with OCD to repeat the endless cycle of ritualistic behaviours compulsions. These thoughts have to be pervasive and cause problems in health, occupation, socialization, or other parts of life. The goal of clinical trials is to determine if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products.
    [Show full text]
  • Scrupulosity: When Doubts Devour
    JBC 33:3 (2019): 11–40 11 Scrupulosity: When Doubts Devour by MICHAEL R. EMLET ____________________________ Having scruples is a good thing. It means you have a well-functioning conscience that is pricked when you face a moral or ethical dilemma. It guides you to do what is right. But if you struggle with scrupulosity, it is not a good thing. The word describes someone whose conscience is overwhelmed by such pricks or “stabs.” The person experiences an ongoing and intense concern for his or her own moral purity in both thought and deed. To help you understand the struggle more specifically, I’ll begin with a few personal snapshots. Brandon gave up playing the piano because when he plays well, he is overwhelmed by the fear that he is stirring up ungodly pride. Alicia, who grew up in a strong Christian household and professed faith at a young age, is plagued daily by the persistent thought that perhaps she is not saved after all. She seems immune to the encouragements of family and friends who point out the fruit of the Spirit in her life. “Yes, but you can’t know my heart,” she insists. Serena ruminates for hours about the answers she gave to others’ questions throughout the day. She wonders, “Was I truthful? Was I completely accurate?” Karl resists holding his young daughter on his lap or hugging her because it triggers the thought, “What if I’m a pedophile and I’m being sexually gratified by this?” He is horrified by the thought. Despite having no objective, physical evidence of sexual arousal, his anxiety about it has grown, to the point that he now avoids Michael Emlet (MDiv, MD) counsels and teaches at CCEF.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing a Model to Predict Prevalence of Compulsive Behavior in Individuals with OCD Lindsay D
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School June 2018 Developing a Model to Predict Prevalence of Compulsive Behavior in Individuals with OCD Lindsay D. Fields University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Mathematics Commons Scholar Commons Citation Fields, Lindsay D., "Developing a Model to Predict Prevalence of Compulsive Behavior in Individuals with OCD" (2018). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7286 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Developing a Model to Predict Prevalence of Compulsive Behavior in Individuals with OCD by Lindsay D. Fields A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Mathematics and Statistics College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Gregory McColm, Ph.D. Eric Storch, Ph.D. Nataša Jonoska, Ph.D. Date of Approval: May 29, 2018 Keywords: compulsive, brain, game theory, Society of Mind, behavior Copyright © 2018, Lindsay D. Fields DEDICATION To my mother, for showing me how. For making your textbooks my first bedtime stories, for taking me to the library, for helping me with my math homework, even after geometry, for being my first copyeditor, and for coming to every one of my graduations. We never learned to keep our voices down.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Assessment and Management in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder David Veale, Mark Freeston, Georgina Krebs, Isobel Heyman & Paul Salkovskis
    Advances in psychiatric treatment (2009), vol. 15, 332–343 doi: 10.1192/apt.bp.107.004705 ARTICLE Risk assessment and management in obsessive–compulsive disorder David Veale, Mark Freeston, Georgina Krebs, Isobel Heyman & Paul Salkovskis David Veale is an honorary harm to children may be tempted to play for safety SUMMARY senior lecturer and a consultant when conducting a risk assessment. However, a psychiatrist in cognitive behaviour Some people with obsessive–compulsive disorder person with OCD can be harmed by an incorrect or therapy at the NIHR Biomedical (OCD) experience recurrent intrusive sexual, Research Centre for Mental Health, unduly lengthy risk assessment, responding with aggressive or death-related thoughts and as a The South London and Maudsley increased doubts and fears about the implications result may be subjected to lengthy or inappropriate NHS Foundation Trust, King’s of their intrusive thoughts. At best this will lead College London, and The Priory risk assessments. These apparent ‘primary’ risks Hospital North London. Mark can be dealt with relatively easily through a careful to greater distress, avoidance and compulsive Freeston is Professor of Clinical understanding of the disorder’s phenomenology. behaviours, and mistrust of health professionals; Psychology at Newcastle University, However, there are other, less obvious ‘secondary’ at worst, to complete decompensation of the patient Newcastle upon Tyne. Georgina risks, which require more careful consideration. or break-up of the family. In reality, there is no need Krebs is a clinical psychologist working in the service for young This article discusses the differentiation of intrusive for overcautious reactions. Provided the clinician people with obsessive–compulsive thoughts and urges in people with OCD from has appropriate expertise in OCD, there are very disorder at the Maudsley Hospital, those experienced by sexual or violent offenders; rarely any serious doubts about the diagnosis.
    [Show full text]
  • What Are People's Lay Theories About Mind Wandering and How Do Those Beliefs Affect Them?
    What Are People’s Lay Theories About Mind Wandering and How Do Those Beliefs Affect Them? Claire M. Zedelius and Jonathan W. Schooler Many of the thoughts that pass through our minds each day are disconnected from the here and now. While we may seem engaged with our current activity or environment—our eyes scanning a page of text or locking with those of a con- versation partner—our attention is often directed inwardly, to thoughts about cur- rent concerns, future plans, or fantasies. These types of thoughts, studied under the (somewhat interchangeably used) terms stimulus- or task-unrelated thoughts, de- coupled thought, daydreaming, and mind wandering (e.g., Antrobus, 1968; Singer & Schonbar, 1961; Smallwood & Schooler, 2006), are often spontaneous and unsolicited (Seli, Carriere, & Smilek, 2014; Seli, Risko, Smilek, & Schacter, 2016), yet occupy an astonishing 30–50% of our waking life (Kane et al., 2007; Killingsworth & Gilbert, 2010; Klinger & Cox, 1987; McVay, Kane, & Kwapil, 2009), with far-reaching and often negative consequences for our performance (see Mooneyham & Schooler, 2013 for a review), mood (Franklin et al., 2013; Killingsworth & Gilbert, 2010), and safety (e.g., Galera et al., 2012). Sometimes stimulus-unrelated thoughts have an intrusive character. Intrusive thoughts tend to be repetitive and revolve around fears or traumatic events (Clark & Rhyno, 2005). Like normal mind wandering, intrusive thoughts are highly common among healthy individuals (Clark & Rhyno, 2005), but they are also a hallmark feature of a surprising range of disorders, including depression, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Clark, 2005; Davies & Clark, 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Overlap Between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Major Depression
    Genetic Overlap Between Obsessive-compulsive Disorder and Major Depression Ukić, Ema Undergraduate thesis / Završni rad 2021 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: University of Rijeka / Sveučilište u Rijeci Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:193:971077 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-26 Repository / Repozitorij: Repository of the University of Rijeka, Department of Biotechnology - BIOTECHRI Repository UNIVERSITY OF RIJEKA DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY University undergraduate programme “Biotechnology and Drug Research” Ema Ukić GENETIC OVERLAP BETWEEN OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER AND MAJOR DEPRESSION Bachelor’s thesis Rijeka, July 2021 UNIVERSITY OF RIJEKA DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY University undergraduate programme “Biotechnology and Drug Research” Ema Ukić GENETIC OVERLAP BETWEEN OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER AND MAJOR DEPRESSION Bachelor’s thesis Rijeka, July 2021 Mentor: doc. dr. sc. Nicholas J. Bradshaw SVEUČILIŠTE U RIJECI ODJEL ZA BIOTEHNOLOGIJU Preddiplomski sveučilišni studij „Biotehnologija i istraživanje lijekova” Ema Ukić GENETSKO PREKLAPANJE OPSESIVNO-KOMPULZIVNOG POREMEĆAJA I DEPRESIJE Završni rad Rijeka, srpanj 2021. Mentor rada: doc. dr. sc. Nicholas J. Bradshaw Undergraduate final thesis was defended on July 21st, 2021 In front of the Committee: 1. Izv. prof. dr. sc. Igor Jurak 2. Doc. dr. sc. Željka Maglica 3. Doc. dr. sc. Nicholas J. Bradshaw This thesis has 31 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables and 72 citations. SUMMARY Obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder are among the most common mental disorders globally and are frequently co-diagnosed. They are both highly complex, heterogenous and a result of both environmental and genetic factors. This review focuses on the genetics behind these disorders and their overlap.
    [Show full text]