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Agro-Techniques of Selected Medicinal Plants

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Agro-Techniques of Selected Medicinal Plants Agro-techniques of selected medicinal plants Volume 1 National Medicinal Plants Board Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India, Chandralok Building, 36, Janpath New Delhi – 110001 © National Medicinal Plants Board, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, 2008 Price: Rs 500/US $15 ISBN 978-81-7993-154-7 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the National Medicinal Plants Board, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India Published by TERI Press The Energy and Resources Institute Te l . +91 11 2468 2100 or 4150 4900 Darbari Seth Block, Habitat Place Fax +91 11 2468 2144 or 2468 2145 Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003 E-mail [email protected] Web site www.teriin.org The agro-techniques covered in this publication are based on the reports of various institutions and may not meet the exact agronomic requirement of a particular crop in another agro-climatic region. The National Medicinal Plants Board, therefore, does not take any responsibility for any variation in the agronomic practice, crop yields, and economic returns indicated in the agro- techniques in this publication. Printed in India by Innovative Designers & Printers, New Delhi ii Contents Foreword v Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations xi Introduction xiii Abroma augusta 1 Aconitum balfourii 5 Aconitum heterophyllum 11 Alpinia galanga 17 Alstonia scholaris 21 Asparagus racemosus 27 Bacopa monnieri 33 Baliospermum montanum 39 Caesalpinia sappan 45 Clerodendrum indicum 49 Colchicum luteum 55 Coleus barbatus 59 Commiphora wightii 63 Curculigo orchioides 69 Curcuma caesia 73 Curcuma zedoaria 77 Desmodium gangeticum 81 Dioscorea bulbifera 85 Gymnema sylvestre 89 Hedychium spicatum 93 iii CONTENTS Hemidesmus indicus 99 Holostemma ada-kodien 103 Inula racemosa 107 Leptadenia reticulata 111 Marsdenia tenacissima 115 Microstylis wallichii 119 Nardostachys grandiflora 125 Operculina turpethum 131 Oroxylum indicum 135 Picrorhiza kurroa 139 Plumbago zeylanica 145 Premna integrifolia 151 Pterocarpus marsupium 155 Pterocarpus santalinus 159 Rheum emodi 163 Rubia cordifolia 167 Saraca asoca 171 Solanum indicum 175 Strychnos nux-vomica 179 Strychnos potatorum 183 Swertia chirata 189 Terminalia arjuna 193 Terminalia chebula 197 Tinospora cordifolia 201 Tylophora indica 205 Uraria picta 211 Valeriana jatamansi 215 Vigna trilobata 221 Viola serpens 227 Zanthoxylum armatum 231 Glossary Glossary of botanical terms 235 Glossary of medical terms 238 iv Foreword e in India have a rich heritage of plant-based health care sys- tems like Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, which have a very Whigh degree of societal acceptance as they provide quality health care to a large segment of our population. Forests, however, con- tinue to be the main source of the raw material used for the manufacture of medicines of Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. The unsustainable collec- tion from the wild not only puts the species at the risk of extinction but also affects the quality of the medicines manufactured due to absence of standardization in the quality parameters of the raw material. A recent study by the NMPB (National Medicinal Plants Board) has highlighted the fact that although about 6000 plants are used in the folk and documented systems of medicine in India, less than 50 species of me- dicinal plants are cultivated to any sizeable extent. The main factor be- hind the slow pace of domestication of medicinal plants sourced from the wild is the absence of knowledge on cultivation practices for such medici- nal plants. The NMPB has the primary mandate of supporting programmes relat- ing to conservation and development of medicinal plants. While conser- vation of medicinal plant resources in situ is the major component of the schemes of the Board, promoting cultivation of medicinal plants is also of equal, if not greater, importance, considering the potential that medicinal plants offer for crop diversification and income generation, if supported with proper extension and marketing linkages. Cultivation can also en- sure production of raw material of standardized content and quality, thereby enhancing the quality of the products manufactured. v FOREWORD The agro-techniques developed by the NMPB through the various university and R&D institutes will go a long way in disseminating scien- tific information to the growers who are keen to take up cultivation of medicinal plants but have not been able to do so due to the absence of authentic scientific information. I am confident that the book will fill this critical void in the pro- gramme for promoting cultivation of medicinal plants. Anita Das vi Acknowledgements ultivation of medicinal plants offers opportunities for crop diver- sification and income generation to the farmers. However, devel- Copment of sound agro-techniques for the plants that have traditionally been collected from forests has been a major challenge in promoting cultivation. It is in this background that a need was felt to develop agro-techniques for some of the important medicinal plants by involving the key R&D institutions and universities in the country. Accordingly, the Department of AYUSH decided to support studies for development of agro-techniques under the ‘Central scheme for develop- ment of agro-techniques and cultivation of medicinal plants’, specifically for those plants that are used in AYUSH systems of medicine. Projects were, therefore, allocated to 33 specialized scientific organiza- tions consisting of agriculture/horticulture universities and the R&D institutions of CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), and ICFRE (Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education), which required infrastructure and exper- tise to study about 115 plants. Under the scheme, the organizations were required to undertake the experimental cultivation of allocated plants specifically for the development of agro-techniques through projects that were normally executed for three to four years. The performance and progress of the projects were monitored by the PEC (Project Evaluation Committee) set up by the Department. Of the 115 plants, 50 medicinal plants and their agro-techniques have been short-listed for publication in the first volume on the basis of reports received. It is proposed to finalize further reports for publication under subsequent volumes. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Development of agro-techniques for different medicinal plants is an endeavour of the NMPB (National Medicinal Plants Board) towards promoting cultivation of medicinal plants, through standardized agro- techniques so as to make available to the industry raw material of quality and standardized chemical ingredients. The present publication is the first step in the series for finalization of the agro-techniques that have been developed by the various R&D insti- tutions and universities. This would not have been possible without the efforts put in by the PIs (principal investigators) and project staff in the respective organizations that were assigned the projects for development of agro-techniques. The contribution of all the PIs, Co-PIs, and the or- ganizations is deeply acknowledged. The agro-techniques included in the publication are based on the reports furnished by the project organiza- tions. All other information relating to basic features of a particular me- dicinal plant is based on the published literature and formularies/ pharmacopoeias. The agro-technique developed by an institution located in a particular geographical area is the outcome of its best efforts. The findings given are only indicative and may not meet the exact agronomic requirement of a particular crop in another agro-climatic region, as no agro-technique can suit all the diverse climatic regions. Therefore, anyone seeking to enter into cultivation as a commercial activity will be well ad- vised to revalidate the agro-techniques from an R&D institution/univer- sity located in the region where cultivation is sought to be done. The NMPB has set up 23 facilitation centres for medicinal plants in different states, which may also be approached to confirm the applicability of the agro-techniques for a particular region. The project work was evaluated and guided by the PEC consisting of Dr Rajendra Gupta (Retired Agricultural Scientist of NBPGR [National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources]), Dr Mayaram Uniyal (Dravyaguna and Ayurveda expert), Dr S Natesh (Adviser, Department of Biotechnol- ogy), and Dr Sudeep Kumar (Principal Scientist, CSIR). Efforts of the members of the PEC, especially those of Dr Rajendra Gupta who chaired most of the meetings of the Committee, are gratefully acknowledged. On behalf of the NMPB, Department of AYUSH, I feel it is my duty to place on record my sincere thanks and appreciation for all institutions/ organizations that have worked for the development of agro-techniques. Editing of the text and preparation of final document for publication in a uniform pattern was a herculean task. Dr K K Bhutani, Dean, Depart- ment of Natural Products and Shri A S Sandhu, Garden Superintendent viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS of the NIPER (National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Re- search), Mohali have been responsible for the initial editing of the text, and I acknowledge with gratitude their contribution in the exercise. The final technical editing and designing have been accomplished by TERI
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