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Floor, Wall, and Ceiling Coverings Part 2 2 Federal Housing Administration ■ :: ' ISSSfiSl^ International Correspondence Schools, Scranton, Pa. Floor, Wall, and Ceiling Coverings ; Prepared Especially for Home Study By i DURWARD E. NICHOLSON Technical Writer International Correspondence Schools and Director, School of Architecture and the Building Trades International Correspondence Schools Member, American Institute of Architects . and I The Construction Specifications Institute ; 6239B Part 2 Edition 1 ! International Correspondence Schools, Scranton, Pennsylvania International Correspondence Schools, Canadian, Ltd., Montreal, Canada L f Floor, Wall, and Ceiling Coverings/ V-iT 2 "The higher men climb, the longer their working day. And to keep at the By top is harder, almost, than to get there. There are no 'office hours' for leaders” —Cardinal Gibbons DURWARD E. NICHOLSON Technical Writer International Correspondence Schools and But for the man who has found the job he loves, work is no longer “labor.” And learning more about that job be» DAVID T. JONES, B. Arch. comes a thrilling, exciting adventure. Director, School of Architecture and the Building Trades International Correspondence Schools Member, American Institute of Architects | 23 and i The Construction Specifications Institute 1 Serial 6239B i © 1959 by INTERNATIONAL TEXTBOOK COMPANY Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved International Correspondence Schoolsj Scranton, Pennsylvania International Correspondence Schools Canadian, Lta. Montreal, Canada y&\ 7 0-0, What This Text Covers . # (ol) 1, Selection of Wall and Ceiling I Coverings___________________ Pages 1 to 3 Factors determining the selection of wall and ceiling cover­ ings are discussed here. Many materials used for floor coverings can also be used for wall and ceiling coverings. f “ Floor, Wall, and Ceiling Coverings Part 2 2. Natural Stones, Cast Stone, and I Concrete Blocks Pages 4 to 19 i Natural stones, cast stones, and concrete blocks and their finishes are discussed in this section. Methods of setting Selection of Wall and Ceiling Coverings natural and cast stones and concrete blocks are described. 3. Brick, Structural-Clay Facing Tile, Factors That Determine Selection and Ceramic Veneer_____________ Pages 20 to 31 1. The problem of selecting wall and ceiling coverings Various types of glazed and unglazed units are described. differs from the problem of selecting floor coverings, even Clear glazes and opaque colored glazes are discussed. Also, the sizes of the different units available are given. when the materials for wall and ceiling coverings are of the 4. Glass, Tile, and Terrazzo Pages 32 to 45 same basic composition as those for floor coverings. Wear, de­ Attractive and easily cleaned wall coverings can be had with sign, and cost are important factors for both types of covering, glass, tile, or terrazzo. Glass is used in the form of blocks, but resistance to wear is usually not as essential in wall and sheets, and plates. Tile can be given many attractive finishes. 5. Plaster and Acoustical Materials Page 46 to 53 ceiling coverings as it is in floor coverings. Plaster is more widely used than any other wall and ceiling Due to differences in use and application, you can usually covering. You will be interested in the use of acoustical obtain the materials for walls and ceilings in larger sizes than plaster and acoustical tile for sound-reduction purposes. those for floors. And since there is no direct stress on the 6. Wood, Wallboards, and Plastics Pages 54 to 65 materials, such as is caused by walking or vehicular traffic, Rare and expensive veneers can be obtained in plywoods. Such plywoods are frequently used to form wall and ceiling you can use thinner sections. coverings. Types, sizes, and applications of wallboard are Plaster can be applied to walls and ceilings in large areas discussed. Plastic-coated wallboards, opaque and transpar­ and without joints, resulting in continuous surfaces readily ent plastic sheets, and their uses are discussed. adaptable for painting. Some fabricated materials for walls 7. Painting and Wood Finishing Pages 66 to 74 Materials for finishing—oil paints, enamels, lacquers, stains, and ceilings, such as tile, are of a slightly different composition varnishes, and waxes—are discussed. The preparation of the than the corresponding materials for floors, since resistance to undersurface is described. direct wear is not a factor. Thus, some of these materials are 8. Wallpapers, Fabrics, and Plastic-Coated not suitable for floor coverings. A highly glazed wall tile, for Coverings Pages 75 to 82 A wide variety of wallpapers and fabrics are available for instance, would scratch if used as a floor covering. Wall tile, application to walls and ceilings. Most of these coverings therefore, not limited by wear resistance, offer a larger variety are applied over a plaster base. of sizes and finishes than floor tile. Certain types of materials, 9. Miscellaneous Coverings Pages 83 to 91 such as acoustic tile, cannot be satisfactorily used for floors Linoleums make durable, washable wall coverings. Metals such as stainless steel, aluminum, and enameled sheet metal because they are too soft, but can be adapted for wall and have applications as wall coverings. : ceiling coverings. 6239B I 2 Floor, Wall and Ceiling Coverings, Part 2 3 Physical Limitations Color 2. In selecting materials for wall and ceiling coverings, you 5. Color may be a deciding factor in your selection of wall must always keep in mind the physical limitations of the ma­ and ceiling coverings, since all materials are not available in terials. Most natural materials, such as wood and marble, can the same range of colors. be made into panels or moldings. This is also true of plaster, Up until a few years ago, color selection depended pri­ of cast artificial materials such as cast stone and terrazzo, and marily on personal opinion and preference. This is still true of those materials that are run in molds, like the metals. Many and desirable in many instances. But today a new science has fabricated materials, such as wallboard and linoleum, are too been developed in which color is used to meet definite needs thin to be used other than as plain surfaces or as panels with­ and problems. In industrial plants good visibility and relief out moldings. Other fabricated materials, such as tile, are from eyestrain are essential. In hospitals a cheerful, restful available with moldings. atmosphere for convalescents is necessary. Schools require an Utility and Wear atmosphere of quiet that aids concentration. Color can fill 3. If walls or ceilings are to be purely utilitarian, your all these needs. selection of materials is based primarily upon the utilitarian Considerable research has been done in regard to the most property desired. Design, color, and surface texture are sec­ suitable colors for use in rooms intended for specific purposes. ondary considerations. If sound absorption, for instance, is the Successful practice in the use of color has been checked property desired, the selection narrows down to materials against the recommendations of specialists in human vision that have that property and to the surface textures and colors and in illumination. As a result, much scientific information in which these materials can be obtained. If sanitary wall sur­ on the use of color can be obtained from the research institutes faces are desired, materials that can be easily cleaned and that of various manufacturers. will withstand wear will receive your consideration. Cost Design 6. Cost often affects both design and utility. If the selection 4. When design is a prime consideration, your selection of of wall and ceiling coverings must depend largely upon the wall and ceiling coverings is governed by the architectural amount of money available, the list of materials from which effect desired — including the texture and coloring desired — you may choose will usually be restricted. and the adaptability of the materials to the structural con­ In many cases, however, as in school corridors and hos­ ditions. No material is restricted to one architectural style, so pital operating rooms, it is not so much a question of first the designer has a variety of materials to select from. His cost as of the expense of continuous maintenance and repair selection is restricted only by the use of the room, the degree which must be considered. Over a period of years, good of ornamentation, the color desired, and the amount that the materials usually pay for themselves. owner can spend. Summary As in the case of floor coverings, materials for wall and I 7. Usually, more factors will enter into your selection of ceiling coverings should be honestly used. Each material wall and ceiling coverings than into your selection of floor should show itself to be what it is and not try to be anything else. coverings. Wear is still an important factor, but not as im- 4 Floor, Wall and Ceiling Coverings, Part 2 5 portant as it is for floor coverings. Cost is usually an import­ sometimes used where subdued effects are desired and clean­ ant factor, but remember that the initial cost of a material ing is secondary. should be weighed against the life of the material. The domi­ For slate, sandstone, limestone, and the general run of nant factor in the selection of wall and ceiling coverings will soapstone, the honed finish is the finest finish used in wall vary with the requirements of use. In selecting wall coverings work. Flagstones and similar stones are usually given a fine for toilet rooms, for instance, the dominant factor will be j sand-rubbed finish where the natural split faces are not de­ utility. Where design is the dominant factor, you should keep sired. In modem interiors there is an ever increasing use of in mind that an honest use of materials is the keynote of stone in broken-range patterns with sawed and split finishes.
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