Native Species (67)

Delta smelt

Sacramento pikeminnow

Tahoe sucker Speckled dace Salmon & Steelhead Species

Chinook salmon

Coho salmon Steelhead trout / Rainbow trout Non-Native Fish Species (52+)

Largemouth bass Silverside

Green sunfish

Bluegill Common carp White catfish Freshwater Fish Species Richness  More native species at lower elevations  Higher elevation waters less productive

California Dept. Fish and Game Fish Zones

Moyle et al. 1998 Moyle et al. 1998

Fish Habitat Needs

 Water flow, volume  Water temperature  Dissolved oxygen  Food supply  Spawning habitat  Rearing habitat  Cover from predators  Passage (corridors) to move between habitats during life cycle Water Temperature

Species Water Temperature (°F)

Migration Spawning Incubation Juvenile Rearing

Preferred Optimum Lethal Chinook 51.1-66.9 42.1-57.0 41.0-57.9 45.1-58.3 54.0 77.4 (Fall run)

Chum 46.9-60.1 45.0-55.0 39.9-55.9 52.2-58.3 56.3 78.4

Coho 45.0-60.1 39.9-48.9 39.9-55.9 53.2-58.3 --- 78.4

Steelhead --- 39.0-48.9 --- 45.1-58.3 50.0 75.4

Source: Adapted from Beschta et al. (1987) Note: °C = (°F-32)/1.8 Dissolved Oxygen

Response DO Percent Oxygen Saturation at Given (ppm) Temperatures

Water Temperature (°F) 32 41 50 59 68 77

Function without 7.75 76 76 76 76 85 93 impairment Initial distress symptoms 6.00 57 57 57 59 65 72

Most fish affected by lack 4.25 38 38 38 42 46 51 of oxygen

Adapted from Bjornn & Reiser (1991) Note: Less oxygen can be dissolved in warm water than in cold water. Therefore the same amount of DO results in a higher percent saturation at higher temperatures.

Dams and Diversions

Federal project State project Local project Wild & scenic Natural lake, river Saline / alkaline lake Irrigated area

Urbanized area

Pumping or power plant Map courtesy of the Water Education Foundation Stream Hydrology - natural

 North Fork  Typical annual hydrograph of an undammed Sierra Nevada River －High winter flows －Low summer base flow  2007, 2008, and 2009 －Low water years  2010 －Average so far －Below average in Nor Cal －Above average in So Cal Stream Hydrology - dammed

 Lower American River  Typical annual hydrograph of a dammed Sierra Nevada river －Low winter flows －High summer flows  reverse natural hydrograph Climate Change &

 Winter precipitation shifts from snow to rain －Sierra snowpack reduced 30-90%  Heatwaves in Los Angeles 4-8 times more frequent  Alpine/subalpine forests reduced 50-90%  Temperature shifts (oC) concentrated in Central Valley & North Pacific Coast  Increased drought frequency & severity  (Hayhoe et al. 2004. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)

Legislation and Regulation

 ESA  CESA  Clean Water Act  Conditional Ag Waiver Program Delta Water Transfers

Federal project State project Local project Wild & scenic Natural lake, river Saline / alkaline lake Irrigated area

Urbanized area

Pumping or power plant Map courtesy of the Water Education Foundation

Shasta and Reservoir, built 1945 Shasta Reservoir, November 2008 Cow Creek & Diversion Cow Creek – late summer Southern California Steelhead Upper Salinas River Watershed Salinas River Tributary

May 2005 Salinas River Watershed Nimbus Dam (below ) Lower American River near Sunrise Bridge