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Cygwin User's Guide
Cygwin User’s Guide Cygwin User’s Guide ii Copyright © Cygwin authors Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this documentation provided the copyright notice and this per- mission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this documentation under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this documentation into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. Cygwin User’s Guide iii Contents 1 Cygwin Overview 1 1.1 What is it? . .1 1.2 Quick Start Guide for those more experienced with Windows . .1 1.3 Quick Start Guide for those more experienced with UNIX . .1 1.4 Are the Cygwin tools free software? . .2 1.5 A brief history of the Cygwin project . .2 1.6 Highlights of Cygwin Functionality . .3 1.6.1 Introduction . .3 1.6.2 Permissions and Security . .3 1.6.3 File Access . .3 1.6.4 Text Mode vs. Binary Mode . .4 1.6.5 ANSI C Library . .4 1.6.6 Process Creation . .5 1.6.6.1 Problems with process creation . .5 1.6.7 Signals . .6 1.6.8 Sockets . .6 1.6.9 Select . .7 1.7 What’s new and what changed in Cygwin . .7 1.7.1 What’s new and what changed in 3.2 . -
Cygwin User's Guide
Cygwin User’s Guide i Cygwin User’s Guide Cygwin User’s Guide ii Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Red Hat, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this documentation provided the copyright notice and this per- mission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this documentation under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this documentation into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. Cygwin User’s Guide iii Contents 1 Cygwin Overview 1 1.1 What is it? . .1 1.2 Quick Start Guide for those more experienced with Windows . .1 1.3 Quick Start Guide for those more experienced with UNIX . .1 1.4 Are the Cygwin tools free software? . .2 1.5 A brief history of the Cygwin project . .2 1.6 Highlights of Cygwin Functionality . .3 1.6.1 Introduction . .3 1.6.2 Permissions and Security . .3 1.6.3 File Access . .3 1.6.4 Text Mode vs. Binary Mode . .4 1.6.5 ANSI C Library . .5 1.6.6 Process Creation . .5 1.6.6.1 Problems with process creation . .5 1.6.7 Signals . .6 1.6.8 Sockets . .6 1.6.9 Select . -
Challenges and Issues of Mining Crash Reports
Challenges and Issues of Mining Crash Reports Le An, Foutse Khomh SWAT, Polytechnique Montreal,´ Quebec,´ Canada fle.an, [email protected] Abstract—Automatic crash reporting tools built in many soft- In the rest of this paper, we describe the structure of a ware systems allow software practitioners to understand the crash report before presenting some analytic techniques to origin of field crashes and help them prioritise field crashes mine implicit information from crash reports. For each of the or bugs, locate erroneous files, and/or predict bugs and crash occurrences in subsequent versions of the software systems. In techniques, we discuss its challenges and issues. After giving this paper, after illustrating the structure of crash reports in an overview of the related work, we conclude the paper with Mozilla, we discuss some techniques for mining information from suggestions for future studies. crash reports, and highlight the challenges and issues of these techniques. Our aim is to raise the awareness of the research II. STRUCTURE OF CRASH REPORTS community about issues that may bias research results obtained In this section, we take crash reports from Mozilla Socorro from crash reports and provide some guidelines to address certain server (Mozilla’s crash collecting database) [4] as an example challenges related to mining crash reports. Index Terms—Crash report, bug report, mining software to describe the typical crash collecting system. repositories. Mozilla delivers its applications with a built-in automatic crash reporting tool: Mozilla Crash Reporter, which sends a crash report to the Mozilla Socorro server, once end users I. INTRODUCTION encounter an unexpected halt of the application. -
An Encrypted Payload Protocol and Target-Side Scripting Engine
An Encrypted Payload Protocol and Target-Side Scripting Engine Dino A. Dai Zovi [email protected] Abstract into the remote process and then triggering the vulnera- Modern exploit payloads in commercial and open-source bility (the injection vector) in order to cause the remote penetration testing frameworks have grown much more process to execute the injected code (the payload). Tra- advanced than the traditional shellcode they replaced. ditionally, these payloads have been written in processor- These payloads permit interactive access without launch- specific assembly language, assembled, and extracted by ing a shell, network proxying, and many other rich fea- hand into reusable machine code components. These tures. Available payload frameworks have several lim- payloads were typically small and executed an operating itations, however. They make little use of encryption to system shell, causing them to be commonly referred to secure delivery and communications, especially in earlier as shellcode. Common shellcode variants included func- stage payloads. In addition, their richer features require tionality such as restoring dropped privileges, breaking a constant network connection to the penetration tester, out of chroot environments, and attaching the shell to making them unsuitable against mobile clients, such as an inbound or outbound network connection. This style laptops, PDAs, and smart phones. of payload construction was both labor and skill inten- This work introduces a first-stage exploit payload that sive. is able to securely establish an encrypted channel using With the growth of commercial penetration testing ElGamal key agreement and the RC4 stream cipher. The services and especially commercial penetration test- key agreement implementation requires only modular ing products, exploit payloads have gotten considerably exponentiation and RC4 also lends itself to an implemen- more capable and complex. -
Crash Reporting: Mozilla’S Open Source Solution
Crash Reporting: Mozilla’s Open Source Solution K Lars Lohn Ted Mielczarek Austin King Friday, July 24, 2009 Howdy, I’m Lars from Mozilla, I’m here today with my colleagues, Ted Mill-char-ek and Austin King to talk about Crash Reporting. What is it? Friday, July 24, 2009 Have you ever seen Firefox crash? Have you ever wondered what happens after you hit the “restart firefox” button? In the next 45 minutes, we’re going to take you down the rabbit hole and show you what we do. We want our processes to be open. When you experience a problem with any Mozilla product, we want _everyone_, not just the developers, to watch the flow of information about a problem for its initial occurrence, through data collection and triage, on to Bugzilla and to an eventual resolution. Crash reporting is the transmission of information to the developers about the state of an application during a catastrophic failure. Friday, July 24, 2009 Crash reporting is the transmission of information about the state of an application during a catastrophic failure to the developers. The goal is to give the developers information that they would not otherwise have had. Google Socorro Socorro UI Breakpad Server (reporter) minidump_stackwalk Friday, July 24, 2009 Our crash reporting system can be divided into three parts. Breakpad - a google project - this code lives mainly within the Firefox application Socorro (in two movements) the backend server and the user interface running at Mozilla. written in three languages <click> <click> <click> Ted, Austin and I are the three developers in charge of the three sections. -
An Autopsy of a Web Browser's Leaked Crash Reports
Crashing Privacy: An Autopsy of a Web Browser’s Leaked Crash Reports Kiavash Satvat Nitesh Saxena University of Alabama at Birmingham University of Alabama at Birmingham [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT private information that can be found in crash reports which may Harm to the privacy of users through data leakage is not an un- pose a threat to the users’ privacy. known issue, however, it has not been studied in the context of In this paper, to demonstrate possible risks that the current the crash reporting system. Automatic Crash Reporting Systems implementation of ACRS may pose to users’ privacy, we study a (ACRS) are used by applications to report information about the er- dataset of partially anonymized crash reports released by one of 1 rors happening during a software failure. Although crash reports the major browsers . The current state of the art browsers collect are valuable to diagnose errors, they may contain users’ sensitive relatively similar data including browsed URL during the crash and information. In this paper, we study such a privacy leakage vis-a- runtime information, as they can be required for the debugging. vis browsers’ crash reporting systems. As a case study, we mine To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case study which a dataset consisting of crash reports collected over the period of scrutinizes a database of 2.5 million partially anonymized crash re- six years. Our analysis shows the presence of more than 20,000 ports, containing visited URLs, system runtime information and sessions and token IDs, 600 passwords, 9,000 email addresses, an users’ descriptions. -
Why Did This Reviewed Code Crash? an Empirical Study of Mozilla Firefox
Why Did This Reviewed Code Crash? An Empirical Study of Mozilla Firefox Le An and Foutse Khomh Shane McIntosh Marco Castelluccio Polytechnique Montréal McGill University Mozilla Corporation and Università Federico II {le.an, foutse.khomh}@polymtl.ca [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—Code review, i.e., the practice of having other team mine the crash collection, version control, issue tracking, and members critique changes to a software system, is a pillar of code reviewing systems of the Mozilla Firefox project. More modern software quality assurance approaches. Although this specifically, we address the following two research questions: activity aims at improving software quality, some high-impact defects, such as crash-related defects, can elude the inspection of RQ1: What are the characteristics of reviewed code that is reviewers and escape to the field, affecting user satisfaction and implicated in a crash? increasing maintenance overhead. In this research, we investigate We find that crash-prone reviewed patches often contain the characteristics of crash-prone code, observing that such code complex code, and classes with many other classes de- tends to have high complexity and depend on many other classes. In the code review process, developers often spend a long time on pending on them. Crash-prone patches tend to take a and have long discussions about crash-prone code. We manually longer time and generate longer discussion threads than classify a sample of reviewed crash-prone patches according to non-crash-prone patches. This result suggests that review- their purposes and root causes. We observe that most crash- ers need to focus their effort on the patches with high prone patches aim to improve performance, refactor code, add complexity and on the classes with a complex relationship functionality, or fix previous crashes. -
City Research Online
City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Stankovic, V. and Strigini, L. (2009). A survey on online monitoring approaches of computer-based systems. London, UK: Centre for Software Reliability, City University London. This is the unspecified version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/531/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] A survey on online monitoring approaches of computer-based systems Prepared by: Vladimir Stankovic, Lorenzo Strigini Date : June 2009 Version : 2.6 1/29 This report 1 surveys forms of online data collection that are in current use (as well as being the subject of research to adapt them to changing technology and demands), and can be used as inputs to assessment of dependability and resilience, although they are not primarily meant for this use. 1. Introduction Monitoring the components of a system can be used to make decisions about the management of the system and thus control its behaviour. -
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Traditional Information Retrieval in Crash Report Deduplication
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Traditional Information Retrieval in Crash Report Deduplication Joshua Charles Eddie Antonio Santos Abram Hindle Campbell Department of Computing Department of Computing Department of Computing Science Science Science University of Alberta University of Alberta University of Alberta Edmonton, Canada Edmonton, Canada Edmonton, Canada [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Organizations like Mozilla, Microsoft, and Apple are flooded Ada is a senior software engineer at Lovelace Inc., a large with thousands of automated crash reports per day. Al- software development company. Lovelace has just shipped though crash reports contain valuable information for de- the latest version of their software to hundreds of thousands bugging, there are often too many for developers to examine of users. A short while later, as Ada is transitioning her team individually. Therefore, in industry, crash reports are often to other projects, she gets a call from the quality-assurance automatically grouped together in buckets. Ubuntu’s repos- team (QA) saying that the software she just shipped has itory contains crashes from hundreds of software systems a crashing bug affecting two-thirds of all users. Worse yet, available with Ubuntu. A variety of crash report bucket- Ada and her team can’t replicate the crash. What would ing methods are evaluated using data collected by Ubuntu’s really be helpful is if every time that crash was encountered Apport automated crash reporting system. The trade-off be- by a user, Lovelace would automatically receive a crash re- tween precision and recall of numerous scalable crash dedu- port [1], with some context information about what machine plication techniques is explored. -
Supporting Software Development Based on Crash Report Mining and Analysis
CrashAwareDev: Supporting Software Development based on Crash Report Mining and Analysis Leandro Beserra*y, Roberta Coelhoy *Informatics Superintendence yDepartment of Informatics and Applied Mathematics Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil [email protected], [email protected] Abstract— Exception handling mechanisms are a com- of a program [2], allowing exceptions to be th- mon feature of mainstream programming languages to rown, captured, and handled at different points deal with exceptional conditions. If on the one hand in the system. However, the exception handling they allow the programmer to prepare the code to deal code designed to make a system more robust often with exceptional conditions, on the other hand they can become a source of bugs that threatens the application works the other way around and become a burden robustness – studies have shown that uncaught exceptions programmers has to cope with, leading to bugs are the main cause of application crashes. To keep track such as the uncaught exceptions. The uncaught of crashes and enable an easier fault localization, several exceptions are the main cause of crashes in Java applications, nowadays, use crash reporting tools. In software systems [3]. A crash is an abnormal this work, we propose a tool named CrashAwareDev, behavior of a system that leads to the interruption integrated with the Eclipse IDE, which mines the in- formation available in crash reporting tools to support of its execution. programmers in their day-to-day activities. The proposed After a crash occurs, systems typically store tool alerts developers about the classes related to recent information related to the crash on crash report crashes and warns about source code characteristics (bug systems. -
The Fileless Attack SURVIVAL GUIDE
The Fileless Attack SURVIVAL GUIDE Protect Your Company from Attacks Antivirus Can’t Block THE FILELESS ATTACK SURVIVAL GUIDE 1 Table of Contents 3 Executive Summary 5 Introduction 8 Types of fileless attack techniques 10 How attackers use them to… 11 ......Gain initial access 13 ......Escalate privileges 15 ......Execute payloads 17 ......Gain persistence 19 ......Achieve lateral movement 21 Practical tips for preventing and mitigating fileless attacks 22 Fileless Attack Checklist THE FILELESS ATTACK SURVIVAL GUIDE 2 Executive Summary Attacks are constantly evolving. One of the most damaging trends we’ve seen of late is the increasingly widespread adoption of fileless attack techniques. These techniques are designed to silently infect target systems without ever downloading malicious programs or leaving behind any obvious trace, primarily by using a victim company’s trusted software and system tools against it. To clarify what actually constitutes a fileless attack and explain how it can work, here are three things every business leader should know: 1 Fileless attacks exploit a fundamental gap in traditional endpoint security Traditionally, attacks involving malware have revolved around attackers gaining access to a victim’s computer (typically by either exploiting a software vulnerability or tricking the victim into downloading something he or she shouldn’t), and then installing an executable file (the “payload”) that does the damage. The problem with this approach from an attacker’s perspective is that antivirus solutions are built to scan and block any suspicious files that land on the computer. By not installing malicious files, however, attackers can simply bypass these solutions. All they need to do is hijack otherwise legitimate system tools and processes to do their dirty work for them. -
Code Injection in Windows Systems: Where Do We Stand Now?
Code Injection in Windows Systems: Where do We Stand Now? Nick Sempere Advisor: Ming Chow Abstract Since the mass production and distribution of personal computers began, their operating systems have made huge strides in terms of computational abilities and sophistication. With all of the added fortitude, however, these operating system cannot seem to shake their one true achilles heel: security. Despite no small amount of effort, developers seem to be in a constant cycle, identifying and patching vulnerabilities only to encounter more with the next release. This cycle is particularly evident in Windows operating systems, which represents a huge portion of the computers currently in use by the public. With the state of security in Windows systems in such an apparent state of anarchy, it should be no wonder that mainstream users find themselves in a world of uncertainty. What should they be worried about? What should they no longer have to worry about? Where does the greatest risk lie? This paper seeks to answer those questions as it explores the current state of security in Windows operating systems with a focus on one breed of vulnerabilities in particular: code injection. 1 To The Community Simply put, there are a myriad of ways to maliciously inject code nowadays. That is scary because injection acts as one of the most popular vehicles through which malwares establish a foothold in a system or network. While practically every major operating system shares this common threat, Windows systems and their vulnerabilities struck me as most worthy of further research, as they still represent the majority of system that are in use today.