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Update in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology bioengineering Update in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Edited by Soumen Khatua and Natasha Pillay Smiley Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Bioengineering www.mdpi.com/journal/bioengineering Update in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Update in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Special Issue Editors Soumen Khatua Natasha Pillay Smiley MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Soumen Khatua The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center USA Natasha Pillay Smiley Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital USA Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354) in 2018 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ bioengineering/special issues/pediatr neuro oncol) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-539-7 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-540-3 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of Natasha Pillay Smiley. c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Preface to ”Update in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology” ........................... ix Natasha Pillay Smiley and Soumen Khatua Introduction to the Special Issue on Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Reprinted from: Bioengineering 2018, 5, 109, doi:10.3390/bioengineering5040109 .......... 1 Anders W. Bailey, Amreena Suri, Pauline M. Chou, Tatiana Pundy, Samantha Gadd, Stacey L. Raimondi, Tadanori Tomita and Simone Treiger Sredni Polo-Like Kinase 4 (PLK4) Is Overexpressed in Central Nervous System Neuroblastoma (CNS-NB) Reprinted from: Bioengineering 2018, 5, 96, doi:10.3390/bioengineering5040096 ........... 5 Amer M. Najjar, Jason M. Johnson and Dawid Schellingerhout The Emerging Role of Amino Acid PET in Neuro-Oncology Reprinted from: Bioengineering 2018, 5, 104, doi:10.3390/bioengineering5040104 .......... 18 Ethan B. Ludmir, David R. Grosshans and Kristina D. Woodhouse Radiotherapy Advances in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Reprinted from: Bioengineering 2018, 5, 97, doi:10.3390/bioengineering5040097 ........... 33 Cavan P. Bailey, Mary Figueroa, Sana Mohiuddin, Wafik Zaky and Joya Chandra Cutting Edge Therapeutic Insights Derived from Molecular Biology of Pediatric High-Grade Glioma and Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) Reprinted from: Bioengineering 2018, 5, 88, doi:10.3390/bioengineering5040088 ........... 49 Peter H. Baenziger and Karen Moody Palliative Care for Children with Central Nervous System Malignancies Reprinted from: Bioengineering 2018, 5, 85, doi:10.3390/bioengineering5040085 ........... 65 Tara H.W. Dobson and Vidya Gopalakrishnan Preclinical Models of Pediatric Brain Tumors—Forging Ahead Reprinted from: Bioengineering 2018, 5, 81, doi:10.3390/bioengineering5040081 ........... 83 David E. Kram, Jacob J. Henderson, Muhammad Baig, Diya Chakraborty, Morgan A. Gardner, Subhasree Biswas and Soumen Khatua Embryonal Tumors of the Central Nervous System in Children: The Era of Targeted Therapeutics Reprinted from: Bioengineering 2018, 5, 78, doi:10.3390/bioengineering5040078 ........... 96 Peter L. Stavinoha, Martha A. Askins, Stephanie K. Powell, Natasha Pillay Smiley and Rhonda S. Robert Neurocognitive and Psychosocial Outcomes in Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors Reprinted from: Bioengineering 2018, 5, 73, doi:10.3390/bioengineering5030073 ...........112 v About the Special Issue Editors Soumen Khatua is an Associate Professor and a pediatric Neuro-Oncologist at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. He completed a pediatric Hematology-Oncology fellowship at the Children’s National Medical Center, Washington DC and a Neuro-Oncology fellowship at the Children’s Hospital Los Angeles. His research efforts are directed towards developing clinical trials using targeted therapy in pediatric brain tumors. Dr. Khatua’s areas of interest and focus are high-grade glioma, diffuse pontine glioma and intracranial germ cell tumors. Natasha Pillay Smiley is a pediatric Neuro-Oncologist at Ann & Robert H. Lurie in Chicago, Illinois. In addition to taking care of newly diagnosed children with brain and spinal cord tumors, she serves as the director of the Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivorship Program and is a member of the Cancer Predisposition clinic and the NF-1 Neuro-Oncology Clinic. She also currently serves as the Assistant Hematology/Oncology/SCT Fellowship Director and the Neuro-Oncology Fellowship Director. vii Preface to ”Update in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology” Pediatric Neuro-Oncology is a highly specialized field encompassing molecular biology, clinical acumen, evidence-based medicine, cancer genetics, and neuropsychological care for the diagnosis and treatment of children with central nervous system (CNS) tumors. In this Special Edition of Bioengineering, we hope to demonstrate the wide breath of science and medicine that occurs in the field of pediatric neuro-oncology. Faced with substantial mortality in children with aggressive tumors as well as significant morbidity of survivors, we are always challenged to learn more about these disease entities and improve the outcomes of these children. Topics that are discussed further in this edition are: Molecular biology in pediatric gliomas, the clinical relevance of preclinical models, updates on radiation therapy for pediatric CNS tumors, molecular neuro-imaging, embryonal tumors and targeted therapeutics, and neurocognitive and psychosocial outcomes and palliative care in children with central nervous system malignancies. Soumen Khatua, Natasha Pillay Smiley Special Issue Editors ix bioengineering Editorial Introduction to the Special Issue on Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Natasha Pillay Smiley 1,* and Soumen Khatua 2 1 Department of Hematology/Oncology/SCT. Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA 2 Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 November 2018; Accepted: 6 December 2018; Published: 11 December 2018 Keywords: brain tumor; pediatrics; advancements; molecular biology Pediatric Neuro-Oncology is a highly specialized field encompassing molecular biology, clinical acumen, evidence based medicine, cancer genetics and neuropsychological care for the diagnosis and treatment of children with central nervous system (CNS) tumors. In data acquired by the National Institute of Health’s (NIH) Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program, there were 3.1 new cases of childhood brain tumors per 100,000 people from 2011–2015. This represents the second most common pediatric cancer diagnosis (17.2% overall, second only to leukemia) as well as the leading cause of mortality [1]. This special edition of the Bioengineering Journal highlights major advancements in pediatric neuro-oncology as well as our current challenges. The SEER data describes the overall survival of pediatric CNS tumors to be approximately 70%, an improvement from less than 60% from the 1970s [1]. This statistic can be misrepresentative as pediatric CNS tumors are heterogenous with diverse survival outcomes, ranging from the mostly indolent nature of low grade gliomas with a 20 year overall survival (OS) of 80% [2] to the highly aggressive diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) with a 2 year OS of less than 10%. [3,4]. Although survival has not dramatically increased for DIPG and high grade glioma over the last few decades, there has been an increase in the survivability of other tumors such as the medulloblastoma (MB) and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT). This has resulted from the surge of genomic and epigenomic data of pediatric brain tumors- forging an era of biologically targeted therapy with improved survival outcome of CNS tumors. This is best illustrated by the story of medulloblastoma subtyping and the somewhat recent discovery of ATRT. We now have established molecular subgroups with defined demographics, oncogenic drivers and risk stratification based treatment strategies. Retrospective analysis of medulloblastoma patients have determined that children with WNT subgrouping have a significantly higher overall survival, and thus, clinical trials are now focused on changing upfront treatment of these children to mitigate the profound late effects medulloblastoma patients face [5]. Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) was only described in the 1980s, previously thought to be a type of medulloblastoma or supratentorial PNET [6,7]. Advances in histologic characterization and FISH for chromosome 22 helped to classify this as a separate entity. ATRT is a disease of primarily infants, and was nearly always fatal, with the 3 years survival of children treated with the Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) infant studies of less than 10% [7]. However, treatment with high dose chemotherapy and/or autologous transplantation and radiation has now led to improved survival in this population
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