EL CINE POÉTICO EN CARLOS REYGADAS a Dissertation By

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EL CINE POÉTICO EN CARLOS REYGADAS a Dissertation By EL CINE POÉTICO EN CARLOS REYGADAS A Dissertation by JAVIER MARIMÓN MIYARES Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Alessandra Luiselli Committee Members, Stephen Miller Alain Lawo-Sukam Gregory Pappas Head of Department, Irene Moyna December 2016 Major Subject: Hispanic Studies Copyright 2016 Javier Marimón Miyares ABSTRACT The cinematography of Mexican director Carlos Reygadas is the main focus of this dissertation, which aims to validate the artistic quality of his four films: Japón, Batalla en el Cielo, Luz Silenciosa and Post Tenebras Lux; define the creator’s creative style; find references and key influences of his cinematographic approach; and recognize his identification with the typology of poetic cinema, as a reactive model to narrative and cultural cinematographic formulas. To complete this present work, the conceptualizations of six emblematic figures in cinema were chosen as the dissertation’s theoretical foundation: Luis Buñuel, Robert Bresson, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Éric Rohmer, Andrei Tarkovsky and Abbas Kiarostami. Based on their perceptions of film, resemblances are noted, whether consciously or unconsciously referenced by Carlos Reygadas. Characteristics of poetic cinema are analyzed, including how such creators interpreted the use of sounds, editing, scene duration, space, dialogue of characters or models, importance of the creator’s ethical values, methods of choosing and developing themes, and technical resources for handling images, among others. The poetic implications of Carlos Reygadas, a creator focused on stimulating an individual’s sensory perception through the proper use of key cinematic tools –using image and sound to create a sense of time– are confirmed through a series of interviews done by the creator following his four films. In these interviews, reoccurring content in ii his speech is consistent: symbolism of titles, story ideas, use of non-actors, creative methods, filming process, sound and music, sex and faith, nature, references to film and literature, use of space and time, presence of death and the grotesque, and other technical elements. Finally, these and other cinematic elements and their variations in the four feature films by this director are discussed, which together validate the affirmation that Carlos Reygadas is one of the most representative creators of poetic cinema in the early twenty-first century throughout the Americas and worldwide. iii RESUMEN El cine del director mexicano Carlos Reygadas es el tema esencial de la presente investigación, que pretende validar las cualidades artísticas de sus cuatro largometrajes: Japón, Batalla en el Cielo, Luz Silenciosa y Post Tenebras Lux; definir el estilo creativo del autor, hallar referentes e influencias fundamentales en su concepción fílmica, y reconocer su identificación con la tipología de cine poético, como modelo de reacción ante un cine de fórmulas narrativas y culturales utilitarias. Para la realización del presente trabajo se decidió usar como centro teórico las conceptualizaciones cinematográficas de seis figuras emblemáticas del cine: Luis Buñuel, Robert Bresson, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Éric Rohmer, Andréi Tarkovski y Abbas Kiarostami. Partiendo de sus impresiones alrededor del cine se subrayan las coincidencias, asimiladas y referenciadas consciente o inconscientemente por Carlos Reygadas. Se analizan las características del cine poético a partir del modo en que tales autores concebían el uso de los sonidos, el montaje, la duración de las escenas, el espacio, los diálogos de los personajes o modelos, la trascendencia de los valores éticos del autor, los modos de elegir y desarrollar los temas, los recursos técnicos de la imagen, entre otros. Las implicaciones de lo poético en Carlos Reygadas, autor enfocado en estimular el pensamiento sensorial del individuo, a través del uso correcto de los instrumentos principales del cine: imagen y sonido creando sensación de tiempo, se testimonian luego iv mediante un compendio interesado de entrevistas realizadas al autor a raíz de sus cuatro filmes. Se unifican contenidos recurrentes de su discurso: simbolismos de los títulos, ideas argumentales, uso de no-actores, métodos creativos, rodaje, sonido y música, sexo y fe, naturaleza, referencias en el cine y la literatura, uso del espacio y el tiempo, presencia de la muerte y lo grotesco, y otros elementos técnicos. Finalmente, se analizan estos y otros componentes fílmicos y sus variaciones en los cuatro largometrajes de este director, lo cual constituye una muestra válida para afirmar que Carlos Reygadas es uno de los creadores más representativos del cine poético de principios del siglo XXI en Las Américas y el mundo. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to especially thank my committee chair, Dr. Luiselli, for her insightful guidance and support throughout the course of this research. I want to extend my sincere gratitude to my committee members, Dr. Miller, Dr. Lawo-Sukam, and Dr. Pappas. Thanks also go to my friends and colleagues and the department faculty and staff for making my time at Texas A&M University a great experience. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii RESUMEN ......................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. vii CAPÍTULO I INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................... 1 La materia original del cine ..................................................................................... 1 Antecedentes históricos del cine poético ................................................................. 9 CAPÍTULO II EN BUSCA DE UN CINE POÉTICO ..................................................... 20 Luis Buñuel ........................................................................................................... 21 Robert Bresson ...................................................................................................... 24 Pier Paolo Pasolini ................................................................................................ 32 Éric Rohmer .......................................................................................................... 36 Andréi Tarkovski ................................................................................................... 42 Abbas Kiarostami .................................................................................................. 45 CAPÍTULO III CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL CINE UTILITARIO Y EL CINE DE POESÍA ............................................................................................................................. 49 El cine utilitario o cultural ..................................................................................... 50 Cine poético, lo poético y la poesía ....................................................................... 57 Preceptos a evitar en el cine poético ..................................................................... 62 Preceptos de uso dudable en el cine poético ......................................................... 66 Preceptos aproximados del cine poético ............................................................... 72 Disposiciones y usos afirmados en el cine poético ............................................... 78 CAPÍTULO IV REYGADAS VISTO POR REYGADAS ............................................... 81 Japón ...................................................................................................................... 85 Batalla en el Cielo ................................................................................................. 91 vii Luz Silenciosa ....................................................................................................... 99 Post Tenebras Lux ............................................................................................... 112 CAPÍTULO V REYGADAS: CUATRO FILMES DEL CINE POÉTICO DE LAS AMÉRICAS .................................................................................................................... 123 El exilio del espacio ............................................................................................ 125 El espacio se llena de tiempo .............................................................................. 134 Personajes no-actores en espacio y tiempo ......................................................... 140 El argumento como hecho de tiempo .................................................................. 148 Lo grotesco, lo sexual, la muerte, la “pobreza irradiante” .................................. 158 CAPÍTULO VI CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................ 169 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ............................................................................................................. 176 viii CAPÍTULO I INTRODUCCIÓN La materia original del cine Las cámaras oscuras, la linterna mágica y otros ingeniosos recursos usados en el siglo XIX, fueron los antecedentes del cine actual. Hacia finales de esa centuria, era posible ya conservar
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