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Media Narratives of Kashmir Unrest in July 2016: a Comparative Analysis of Regional Newspapers

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Journal of Content, Community & Communication Amity School of Communication Vol. 6 Year 3, December - 2017 [ISSN: 2395-7514 (Print)] Amity University, Madhya Pradesh [ISSN: 2456-9011 (Online)] Media Narratives of Kashmir Unrest in July 2016: A Comparative Analysis of Regional Newspapers Archana Kumari1 and Mr. Ashish Kohli2 ABSTRACT Narrative is realised in many different media. It is all about the art of telling stories which media has been doing efficiently since its inception so much so that the piece of information printed in newspapers are called stories. Kashmir unrest is a 50 years long story of Post-Independence India and it is running in the veins of every Indian. Also, it develops a new story of conflicts which in turns becomes a narrative within the Jammu and Kashmir state. When we start telling story of Kashmir unrest, we have two narratives within the regional media itself: One is from Kashmir and other is from the Jammu. Both the narratives are also the part of conflict within. Both the regions have their own colour and text ideology to report the same incident of the same day and same time to cater their respective audiences. The media narratives for both the states are different; one to cater the non-Kashmiri audiences and other for the Kashmiri audience only. The narratives of the incidents presented by newspapers of both the regions of Jammu and Kashmir valley is highly influenced by the contrast ideologies of the people in these two regions. Since the newspapers are catering to the people of these two regions, so the tone and texture of news is kept according to them. This paper tries to compare the narratives of prominent newspapers of Jammu region and Kashmir region during the Kashmir unrest in July 2016 during Burhan Wani encounter. Keywords: Narrative, Kashmir unrest, Conflict, Encounter. Introduction The word derives from the Latin verb narrate, “To tell”. In the non-fictional narratives; media The world we are witnessing today; with various and journalism have also made their place and versions of truth created by media; is very media narratives came into existence. Now, difficult to understand in one dimension. There media narratives or narratives in the media are are many dimensions of reality created by media terms for storytelling. Some of these elements can these days through ‘narratives’. It is also be fact as in a documentary or characters and described by Fulton, “a world dominated by print action as in a drama. and electronic media, our sense of reality is increasingly structured by narrative” (2005). It It can be said that in India, the print media has seems to be difficult to understand what reality is come a long way where journalism started with a and what is not from the prism of media. But the mission but became profession in later days and it irony is that we must depend upon media for any would not be wrong if we say today it is more small and big information. Media presents like public relations and narrations with a motto various versions of reality through texts, pictures, to form favourable opinion. It can also be said audio and visual packages in the form of stories. that in India the media is not only setting agenda Continuous narration of such news stories creates but working hard to make it successful. It is hard the perception of people towards reality. As Car to understand whether media is shaping public suggest, “once we move beyond seeing film and opinion or audiences’ choices are shaping the television programs as transparent representation media. Similar situation is being witnessed in of the world, we need to consider some of the Jammu & Kashmir too. There is a stark contrast in ways in which media texts mediate the world to the ideologies of the people of Jammu region and us. One of the most important of these is through Kashmir valley region, so the demand of the codes and conventions of narratives.” (n.d.) treatment to the stories or narration of stories in newspapers is also in contrast to each other. There Narrative is the way; the different elements in a are more than 100 English newspapers in Jammu story are organized to make a meaningful story. and Kashmir (http://rni.nic.in/display_state.asp, 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Mass 2017) but The Daily Excelsior is highest circulated communication and New Media, Central English daily of Jammu region with circulation of University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, Bagla Dist nearly 2.3 lacs – Samba, Jammu (http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/about-us, 2017)and The Greater Kashmir 2 Freelance Journalist (http://www.4imn.com/reviews/14976.htm, 52 2016) is highest circulated English daily of f) Human rights frame Kashmir valley. So, this research aims to analyse g) International relations frame the narration of Kashmir unrest in July 2016 h) Conflict resolution frame during the encounter of Burhan Wani; by these i) Other frame which includes all those two newspapers and how they framed the same interpretations that are not covered in the issue by using different narratives from the said categories, storytelling to the graphics and also to the color This analysis clarifies the contrast of framing ideology. the same issue in two newspapers of two different regions of the same state Jammu and Review of Literature: Kashmir. Existing literature relevant to this research can be iii. Kashmir unrest prompts India’s biggest seen by various perspectives, which are: crackdown in decades; an article in the i. Kashmir on the boil: a timeline by Meenakshi Washington Post by Aijaz Hussain (2016): In R- a special article published by The Hindu in this article the writer stressed upon the major 2016 when Kashmir was witnessing the crackdowns in the last two decades after the unrest after the killing of the Militant Burhan killing of the Burhan Wani in the valley. This Wani. This article tells us the various crackdown by the security forces are carrying incidents occurred after the killing of the out their most severe crackdown in more than Burhan Wani from the date of killing July 08, two decades against civilian protesters. The 2016 to July 28, 2016. The article starts with analysis of this article showed the situation of the general situation of the Kashmir issue and the Kashmir after the killing of a militant by then the encounter between the security the security forces and the post effects of the forces and the militant Burhan Wani, young encounter resultant into the mass agitation by Hizbul Mujahideen commander from South the local youths in support of the militants. Kashmir Tral area of Jammu and Kashmir. The article also treated the conflict news with Before coming to the analysis of the various the frame of the old decades in which the days protest and clashes, the article tells us protest in valley erupted for the Azaadi the killing of Burhan Wani was announced by agenda which is also the part of the the Army on July 8, 2016 and after that the propaganda by the neighbouring state protests and clashes erupted in the paradise Pakistan. Kashmir and the 90 days long protest iv. Jammu & Kashmir suffered Rs16, 000 crore converted the Paradise into Lost Paradise. losses during unrest in 2016: This report was The article is well written by Meenakshi R by published by the Live Mint e-paper taken giving the short overview of the daily from PTI (2017), in which the report said that protests after the killing of the Burhan Wani the Jammu and Kashmir suffered losses to the which is important in tracing and analysing tune of over Rs16, 000 crores during the five- the related content published in the regional month long unrest in the Kashmir Valley due newspapers, The Daily Excelsior and The to complete halt of economic activity coupled Greater Kashmir. with loss of property worth crores of rupees. ii. Framing Kashmir: How the Indian elite Press The chapter “Economies of Uncertainty and frames the Kashmir issue in its editorials by Conflict” of the survey report tabled by Shams Imran (2013), published in the minister for finance Haseeb Drabu in the International Journal of Communication and Jammu and Kashmir Assembly said that in Social Research. In this Journal, Shams Imran 2016, the civil strife caused tremendous highlighted the presentation of the Kashmir miseries, loss of life, complete halt of issues via different frames for the Kashmiri economic activity in the Valley coupled with audience and for the Indian audiences by the loss of property worth crores of rupees. It Media houses. The author also developed the helped in understanding the aftereffects of frames into eight different categories to the unrest. understand how the press framed and Objectives: continues to frame the debate on the Kashmir Issue; In the backdrop of above mentioned scenario, this research would examine the following research a) History frame questions: b) Legality frame c) Nation state frame i. The main objective of this work is to analyse d) Law and order frame the Kashmir unrest in the first week of the e) Democracy frame month of July and the comparison of the 53 front-page coverage of this unrest by The week was enough to understand the framing of Daily Excelsior and The Greater Kashmir news to create narratives. It has been tried to find newspapers. out the different narratives of these two newspapers of the two regions in the coverage of ii. To investigate, whether there is an agenda in the same incident. the coverage of newspapers of both the regions of Jammu and Kashmir related to the Agenda Setting and Media Narratives: target audiences.
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