STUDIES IN THE TEXT AND STRUCTURE OF HOSEA 12-14 by DONG SOO LEE Ph.D. University of Edinburgh 1990 I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis is the result of my own research, and that it has been composed by myself. Cý cq-ý TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 ABSTRACT OF THESIS 4 INTRODUCTION 5 ABBREVIATIONS 10 I REVIEW OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THE BOOK OF HOSEA 1.1 Earlier Modern Interpretation of the Book of Hosea 12 1.2 Current Interpretation of the Book of Hosea 19 1.3 Concluding Observations 48 II TEXTUAL CRITICISM OF HOSEA 12-14 11.1The Aim and Value of Textual Criticism 51 11.2Review of the Studies on the Textual Criticism of the Book of Hosea 52 11.2.1 Scrolls from the Judean Desert 52 11.2.2 Ancient Versions 55 11.2.3 Text-critical Analyses of the Book of Hosea by Commentators 66 11.2.4 Concluding Observations 74 11.3 Text-critical Analyses of Hosea 12-14 75 11.4 A Translation of Hosea 12-14 120 III STRUCTURAL CRITICISM OF HOSEA 12-14 III. 1 Significance of Structural Criticism 126 111.2Review of the Studies on the Structural Criticism of the Book of Hosea 129 111.3Concluding Observations 140 111.4The Aim of Rhetorical Criticism 141 111.5Structural Overview of the Book of Hosea 148 111.5.1Hosea 1-3; 4-14 148 111.5.2Hosea 4-11; 12-14 150 111.6The Literary Unity of the Book of Hosea 153 111.6.1The Relationship of Hosea 4-11 to 12-14 154 111.6.2The Relationship of Hosea 1-3 to 4-14 157 111.7Structural Overview of Hosea 12-14 160 111.7.1The Unit Hosea 12:1-15 161 111.7.2The Unit Hosea 13:1-14: 1 164 111.7.3The Unit Hosea 14:2-9 167 111.8The Literary Unity of Hosea 12-14 172 111.8.1The Relationship of Hosea 12:1-15 to 13:1-14: 1 173 111.8.2The Relationship of Hosea 13:1-14: 1 to 14:2-9 178 111.8.3The Relationship of Hosea 12:1-15; 13:1-14: 1; 14:2-9 182 111.9Structural Analysis of Hosea 12:1-15 194 111.9.1The Analysis of Hosea 12:1-15 194 111.9.2The Literary Unity of Hosea 12:1-15 212 1 111.10Structural Analysis of Hosea 13:1-14: 1 214 111.10.1The Analysis of Hosea 13:1-14: 1 214 111.10.2The Literary Unity of Hosea 13:1-14: 1 225 111.11Structural Analysis of Hosea 14:2-9 228 III. 11.1 The Analysis of Hosea 14:2-9 228 111.11.2The Literary Unity of Hosea 14:2-9 235 IV KEY WORDS OF HOSEA 12-14 IV. 1 1M10 240 IV. 2 21:1 244 IV. 2.1 =7 in Hosea 1-11 245 IV. 2.2 11? in Hosea 12-14 261 IV. 2.3 The Relationship of the Use of Z1P in 12-14 to that in 1-11 268 IV. 3 nvK 271 IV. 3.1 CZYKin Hosea 1-11 271 IV. 3.2 Dr K in Hosea 12-14 274 IV. 3.3 The Relationship of the Use of tom in 12-14 to that in 1-11 '276 IV. 4 JIM 277 IV. 4.1 1111in Hosea 1-11 277 IV. 4.2 NO in Hosea 12-14 279 IV. 4.3 The Relationship of the Use of 1117in 12-14 to that in 1-11 281 IV. 5 171' 282 IV. 5.1 y1' in Hosea 1-11 283 IV. 5.2 ri' in Hosea 12-14 297 IV. 5.3 v1' in Hosea 14:10 298 IV. 5.4 The Relationship of the Use of y1' in 12-14 to that in 1-11 299 IV. 6 1771 301 IV. 7 17K 303 IV. 7.1 17K in Hosea 1-11 303 IV. 7.2 INK in Hosea 12-14 321 IV. 7.3 The Relationship of the Use of 17K in 12-14 to that; in 1-11 323 V CONCLUSIONS V. 1 The Thematic Unity of Hosea 12-14 326 V. 1.1 The Key Terms of Judgment 326 V. 1.2 The Key Terms of Salvation 329 V. 2 Concluding Observations 334 BIBLIOGRAPHY 344 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I should first of all like to express my special appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. A. Graeme Auld. His deep insight and keen criticism, and his kindness and patience have been a constant source of inspiration and stimulus for my thesis research from beginning to very end. Thanks should be due also to professor John C. L. Gibson, who, as Head of the Department of Hebrew and Old Testament Studies, and as my second supervisor, has continually encouraged me throughout this period of my life and study. I should also like to put on record my indebtedness to my financial benefactors:, my own Presbyterian College & Theological Seminary, Seoul, Korea; First Presbyterian Church, Daegu, Korea; and Bongsoon Christian Foundation, Ohio, U. S.A. Finally, my warmest thanks should go to my beloved wife, Gwi Young Kim, to whom I owe a debt of gratitude beyond measure. Her constant love, encouragement, perseverance, and prayer have been the great source during all the years of my study. ' To her, to our two precious'sons, Shin Eun Lee, and Jin Eun Lee, and to my affectionate mother, Jeong Soon Whang, who have also had to wait for the completion date of this work, this ' thesis is dedicated with deep love and appreciation. My work on Hosea has taken me away from my good family. A good family is indeed a gift from Yahweh our God, to whom in the end all glory, praise and thanks should be rendered. 3 ABSTRACT OF THESIS literature book The first chapter of this thesis reviews the major on the of Hosea since Ewald: found in commentaries, monographs, and special studies. 12-14 is basic Chapter two establishes that textual- criticism of Hosea the Has This necessity for the following structural analysis of `12-14. chapter Hosea. begins by reviewing the major literature on the textual criticism of This' is followed by a detailed discussion of the MT/LXX of Hos 12-14. Hos 12-14 is Finally, as a result of these analyses, my own translation of presented. Chapter three constitutes the core of this thesis. This chapter reviews the major literature on structural criticism of Hosea. The subsequent discussion argues for the literary unity of Hos 12-14 by noting the repetition of words, phrases, and lines in this section. The 'following structural analyses of Hos 12-14 identify three large constituent literary units 12: 1-15; 13: 1-14: 1; 14:2-9, in which the following key words can be discerned: 100b 'falsehood"; 21W (hiph) 'to return/repay'; tflb 'to die'; QVK `to become guilty'; Y1, 'to know'; Wl)l 'to tear open'; Z11T' (qal) `to (re)turn'; and bfK `to love'. Chapter four is detailed exegetical studies on these key words. These are reviewed in the context of the book of Hosea as a whole, to understand their functions in Hos 12-14. Chapter five brings this thesis to a conclusion by summarising the discussions on the key words to comprehend the thematic Israel in Hos unity of Hosea 12-14 - the relationship between Yahweh and (12: 1) 12-14: the ' movement from his words of judgment 1-14: towards promises of her salvation (14: 2-9). This is followed by concluding observations. 4 INTRODUCTION To seek to understand the structure of each of the books of the Bible is a basic task for anyone who wants to interpret its full meaning, since each is or may be a literary whole. Past scholarship has generally found it difficult to discern the structure of the book of Hosea, primarily because of the rather rapid changes in style, person, and subject matter, together with the peculiar language of Hosea. There are also few obvious devices which can be used to distinguish its structure. In spite of these seemingly intractable difficulties in the identification of the structure of the book of Hosea, recently in their massive commentary (Anchor on Hosea Bible Series),. Andersen and Freedman (1980) have concentrated mainly on structural analyses of the book. For these purposes, they have applied rhetorical criticism to the book in order to distinguish many devices such as word repetition, parallelism, chiasm, inclusion, and hence identified small and large constituent literary units in the book. For example, in order to identify the structure of Hos 1-3, Andersen and Freedman (1980: 133-138) listed many repetition of words and ideas. However, although I fully acknowledge their extensively detailed structural analyses of Hos 1-3; 4-11, they seem to have dealt with Hos 12-14 too briefly, given the previous two sections. They have discussed Hos 12-14 in 55 pages (pp. 593-648) among a total of 648 pages in their commentary. Perhaps their detailed analyses of Hos 1-11 may explain why they have dealt with Hos 12-14 so concisely: they may have thought that many words, phrases, and lines in Hos 12-14 have already been discussed in the earlier Hos 5 1-11. However, although Hos 12-14 is closely connected to Hos 1-11, it should immediately be noted that every word, phrase, and line has its own function in its own literary context. In this regard, they appear to have failed to discover many of the significant elements and messages which can be identified from Hos 12-14.